This work was supported by the NRF grant HUJ-CREATE - Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation.

マウスを安楽死（シンガポール国立大学の施設内動物管理使用委員会（IACUC）のガイドラインおよび実験動物研究のための国家諮問委員会（NACLAR）ガイドライン）まで機関のガイドラインに準拠して無菌状態で飼育しました。 1.マウス<ol><li>適切な遺伝的背景の一つにマウスを注文。このプロトコルは、1つのC57BL / 6マウス由来の組織に基づいています。 </li></ol>完全培地の調製<ol><li> 10％ウシ胎児血清（FCS）、50μM2-メルカプトエタノール、100μMのアスパラギン、2mMグルタミン、1％ペニシリン - ストレプトマイシン溶液：ロズウェルパーク記念研究所（RPMI）1640培地に、以下の成分を添加することによって、完全培地を調製します。 </li></ol>酵素液の調製<ol><li> 15ミリリットルコニカルチューブ中のコラゲナーゼD溶液を調製します。 <ol><li>コラゲナーゼD・ディ10mgを秤量4ミリリットルでssolveコラゲナーゼD完全培地。 </li></ol></li><li> 1.7ミリリットルのマイクロチューブにプロナーゼ溶液を調製します。 <ol><li>プロナーゼ10mgを秤量します。 </li><li> 1Mトリス緩衝液（pH8.0）の5μLを追加します。 0.5 M EDTA（pH8.0）を1μLを加えます。 </li><li>滅菌水494μlのアップトップ。 </li><li> 30分間、水浴中で37℃でのプロナーゼ溶液をインキュベートします。 </li></ol></li></ol>コラゲナーゼD-プロナーゼミックスの4準備（≤2尾） 注：無菌細胞培養フード内の後続の手順を実行します。 <ol><li>コラゲナーゼDの溶液4mlにプロナーゼ溶液の250μlのを追加します。 </li><li>滅菌15ミリリットルコニカルチューブに0.2μmのシリンジフィルターを通してコラゲナーゼD-プロナーゼ混合物を渡します。 </li></ol>耳としっぽ組織からの線維芽細胞の5抽出<ol><li>適切な機関のガイドラインに従ってマウスを安楽死させます。</li><li>細胞培養フード内でオートクレーブ処理手術器具（ハサミやピンセット）を配置します。 </li><li> 2つの10センチ細胞培養皿それぞれに10ミリリットルを完全培地を追加します。 </li><li>耳（〜1cmの半径）とはさみでマウスの（尾の先端から）尾の5センチカットし、滅菌50mlコニカル底チューブに40ミリリットルの70％エタノールで5分間インキュベートします。 </li><li>空気乾燥耳と尻尾5分間フード内で開いた10cmの細胞培養皿に置くこともできます。ステップ5.3で説明したように10ミリリットルを完全培地を含む「耳」と「テール」と表示された2つの培養皿に乾燥後、転送耳と尾の部分。 </li><li>はさみを使用して、耳と尻尾から髪を削除します。 </li><li>はさみを使用して、サイ​​ズが3ミリメートル未満の片に耳と尻尾を切ります。 </li><li> 「耳」と「テール」と表示された1.8ミリリットルクライオチューブバイアルにカット組織を移し、バイアルに1.8ミリリットルのマークに到達するために、ボリュームのために十分なコラゲナーゼD-プロナーゼ溶液を添加。 </li><li> Pシェーカー上で水平にクライオチューブバイアルレース、37℃で90分間、200rpmでサンプルを振ります。 </li><li> 90分間のインキュベーション後、シェーカーからクライオチューブバイアルを削除し、フード内でバイアルを配置します。 </li><li> 2つの10センチ細胞培養皿、標識された「耳」と「テール」それぞれに10ミリリットルを完全培地を追加し、各皿に70μmのセルストレーナーを置きます。 </li><li>ステップ5.11で製造さに応じてラベル皿に70μmのセルストレーナーで消化耳と尾の組織を置き、強制的に&gt; 5分間10mLのシリンジプランジャーを使用して組織を挽きます。セルストレーナーの外に細胞を洗浄するために培地中で時折セルストレーナーを振ります。 </li><li> 「耳」と「テール」というラベルの付いた2つの15ミリリットルコニカルチューブに各皿から細胞懸濁液をピペット。さらに10 mlの一品とストレーナーを洗浄し、完全培地および適切な15ミリリットルコニカルチューブに培地を追加します。 </li><li>細胞をスピンダウン〜580 XGと冷蔵細胞遠心機を用いて4℃で7分間のサスペンション。 </li><li>上清を除去し、15ミリリットルコニカルチューブ内の細胞ペレットに完全培地10ミリリットルを加えて細胞を懸濁します。 </li><li>繰り返しステップ5.14と5.15。 </li></ol>細胞混合物の6培養<ol><li>上清を取り除きます。細胞ペレットを邪魔されずに残っていることを確認してください。 </li><li> 10ml中の細胞完全培地を再懸濁し、「耳」と「テール」というラベルの付いた2つの10センチメートル細胞培養皿に、それぞれの混合物を追加します。 </li><li>培養液に10μlのアムホテリシンB溶液（250 / mlのストック溶液）を追加します。 </li><li>加湿した5％CO 2インキュベーター中37℃で細胞をインキュベートします。 </li><li>三日目に、10 mlの破片（ 図1および2）を除去するために、アムホテリシンBの10μLを含む新鮮な完全培地を培地を交換してください。 </li></ol>線維芽細胞の7サブカルチャー<ol><li> WHEn個の培養物は、約70％コンフルエンシー（日培養の3-4）培地を除去し、5 mlの滅菌1×リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）で細胞を洗浄するに至ります。 </li><li> PBSを削除し、セルに2ミリリットルの滅菌1×トリプシン-EDTA溶液を加えます。 </li><li>加湿した5％CO 2インキュベーター中、37℃で5分間、細胞をインキュベートします。 </li><li> 5分後、静かに培養皿をタップし、細胞に6ミリリットルを完全培地を追加します。 </li><li> 15 mlのコニカルチューブに細胞懸濁液を移し、冷蔵細胞遠心機を使用して〜450×gで、4℃で5分間チューブをスピン。 </li><li>上清を除去し、静かに5ミリリットルの完全培地中で細胞ペレットを再懸濁。 </li><li>シード2×10 10cmの細胞培養皿で5個の細胞と、手順7.6から7.1を繰り返す前に3~4日、37℃、加湿5％CO 2インキュベーター中で細胞を培養します。 </li></ol>出荷のための耳の8準備注意：Tを実行彼無菌細胞培養フード中でその後の工程。 <ol><li>適切な機関のガイドラインに従ってマウスを安楽死させます。 </li><li>細胞培養フードにオートクレーブ処理ハサミやピンセットを配置します。 </li><li> 50ミリリットルコニカルチューブに50ミリリットルを完全培地を追加します。 </li><li>はさみでマウスの耳（〜1cmの半径）をカットします。 </li><li>ピンセットを用いて（ステップ3で調製した）を50mlのコニカルチューブに耳を転送します。 </li><li>適切なボックスにRTで出荷する前にパラフィルムで50mlコニカルチューブを密封。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare no conflict of financial interests.

ここでは、マウスの耳と尾からの一次線維芽細胞培養物を確立するために、単純な、安価で高速な実験手順を提供します。抽出は、組織の3日後に分離以内に付着し、急速に分裂する線維芽細胞を生じるはずです。初代細胞の重要な制限は、老化、永久的な増殖停止15です。プロトコルを使用して、線維芽細胞培養物は、サイズの増加（2〜3倍の増加）と拡大に失敗、線維芽細胞が老化...

初代細胞は 、in vitro条件下で組織培養を生きから誘導されます。それは一般的に一次細胞は、より密接に生理学的状態、それらが不死化より由来する組織または腫瘍細胞株1の遺伝的背景に似ていることが想定されます。そのため、一次細胞は、生物学的な質問の2,3を研究するための有用なモデルを表します。しかし、無制限に成長する樹立細胞株とは異なり、一次細胞培養物は、最終的に老化を受け、頻繁に再確立される必要があります。 一般的に使用される一次細胞は、線維芽細胞、上皮細胞、内皮細胞、T細胞、B細胞、骨髄由来マクロファージ（BMDM）及び骨髄由来樹状細胞（BMDC）を含みます。線維芽細胞は、多くの場合、一次細胞培養モデルとして利用されます。彼らは、他の一次細胞を超える重要な利点を提供します。細胞培養物は、簡単に容易に維持し、設立され、何のpurificaを必要とされていません培養前の細胞の化。彼らは、迅速な初期の増殖および特殊な媒体や活性化のプロトコルのための要件が​​あります。線維芽細胞は、効率的に4,5、生物学的、化学的、および物理的なプロトコルを使用してトランスフェクトすることができます。細胞培養を確立する前に、室温で最大10日間の耳を格納する可能性があります。線維芽細胞培養物は、細胞質プロセスの可視化に資すると人工多能性幹（iPS）細胞6に再プログラミングするのに適しています。 線維芽細胞は、コラーゲンタンパク質及び細胞外マトリックス7を分泌する結合組織の重要な細胞です。彼らは多くの組織8の構造フレームワークを提供し、創傷治癒および組織修復9,10において重要な役割を果たしています。 ここでは、マウス11の耳と尾から線維芽細胞培養物を確立するための簡単かつ迅速（&lt;4時間）プロトコルを記述します。プロトコルは、最小限のマウスが必要です経験は、（他のプロトコル12,13とは対照的に）組織を採取し、最大10日間室温で媒体に記憶された耳からの培養物を確立するために使用することができます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="642">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RPMI-1640</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">HyClone</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30027.01</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fetal Calf Serum</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">HyClone</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SV30160.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">2-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M3148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Asparagine</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A4159</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G8540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">HyClone</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SV30010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">107017</td>
			<td>Absolute for analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Collagenase D</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11088866001</td>
			<td>From Clostridium histolyticum, lyophilized, non-sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Pronase protease</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">53702</td>
			<td>From Streptomyces griseus&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tris buffer (pH 8)</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">1st BASE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1415</td>
			<td>Ultra pure grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">0.5M EDTA (pH 8)</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">1st BASE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BUF-1053</td>
			<td>Biotechnology grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">10X Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">1st BASE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BUF-2040-10X4L</td>
			<td>Ultra pure grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Trypsin-EDTA solution 10X</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59418C-100ML</td>
			<td>0.5% trypsin, 0.2% EDTA, trypsin gamma irradiated by SER-TAIN process, without phenol red, in saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Amphotericin B</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A2492-20ml</td>
			<td>250 &#956;g/ml in deionized water, sterile-filtered</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Aesculap</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Forcep</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Aesculap</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AE-BD312R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">0.2 &#956;M syringe filter</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Sartorius Stedim</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16534</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">70 &#956;M cell strainer</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">SPL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">93070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Syringe plunger</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Terumo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS+10L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cryovial tube</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">NUNC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">368362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1.7 ml microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Axygen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MCT-175-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">10 cm cell culture dish</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Greiner</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">664160</td>
			<td>Cell culture treated dish&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">15 ml conical bottom tube</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Greiner</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">188271</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">50 ml conical bottom tube</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Greiner</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">227261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Water bath</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">GFL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5810R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Incubation shaker</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Sartorius Stedim</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Certomat-BS1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Zeiss Axiovert 25 light microscope</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Carl Zeiss AG</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generating primary fibroblast cultures from mouse ear and tail tissues

初代細胞は、組織から直接誘導され、確立された細胞株よりも、インビボでの細胞の生理学的状態をより代表すると考えられています。しかし、初代細胞培養は通常、有限の寿命を有しており、頻繁に再確立される必要があります。線維芽細胞は、初代​​細胞の容易にアクセス可能な供給源です。ここでは、マウスの耳と尾からの一次線維芽細胞培養物を確立するための簡単​​かつ迅速な実験手順を説明します。プロトコルは、最大10日間室温で保存された耳からの一次線維芽細胞培養物を確立するために使用することができます。プロトコルを注意深く続く場合、汚染は、場合によっては長時間保存された非滅菌組織を使用しても発生しにくいです。線維芽細胞は、培養液中で急速に増殖し、複製老化を受ける前に、かなりの数に拡張することができます。

組織破片のかなりの量の組織の結果からの線維芽細胞の抽出（ 図1）。組織片とは対照的に、線維芽細胞を1日培養の3との間の組織培養プラスチック表面に付着します。線維芽細胞培養物の培地は、安全に大幅文化（ 図2）に存在するデブリのレベルを減少させるべきである文化、の3日目に変更することができます。線維芽細胞は、細長い形態とはっきりと見える細?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generating Primary Fibroblast Cultures from Mouse Ear and Tail Tissues at JoVE.com

Generating Primary Fibroblast Cultures from Mouse Ear and Tail Tissues

我々は、マウスの耳と尾から初代線維芽細胞を生成するための簡単​​かつ迅速に実験手順を説明します。手順は、特別の動物の訓練を必要とせず、最大10日間室温で保存された耳からの線維芽細胞培養物の生成のために使用することができます。

マウスの耳としっぽの組織から生成初代線維芽細胞培養

Primary cells are derived directly from tissue and are thought to be more representative of the physiological state of cells in vivo than established cell ...

generating-primary-fibroblast-cultures-from-mouse-ear-and-tail-tissues

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

33.6K ビュー.  Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore. 我々は、マウスの耳と尾から初代線維芽細胞を生成するための簡単​​かつ迅速に実験手順を説明します。手順は、特別の動物の訓練を必要とせず、最大10日間室温で保存された耳からの線維芽細胞培養物の生成のために使用することができます。 

ビデオ: Generating Primary Fibroblast Cultures from Mouse Ear and Tail Tissues

Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are restricted to two specific neurogenic niches: the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ; also called subependymal zone or SEZ) in the walls of the lateral ventricles. The development of in vivo gene transfer strategies for adult stem cell populations (i.e. those of the mammalian brain) resulting in long-term expression of desired transgenes in the stem cells and their derived progeny is a crucial tool in current biomedical and biotechnological research. Here, a direct in vivo method is presented for the stable genetic modification of adult mouse V-SVZ cells that takes advantage of the cell cycle-independent infection by LVs and the highly specialized cytoarchitecture of the V-SVZ niche. Specifically, the current protocol involves the injection of empty LVs (control) or LVs encoding specific transgene expression cassettes into either the V-SVZ itself, for the in vivo targeting of all types of cells in the niche, or into the lateral ventricle lumen, for the targeting of ependymal cells only. Expression cassettes are then integrated into the genome of the transduced cells and fluorescent proteins, also encoded by the LVs, allow the detection of the transduced cells for the analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects in the labeled cells and their progeny.

Here we describe a procedure based on the use of lentiviral particles for the long-term genetic modification of neural stem cells and/or their adjacent ependymal cells in the adult ventricular-subventricular neurogenic niche which allows the separate analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects on neural stem cells.

神経の分析のための成体マウスのV-SVZにおける細胞の安定的かつ効率的な遺伝子改変幹細胞自律と非自律効果

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are ...

発生生物学

Murine Dermal Fibroblast Isolation by FACS

Fibroblasts are the principle cell type responsible for secreting extracellular matrix and are a critical component of many organs and tissues. Fibroblast physiology and pathology underlie a spectrum of clinical entities, including fibroses in multiple organs, hypertrophic scarring following burns, loss of cardiac function following ischemia, and the formation of cancer stroma. However, fibroblasts remain a poorly characterized type of cell, largely due to their inherent heterogeneity. Existing methods for the isolation of fibroblasts require time in cell culture that profoundly influences cell phenotype and behavior. Consequently, many studies investigating fibroblast biology rely upon in vitro manipulation and do not accurately capture fibroblast behavior in vivo. To overcome this problem, we developed a FACS-based protocol for the isolation of fibroblasts from the dorsal skin of adult mice that does not require cell culture, thereby preserving the physiologic transcriptional and proteomic profile of each cell. Our strategy allows for exclusion of non-mesenchymal lineages via a lineage negative gate (Lin-) rather than a positive selection strategy to avoid pre-selection or enrichment of a subpopulation of fibroblasts expressing specific surface markers and be as inclusive as possible across this heterogeneous cell type.

Fibroblast behavior underlies a spectrum of clinical entities, but they remain poorly characterized, largely due to their inherent heterogeneity. Traditional fibroblast research relies upon in vitro manipulation, masking in vivo fibroblast behavior. We describe a FACS-based protocol for the isolation of mouse skin fibroblasts that does not require cell culture.

FACSによるマウス皮膚線維芽細胞の分離

Fibroblasts are the principle cell type responsible for secreting extracellular matrix and are a critical component of many organs and tissues. Fibroblast ...

Isolation of CD 90+ Fibroblast/Myofibroblasts from Human Frozen Gastrointestinal Specimens

Fibroblasts/myofibroblasts (MFs) have been gaining increasing attention for their role in pathogenesis and their contributions to both wound healing and promotion of the tumor microenvironment. While there are currently many techniques for the isolation of MFs from gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, this protocol introduces a novel element of isolation of these stromal cells from frozen tissue. Freezing GI tissue specimens not only allows the researcher to acquire samples from worldwide collaborators, biobanks, and commercial vendors, it also permits the delayed processing of fresh samples. The described protocol will consistently yield characteristic spindle-shaped cells with the MF phenotype that express the markers CD90, &#945;-SMA and vimentin. As these cells are derived from patient samples, the use of primary cells also confers the benefit of closely mimicking MFs from disease states-namely cancer and inflammatory bowel diseases. This technique has been validated in gastric, small bowel, and colonic MF primary culture generation. Primary MF cultures can be used in a vast array of experiments over a number of passage and their purity assessed by both immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry analysis.

Here, a protocol to isolate and establish primary fibroblast/myofibroblast (MF) cultures from frozen gastric, small intestinal, and colonic tissue-yielding cells with a MF phenotype-is presented. These cells express CD90, &#945;-SMA and vimentin. MFs can be used for a variety of functional assays including enzymatic activity and cytokine production.

人間の冷凍消化管標本からCD 90 +線維芽細胞/筋線維芽細胞の単離


Fibroblasts/myofibroblasts (MFs) have been gaining increasing attention for their role in pathogenesis and their contributions to both wound healing and ...

Isolation and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Porcine Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues

Obesity is an unconstrained worldwide epidemic. Unraveling molecular controls in adipose tissue development holds promise to treat obesity or diabetes. Although numerous immortalized adipogenic cell lines have been established, adipose-derived stem cells from the stromal vascular fraction of subcutaneous white adipose tissues provide a reliable cellular system ex vivo much closer to adipose development in vivo. Pig adipose-derived stem cells (pADSC) are isolated from 7- to 9-day old piglets. The dorsal white fat depot of porcine subcutaneous adipose tissues is sliced, minced and collagenase digested. These pADSC exhibit strong potential to differentiate into adipocytes. Moreover, the pADSC also possess multipotency, assessed by selective stem cell markers, to differentiate into various mesenchymal cell types including adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. These pADSC can be used for clarification of molecular switches in regulating classical adipocyte differentiation or in direction to other mesenchymal cell types of mesodermal origin. Furthermore, extended lineages into cells of ectodermal and endodermal origin have recently been achieved. Therefore, pADSC derived in this protocol provide an abundant and assessable source of adult mesenchymal stem cells with full multipotency for studying adipose development and application to tissue engineering of regenerative medicine.

This protocol describes the isolation of pig adipose-derived stem cells (pADSC) from subcutaneous adipose tissues with examination of multipotency. The multipotent pADSC are used to delineate processes of adipocyte differentiation and study transdifferentiation into multiple cell lineages of mesodermal mesenchyme or further lineages of ectoderm and endoderm for regenerative studies.

ブタ皮下脂肪組織から分離し、脂肪由来幹細胞の分化

Obesity is an unconstrained worldwide epidemic. Unraveling molecular controls in adipose tissue development holds promise to treat obesity or diabetes. ...

Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia

The primary cilium is fundamentally important for the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells and for neuronal differentiation during embryonic, postnatal, and adult life. In addition, most differentiated neurons possess primary cilia that house signaling receptors, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, and signaling molecules, such as adenylyl cyclases. The primary cilium determines the activity of multiple developmental pathways, including the sonic hedgehog pathway during embryonic neuronal development, and also functions in promoting compartmentalized subcellular signaling during adult neuronal function. Unsurprisingly, defects in primary cilium biogenesis and function have been linked to developmental anomalies of the brain, central obesity, and learning and memory deficits. Thus, it is imperative to study primary cilium biogenesis and ciliary trafficking in the context of neural stem/progenitor cells and differentiated neurons. However, culturing methods for primary neurons require considerable expertise and are not amenable to freeze-thaw cycles. In this protocol, we discuss culturing methods for mixed populations of neural stem/progenitor cells using primary neurospheres. The neurosphere-based culturing methods provide the combined benefits of studying primary neural stem/progenitor cells: amenability to multiple passages and freeze-thaw cycles, differentiation potential into neurons/glia, and transfectability. Importantly, we determined that neurosphere-derived neural stem/progenitor cells and differentiated neurons are ciliated in culture and localize signaling molecules relevant to ciliary function in these compartments. Utilizing these cultures, we further describe methods to study ciliogenesis and ciliary trafficking in neural stem/progenitor cells and differentiated neurons. These neurosphere-based methods allow us to study cilia-regulated cellular pathways, including G-protein-coupled receptor and sonic hedgehog signaling, in the context of neural stem/progenitor cells and differentiated neurons.

The primary cilium is fundamentally important in neural progenitor cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, and adult neuronal function. Here, we describe a method to study ciliogenesis and the trafficking of signaling proteins to cilia in neural stem/progenitor cells and differentiated neurons using primary neurosphere cultures.

一次繊毛を研究するために一次ニューロスフェア培養物を使用して

The primary cilium is fundamentally important for the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells and for neuronal differentiation during embryonic, ...

Generation and Culturing of Primary Human Keratinocytes from Adult Skin

The main function of keratinocytes is to provide the structural integrity of the epidermis, thereby maintaining a mechanical barrier to the outside world. In addition, keratinocytes play an essential role in the initiation, maintenance, and regulation of epidermal immune responses by being part of the innate immune system responding to antigenic stimuli in a fast, nonspecific manner. Here, we describe a protocol for isolation of primary human keratinocytes from adult skin, and demonstrate that these cells respond to calcium-induced terminal differentiation, as measured by an increased expression of the differentiation marker involucrin. In addition, we show that the isolated keratinocytes are responsive to IL-1&#946;-induced activation of intracellular signaling pathways as measured by the activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. Taken together, we describe a method for isolation and culturing of primary human keratinocytes from adult skin. Because the keratinocytes are the predominant cell type in the epidermis, this method is useful to study molecular mechanisms in cutaneous biology in vitro.

The human skin acts as a first line of defense against the external environment. We present a method for isolating primary human keratinocytes from adult skin. These isolated keratinocytes are useful in numerous experimental setups, and are a highly suitable model for studying molecular mechanisms in cutaneous biology in vitro.

世代、大人の肌からプライマリ ヒト角化培養

The main function of keratinocytes is to provide the structural integrity of the epidermis, thereby maintaining a mechanical barrier to the outside world. ...

Direct Lineage Reprogramming of Adult Mouse Fibroblast to Erythroid Progenitors

Erythroid cell commitment and differentiation proceed through activation of a lineage-restricted transcriptional network orchestrated by a group of cell fate determining and maturing factors. We previously set out to define the minimal set of factors necessary for instructing red blood cell development using direct lineage reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced erythroid progenitors/precursors (iEPs). We showed that overexpression of Gata1, Tal1, Lmo2, and c-Myc (GTLM) can rapidly convert murine and human fibroblasts directly to iEPs that resemble bona fide erythroid cells in terms of morphology, phenotype, and gene expression. We intend that iEPs will provide an invaluable tool to study erythropoiesis and cell fate regulation. Here we describe the stepwise process of converting murine tail tip fibroblasts into iEPs via transcription factor-driven direct lineage reprogramming (DLR). In this example, we perform the reprogramming in fibroblasts from erythroid lineage-tracing mice that express the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) under the control of the erythropoietin receptor gene (EpoR) promoter, enabling visualization of erythroid cell fate induction upon reprogramming. Following this protocol, fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into iEPs within five to eight days. 
While improvements can still be made to the process, we show that GTLM-mediated reprogramming is a rapid and direct process, yielding cells with properties of bona fide erythroid progenitor and precursor cells.

Here we present our protocol for producing induced erythroid progenitors (iEPs) from mouse adult fibroblasts using transcription factor-driven direct lineage reprogramming (DLR).

リネージュの赤芽球系前駆細胞に成体マウス線維芽細胞のリプログラミングを直接します。

Erythroid cell commitment and differentiation proceed through activation of a lineage-restricted transcriptional network orchestrated by a group of cell ...

Tissue Preparation and Immunostaining of Mouse Craniofacial Tissues and Undecalcified Bone

Tissue immunostaining provides highly specific and reliable detection of proteins of interest within a given tissue. Here we describe a complete and simple protocol to detect protein expression during craniofacial morphogenesis/pathogenesis using mouse craniofacial tissues as examples. The protocol consists of preparation and cryosectioning of tissues, indirect immunofluorescence, image acquisition, and quantification. In addition, a method for preparation and cryosectioning of undecalcified hard tissues for immunostaining is described, using craniofacial tissues and long bones as examples. Those methods are key to determine the protein expression and morphological/anatomical changes in various tissues during craniofacial morphogenesis/pathogenesis. They are also applicable to other tissues with appropriate modifications. Knowledge of the histology and high quality of sections are critical to draw scientific conclusions from experimental outcomes. Potential limitations of this methodology include but are not limited to specificity of antibodies and difficulties of quantification, which are also discussed here.

Here, we present a detailed protocol to detect and quantify protein levels during craniofacial morphogenesis/pathogenesis by immunostaining using mouse craniofacial tissues as examples. In addition, we describe a method for preparation and cryosectioning of undecalcified hard tissues from young mice for immunostaining.

マウス頭蓋組織および非除電骨の組織調製と免疫染色

Tissue immunostaining provides highly specific and reliable detection of proteins of interest within a given tissue. Here we describe a complete and ...

Dissection, Culture and Analysis of Primary Cranial Neural Crest Cells from Mouse for the Study of Neural Crest Cell Delamination and Migration

Over the past several decades there has been an increased availability of genetically modified mouse models used to mimic human pathologies. However, the ability to study cell movements and differentiation in vivo is still very difficult. Neurocristopathies, or disorders of the neural crest lineage, are particularly challenging to study due to a lack of accessibility of key embryonic stages and the difficulties in separating out the neural crest mesenchyme from adjacent mesodermal mesenchyme. Here, we set out to establish a well-defined, routine protocol for the culture of primary cranial neural crest cells. In our approach we dissect out the mouse neural plate border during the initial neural crest induction stage. The neural plate border region is explanted and cultured. The neural crest cells form in an epithelial sheet surrounding the neural plate border, and by 24 h after explant, begin to delaminate, undergoing an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to become fully motile neural crest cells. Due to our two-dimensional culturing approach, the distinct tissue populations (neural plate versus premigratory and migratory neural crest) can be readily distinguished. Using live imaging approaches, we can then identify changes in neural crest induction, EMT and migratory behaviors. The combination of this technique with genetic mutants will be a very powerful approach for understanding normal and pathological neural crest cell biology.

This protocol describes the dissection and culture of cranial neural crest cells from mouse models, primarily for the study of cell migration. We describe the live imaging techniques used and the analysis of speed and cell shape changes.

神経クレスト細胞の形成と移動の研究のためのマウスからの原発性頭蓋神経クレスト細胞の解剖、培養および分析

Over the past several decades there has been an increased availability of genetically modified mouse models used to mimic human pathologies. However, the ...

Isolation and Differentiation of Primary Myoblasts from Mouse Skeletal Muscle Explants

Primary myoblasts are undifferentiated proliferating precursors of skeletal muscle. They can be cultured and studied as muscle precursors or induced to differentiate into later stages of muscle development. The protocol provided here describes a robust method for the isolation and culture of a highly proliferative population of myoblast cells from young adult mouse skeletal muscle explants. These cells are useful for the study of the metabolic properties of skeletal muscle of different mouse models, as well as in other downstream applications such as transfection with exogenous DNA or transduction with viral expression vectors. The level of differentiation and metabolic profile of these cells depends on the length of exposure, and composition of the media used to induce myoblast differentiation. These methods provide a robust system for the study of mouse muscle cell metabolism ex vivo. Importantly, unlike in vivo models, the methods described here provide a cell population that can be expanded and studied with high levels of reproducibility.

Myoblasts are proliferating precursor cells that differentiate to form polynucleated myotubes and eventually skeletal muscle myofibers. Here, we present a protocol for efficient isolation and culture of primary myoblasts from young adult mouse skeletal muscles. The method enables molecular, genetic, and metabolic studies of muscle cells in culture.

マウス骨格筋移植からの原発性筋芽生の単離と分化

Primary myoblasts are undifferentiated proliferating precursors of skeletal muscle. They can be cultured and studied as muscle precursors or induced to ...