National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant NO. 82101249 to XY Sun), Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China (grant NO. 2022M722125 to XY Sun). Shanghai Sailing Program (grant NO. 21YF1425100 to SH Chen). Special Project for Clinical Research of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (grant NO. 202340088 to J Zhou). National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant NO. 82101262 to X Zhang, grant NO. 82101287 to SH Chen).

All animal experiments were conducted in compliance with the Animal Research Reporting In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines and the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The present study was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. Eight-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were used for the present study. The animals were commercially obtained (see Table of Materials) and housed in standard cage...

Optimizing Stereotaxic Microinjection Accuracy in Mice

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	<li>Liu, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain-derived+neurotrophic+factor-mediated+projection-specific+regulation+of+depressive-like+and+nociceptive+behaviors+in+the+mesolimbic+reward+circuitry.">Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated projection-specific regulation of depressive-like and nociceptive behaviors in the mesolimbic reward circuitry.</a> Pain. 159 (1), 175 (2018).</li><li>Gan, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Layer-specific+pain+relief+pathways+originating+from+primary+motor+cortex.">Layer-specific pain relief pathways originating from primary motor cortex.</a> Science. 378 (6626), 1336-1343 (2022).</li><li>Laing, B. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anterior+hypothalamic+parvalbumin+neurons+are+glutamatergic+and+promote+escape+behavior.">Anterior hypothalamic parvalbumin neurons are glutamatergic and promote escape behavior.</a> Curr Biol. 33 (15), 3215-3228 (2023).</li><li>Perens, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multimodal+3D+mouse+brain+atlas+framework+with+the+skull-derived+coordinate+system.">Multimodal 3D mouse brain atlas framework with the skull-derived coordinate system.</a> Neuroinformatics. 21 (2), 269-286 (2023).</li><li>Adhikari, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basomedial+amygdala+mediates+top-down+control+of+anxiety+and+fear.">Basomedial amygdala mediates top-down control of anxiety and fear.</a> Nature. 527 (7577), 179-185 (2015).</li><li>Tao, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Projections+from+infralimbic+cortex+to+paraventricular+thalamus+mediate+fear+extinction+retrieval.">Projections from infralimbic cortex to paraventricular thalamus mediate fear extinction retrieval.</a> Neurosci Bull. 37 (2), 229-241 (2021).</li><li>Haggerty, D. L., Grecco, G. G., Reeves, K. C., Atwood, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adeno-associated+viral+vectors+in+neuroscience+research.">Adeno-associated viral vectors in neuroscience research.</a> Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 17, 69-82 (2020).</li><li>Ansarifar, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+volume+and+expression+time+in+an+aav-delivered+channelrhodopsin.">Impact of volume and expression time in an aav-delivered channelrhodopsin.</a> Mol Brain. 16 (1), 77 (2023).</li><li>Gonzalez, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure-guided+AAV+capsid+evolution+strategies+for+enhanced+CNS+gene+delivery.">Structure-guided AAV capsid evolution strategies for enhanced CNS gene delivery.</a> Nat Protoc. 18 (11), 3413-3459 (2023).</li><li>Sun, X. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+parallel+medial+prefrontal+cortex-amygdala+pathways+mediate+memory+deficits+via+glutamatergic+projection+in+surgery+mice.">Two parallel medial prefrontal cortex-amygdala pathways mediate memory deficits via glutamatergic projection in surgery mice.</a> Cell Rep. 42 (7), 112719 (2023).</li><li>Koren, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insular+cortex+neurons+encode+and+retrieve+specific+immune+responses.">Insular cortex neurons encode and retrieve specific immune responses.</a> Cell. 184 (25), 6211 (2021).</li><li>Poller, W. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+motor+and+fear+circuits+regulate+leukocytes+during+acute+stress.">Brain motor and fear circuits regulate leukocytes during acute stress.</a> Nature. 607 (7919), 578-584 (2022).</li><li>Huang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+visual+circuit+related+to+habenula+underlies+the+antidepressive+effects+of+light+therapy.">A visual circuit related to habenula underlies the antidepressive effects of light therapy.</a> Neuron. 102 (1), 128-142 (2019).</li><li>Hu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+visual+circuit+related+to+the+periaqueductal+gray+area+for+the+antinociceptive+effects+of+bright+light+treatment.">A visual circuit related to the periaqueductal gray area for the antinociceptive effects of bright light treatment.</a> Neuron. 110 (10), 1712-1727 (2022).</li><li>Du, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+stepwise+tracing+of+polysynaptic+neuronal+circuits+with+replication-deficient+pseudorabies+virus.">Directed stepwise tracing of polysynaptic neuronal circuits with replication-deficient pseudorabies virus.</a> Cell Rep Methods. 3 (6), 100506 (2023).</li><li>Paxinos, G., Franklin, K. B. J., Franklin, K. B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates. 2nd ed. , (2001).</li></ol>

This article has described a stable strategy to verify the accuracy of stereotaxic brain injections5,6more quickly and simply before viral tracing, but the irreplaceable aspect of reporter gene expression in the brain region is crucial for brain region labeling. The blue dye we used allowed for the immediate visualization of the injection site.
Several critical steps in this protocol contribute to improving the accuracy of the injectio...

Nearly all modern neuromodulation tools, including in vivo calcium recording, optogenetic, and chemogenetic tools, require the use of stereotaxic coordinates to target the brain area of interest1,2,3, forming the foundation of neural manipulation. Stereotaxic coordinates for mouse brain regions are defined in relation to bregma and lambda, the bony landmarks on the cranium, forming the so-called skull-derived stereotaxic coordinate system. Either bregma or lambda can serve as the zero point of the three-dimensional coordinates. The three axes are anteroposterior (AP), mediolateral (ML), and dorsoventral (DV), representing the y, x, and z axes on the digital display of stereotaxic instruments. For well-known brain regions, the stereotaxic coordinate parameters of a specific area can be obtained from mouse brain atlases4 (e.g., Paxinos and Franklin&#39;s mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates) and/or the published literature5,6. However, further validation is necessary due to variations in stereotaxic equipment and the age/populations of mice used by different researchers.
Structure is the basis of function. Neural circuits form the foundation for many brain functions, such as cognitive activities, emotion, memory, sensory, and motor functions1. Labeling the structure and manipulating the activity of neural circuits are vital for understanding the function of a specific neural circuit. Over the past decades, neural tracers have evolved through many generations; early research adopted wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin (PHA) as anterograde tracers, and fluorogold (FG), cholera toxin subunit B (CTB), carbocyanine as retrograde tracers. However, unlike viral tracers, these traditional neural tracers cannot integrate exogenous genes into the host, nor do they have cell type selectivity. Nowadays, the viral strategy has become an important proposition during basic neuroscience research. For different research purposes, various viral tools can be selected7,8. There are non-transsynaptic viruses, trans-multisynaptic viruses (retrograde and anterograde), and trans-monosynaptic viruses (retrograde and anterograde). Each category contains several types with respective characteristics.
The process of viral administration and expression is highly time- and resource-intensive, often taking weeks or even longer. Among various viral vectors, adeno-associated virus has been identified as a promising means for gene delivery, providing a wide window ranging from 3 to 8 weeks post-injection for the experimental procedure7,8. As AAV evolves, analysis can be performed 2-3 weeks after administration9,10. Other neural circuit tracers, such as pseudorabies virus (PRV) and rabies virus (RV), also require a tracing period of at least 2-7 days11,12,13,14,15. Thus, a preliminary verification of the injection site before observing fluorescence signals is both time- and cost-effective.
To facilitate a simple and rapid verification of stereotaxic injections, in this study, a dye is administered before viral vectors, and cryosectioning enables researchers to observe the injection site and track it within 30 min post-injection.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1.0 &#181;L, Neuros Syringe, Model 7001 KH, 32 G, Point Style 3</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>65458-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 &#956;L pipette tips</td>
			<td>biosharp</td>
			<td>BS-200-T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 mL syringe</td>
			<td>Kindly group</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3%H2O2 solution</td>
			<td>Lircon Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plate</td>
			<td>Shengyou Biotech</td>
			<td>20006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anerdian</td>
			<td>Likang High-tech</td>
			<td>31001002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti roll plate</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>14047742497</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD insulin syringe</td>
			<td>Becton,Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>328421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bend toothed dissecting forceps</td>
			<td>Jinzhong</td>
			<td>JD1050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellsens dimension software</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton swab</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23-400-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dapi-Fluoromount-G</td>
			<td>Southernbiotech</td>
			<td>0100-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill</td>
			<td>Longxiang</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine brushes</td>
			<td>HWAHONG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine scissors</td>
			<td>Jinzhong</td>
			<td>y00030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent microscopy</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>BX63</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>freezing microtome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>CM1950</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostatic forceps straight with tooth</td>
			<td>Jinzhong</td>
			<td>J31010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infusion needle 0.7 mm</td>
			<td>Kindly group</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lidocaine hydrochloride injection</td>
			<td>Harvest Pharmaceutical Company</td>
			<td>71230803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnifying glass</td>
			<td>M&#38;G Chenguang Stationery</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Male C57/BL mice</td>
			<td>The Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research&#8211;BK Laboratory</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mice coronal brain slice mold</td>
			<td>RWD Life Science</td>
			<td>68713</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td>biosharp</td>
			<td>BS-02-P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome blades</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>819</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic ointment</td>
			<td>Cisen Pharmaceutical Company</td>
			<td>G23HDM9M4S5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td>BL539A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic pumps</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>70-4507</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Servicebio</td>
			<td>G4202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Piette 2-200 &#956;L</td>
			<td>thermofisher</td>
			<td>4642080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS-PAGE sample loading containing bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>P0015A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaving blades</td>
			<td>BFYING</td>
			<td>91560618</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slides</td>
			<td>Citotest Scientific</td>
			<td>188105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic apparatus</td>
			<td>RWD Life Science</td>
			<td>68807</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight toothed dissecting forceps</td>
			<td>Jinzhong</td>
			<td>JD1060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Holder</td>
			<td>RWD Life Science</td>
			<td>68206</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue scissors</td>
			<td>Jinzhong</td>
			<td>J21040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue-Tek O.C.T compound</td>
			<td>Sakura</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tribromoethanol</td>
			<td>Aibei Biotechnology</td>
			<td>M2910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preliminary validation of stereotaxic injection coordinates via cryosectioning

Stereotaxic injection of a specific brain region constitutes a fundamental experimental technique in basic neuroscience. Researchers commonly base their choice of stereotaxic injection parameters on mouse brain atlases or published materials that employed various populations/ages of mice and different stereotaxic equipment, necessitating further validation of the stereotaxic coordinate parameters. The efficacy of calcium imaging, chemogenetic, and optogenetic manipulations relies on the precise expression of reporter genes within the region of interest, often requiring several weeks of effort. Thus, it is a time-consuming task if the coordinates of the target brain region are not verified in advance. Using an appropriate dye instead of a virus and implementing cryosectioning, researchers can observe the injection site immediately following dye administration. This facilitates timely adjustments to coordinate parameters in cases where discrepancies exist between the actual injection site and the theoretical position. Such adjustments significantly enhance the accuracy of viral expression within the target region in subsequent experiments.

Author Spotlight: Accelerating Cognitive Impairment Research in Mice Through Stereotaxic Injection and Cost-Effective Dyes

Preliminary Validation of Stereotaxic Injection Coordinates via Cryosectioning

Our research primarily focus on investigating the neural circuits mechanism underlying cognitive impairment in mice. And we frequently employ brain stereotaxic techniques in these studies. Our objective is to optimize and accelerate the verification process for stereotaxic injection sites using dyes, ensuring that it becomes a simple and rapid procedure.Various strategies have become crucial in neuroscience research through stereotaxic injection of virus. This is followed by observation of fluorescent markers in tissue slice to confirm the injection sites, a process that takes several weeks to complete. Our protocol offers advantages over other techniques by saving at least three days of dehydration time and using a cost-effective dye for quicker identification of injection sites.It may save weeks compared with no preliminary verification.

This study successfully identified the injection site within 30 min using the demonstrated method. Initially, an SDS-PAGE sample loading solution containing bromophenol blue was injected into the LDTgV in the C57/BL mice. Figure 1A shows a schematic representation of the dye solution injection. The distribution of the blue dye in the LDTgV is illustrated in Figure 1B.
Bromophenol blue was also injected into the mPFC prelimbic cortex, ...

The present protocol describes a practical strategy to expedite the verification step of stereotaxic injection coordinates before conducting viral tracing using dyes and frozen sections.

Stereotaxic injection of a specific brain region constitutes a fundamental experimental technique in basic neuroscience. Researchers commonly base their ...

preliminary-validation-stereotaxic-injection-coordinates-via

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

681 ビュー.  Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine. 私たちの研究は、主にマウスの認知障害の根底にある神経回路のメカニズムを調べることに焦点を当てています。そして、これらの研究では、脳の定位固定技術を頻繁に採用しています。私たちの目的は、色素を用いた定位固定装置の注射部位の検証プロセスを最適化および加速し、簡単かつ迅速な手順にすることです。ウイルスの定位注射による神経科学研究で?...

ビデオ: 著者スポットライト:定位固定剤注射と費用対効果の高い色素によるマウスの認知障害研究の加速

The present protocol describes a practical strategy to expedite the verification step of stereotaxic injection coordinates before conducting viral tracing using dyes and frozen...

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The needle method of asymmetric bilateral common carotid artery stenosis is proposed to create a mouse model for vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. It results in longer-term outcomes compared to previously established models and is compatible with live MRI. Visual representation demonstrating the procedure provides guidance for mastering the...

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orienteering as a tool for cognitive research: an implementation guide

Author Spotlight: Utilizing Orienteering in Research to Improve Brain Health and Spatial Memory

The sport of orienteering is emerging as an effective way to train both the body and brain as it combines physical activity with spatial navigation. The current manuscript offers a guide on how to implement the sport of orienteering in...

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free-hand intracerebroventricular injections in mice

Author Spotlight: Insights, Innovations, and Future Avenues in Reproductive Neurocontrol 

Here, a simple and rapid approach for performing intracerebroventricular injections in mice using a free-hand approach (that is, without a stereotaxic device) is...

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The amyloid-&#946; (A&#946;)-injected animal model enables the administration of a defined quantity and species of A&#946; fragments and reduces individual differences within each study group. This protocol describes the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of A&#946; without stereotactic instruments, enabling the production of Alzheimer-like behavioral abnormalities in normal...

Intracerebroventricular Injection of Amyloid-&#946; Peptides in Normal Mice to Acutely Induce Alzheimer-like Cognitive Deficits

acupuncture treatment in a mouse model of chronic hypoxia-induced cognitive dysfunction

Author Spotlight: Improving Anesthesia Protocols for Enhanced Mouse Acupuncture Research

Here, we describe a protocol for implementing mild anesthesia and acupuncture treatment on a chronic hypoxia mouse model and conducting behavioral tests to assess the cognitive alterations post-treatment.

Cognitive Improvement in Chronic Hypoxia Mice with Acupuncture

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digital handwriting analysis of characters in chinese patients with mild cognitive impairment

Digital Handwriting Analysis of Characters in Chinese Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment

This study proposed a digital handwriting analysis of characters in individuals with mild cognitive impairment to find more information than is revealed by traditional pencil&#8211;paper handwriting...

elimination of serotonergic neurons by stereotaxic injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine in the dorsal raphe nuclei of mice

Elimination of Serotonergic Neurons by Stereotaxic Injection of 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine in the Dorsal Raphe Nuclei of Mice

This protocol describes a dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN)-lesioned mouse model (&#62;90% survival rate in experimental mice) with stable loss of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons by stereotaxic injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine into the DRN using an angled approach to prevent injury to the superior sagittal...

the dream implant: a lightweight, modular, and cost-effective implant system for chronic electrophysiology in head-fixed and freely behaving mice

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This article provides a protocol and an accompanying video for the retrobulbar sinus injection of up to a total volume of 150 &#181;L for postnatal, juvenile, and runted adult mice. This procedure is particularly well suited for the injection of small mice (15 g) when tail vein injection is not...

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scalable, flexible, and cost-effective seedling grafting

Scalable, Flexible, and Cost-Effective Seedling Grafting

This protocol describes a robust seedling grafting method that requires no prior experience or training and can be executed at a very low cost using materials easily accessible in most molecular biology...

a cost effective and adaptable scratch migration assay

A Cost Effective and Adaptable Scratch Migration Assay

We present a cost-effective method to the scratch migration assay that provides a new approach for determining cell migration without the use of equipment-intensive methods. While fibroblasts were used in this protocol, it can be adapted and utilized to study additional cell types and influences on cell...

tumor cells inoculation in mice through precise landmarking and injection techniques

Tumor Cells Inoculation in Mice Through Precise Landmarking and Injection Techniques

static strength training method for type 2 diabetic mice

Author Spotlight: Advancing Diabetes Research with Static Exercise Training in Mice

This protocol provides a simple method of making static training equipment for mice. The device maintains the muscle isometric contraction of the limbs of mice so as to verify the intervention effect of traditional exercise on type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and provides new exercise therapy for the clinical treatment of...

Exploring T2DM Exercise Interventions: A Static Training Device for Mice

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application of granger causality analysis of the directed functional connection in alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment

Application of Granger Causality Analysis of the Directed Functional Connection in Alzheimer&#039;s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

Based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging with Granger causality analysis, we investigated the alterations in the directed functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and whole brain in patients with Alzheimer&#39;s Disease (AD), patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and healthy...

Application of Granger Causality Analysis of the Directed Functional Connection in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

designing, packaging, and delivery of high titer crispr retro and lentiviruses via stereotaxic injection

Designing, Packaging, and Delivery of High Titer CRISPR Retro and Lentiviruses via Stereotaxic Injection

The CRISPR/Cas9 system offers the potential to make targeted genome editing accessible and affordable to the scientific community. This protocol is intended to demonstrate how to create viruses that will knockout a gene of interest using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and then inject them stereotaxically into the adult mouse...

corneal sensitivity testing procedure for ophthalmologic and optometric patients

 Author Spotlight: Establishing a Practical and Cost-Effective Protocol for Corneal Sensitivity Testing in Clinical Settings

Corneal sensitivity testing provides insight into the health of the corneal nerves and helps diagnose ocular surface diseases. We present a concise protocol to qualitatively assess corneal sensitivity that can be readily used by eye care providers across clinical settings.