DP는 약물 남용에있는 국립 연구소에서 루스 Kirschstein 수상 1F32 - 01A1 DA021977의받는 사람입니다. 이 작품은 RHF에 마가렛 M. 알켁 재단에 의해 지원되었다.

<html> I. 도식 개요 : <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/1027_2009_1_22_2/Figure1.png" alt="그림 1" width="460" height="384" /> 이 비디오는 여자의 배아에서 신경 유도에 대한 분석에서 여러 단계를 보여줍니다. 먼저, 호스트 배아는 새로운 문화에 explanted입니다 [NI1]. 그런 다음 donnor의 배아가 호수와 Hensen의 노드 (여자의 &quot;구성&quot;)에 explanted됩니다 것은 형광 염료 DiI로 표시됩니다 [NI2]. Hensen의 노드가 donnor의 배아에서 excised입니다 [NI3]와 호스트 배아에 이식 [NI4, NI5]. 호스트 배아는 다음 donnor 조직 호스트 영역에서 이소성 축을 유도 가지고있는 기간이 지난 후 최대 22 시간에 대한 양식입니다 opaca [NI6]. 문화에 따라, 호스트 배아는 고정 및 DAB의 면전에서 photooxidation에 대한 처리 : DAB와 갈색 다음과 같은 반응이 될 사전 photooxidation [NI7]에 FITC의 형광 아래에 빨간색으로 나타납니다이 화학 반응, donnor 파생된 셀로 [NI8]. 배아는 다음 신경 마커 [NI8]와 현장 하이브 리다이 제이션에 대한 처리, 호스트 파생 조직 donnor 그래프트의 존재에 신경 조직을 형성 하였다. 이 조직 파란색 나타납니다. 1 : 새로운 문화에 대한 호스트의 배아를 준비 <ol><li> 이 신경 유도 분석 프로토콜 햄버거 &amp; 해밀턴 단계 3 incubated되었습니다 계란으로 시작 + (또는 HH3 +). 이 계란은 13 시간 동안 습기가 인큐베이터에서 측면에 누워 incubated되었습니다. </li><li> 새로운 문화 (단계 3.1. 5.5 9)에 대한 호스트 배아를 준비합니다. </li><li> 200 μl 식염수에 호스트 배아의 표면을 커버. 이것은 나중에 전송 donnor 그래프트의 위치를​​ 용이하게합니다. </li><li> 마지막으로, 거꾸로 팰컨 35mm 문화 요리와 함께 어셈블​​리를 커버. </li></ol> 2 : 호수에있는 donnor의 배아를 Explanting <ol><li> 포셉와 껍질을 두드리고있는 모든 셀 주위의 껍질 조각을 제거하여 계란을 엽니다. 껍질 위로를 제거하고 폐기. </li><li> 포셉와 두꺼운 알부민을 제거하고, 배가 위쪽으로 얼굴을 너무 거친 포셉로 난황을 기울. </li><li> 좋은 가위를 사용하여 배아 주위에 난황의 사각형 잘라. 숟가락으로 노른자에서 배아를 제거하고, PBS를 포함하는 접시에 장소. </li><li> 포셉를 사용하여, 지역 pellucida에서 donnor의 배아를 분리. </li><li> PBS를 포함 Sylgard 보상 요리로 전송 donnor의 배아. </li></ol> 3, 라벨링 절개 및 donnor 그래프트를 이식 <ol><li> microelectrode의 풀러를 사용하여 50 μl 유리 microcapillary pipettes를 가져옵니다. 현미경, 미세 집게를 사용하여 micropipette의 끝을 잘라. 배양 접시에있는 장소 micropipette는 plasteline의 리본으로 정렬했습니다. </li><li> 전에 이식에 그래프트 레이블을하는 데 사용됩니다 염료 솔루션을 준비 : 염료 DiI (1,1 &#39;- dioctadecyl - 3, 3,3&#39;, 3&#39; - tetramethylindocarbocyanine 퍼클로레이트) carbocyanine : 우선, 1ml에 DiI의 재고를 준비 0.5 %에서 절대 에탄올. 이 주식은 어둠 속에서 - 20C에 저장할 수 있습니다. 42 세트 물 목욕에서 ° C, 혼합 360μl 0.3M 자당 40 μl DiI 주식을 prewarmed. 물 목욕 온도가 DiI과 불용성 결정 형성의 침전을 방지하기 위해 필요합니다. 간단히 미니 spectrafuge에 솔루션을 (5-10 초 동안) 스핀. DiI 솔루션은 이제 사용할 준비가되었습니다. </li><li> 곤충 핀을 사용하여 Sylgard 적용 접시의 바닥에있는 donnor의 배아를 확보. </li><li> 백 - 채우기 DiI로 micropipette합니다. 흡인기 튜브 어셈블리를 사용하여 부드러운 압력을 적용하여, Hensen의 노드에 DiI의 작은 볼러스를 적용합니다. 전체 Hensen의 노드가 표시되었는지 확인합니다. </li><li> microcapillary 피펫 또는 microdissecting 칼을 사용 Hensen의 노드를 ( &quot;주최자&quot;donnor 그래프트) 컷. </li><li> 복부 측면과 카마인과 이식의 사후 끝을 표시합니다. 이것은 이식이 단계에서 적절한 dorso 4.3 - 복부 방향과 위치 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 200μl 길슨 피펫을 사용하여 호스트 배아에 이식을 전송하기만하면됩니다. </li></ol> 4 : 이식 및 culturing 호스트 배아를 확보 <ol><li> 그래프트 호스트 사이트 근접 위치에 남아 있는지 확인하고, 호스트 배아에서 염분 제거합니다. </li><li> microcapillary 피펫 또는 microdissecting 나이프를 사용하여 호스트 배아의 Hensen의 노드의 수준, 지역 pellucida / 지역 opaca 경계 영역에 작은 절개 (80 - 100μm)을합니다. </li><li> 그 복부 측면 당신과 사후 최종 향해 얼굴 있도록 microcapillary 피펫 또는 microdissecting 나이프, 위치 그래프트를 사용하면 호스트 배아에 상응하는 지역에 평행이다. </li><li> 남은 생리를 제거하고, 81-22 시간 (단계 6.1 6.6 9)에 대한 새로운 문화에 대한 호스트 배아를 처리합니다. </li><li> 호스트 배아는 다음 4 ° C (단계 7.1-7.7 9)에서 하룻밤 고정됩니다. </li></ol>E &quot;&gt; 5 : 형광 아래 그래프트를 Photooxidise <ol><li> 펌 후드 아래, 트리스 버퍼에 DAB 작업 솔루션을 준비 : 500μg/ml에서 트리스 버퍼 (100mM 트리스 - HCL, pH를 7.4)에서 (3,3 &#39;- diaminobenzidine의 tetrahydrochloride) DAB 기판을 디졸브, 얼음, 어두운 솔루션을 유지. </li><li> 트리스 버퍼의 각 한 번 5 MN 5 MN에 대한 두 번 PBS에서 배아를 씻으십시오. </li><li> 1 ML 트리스 버퍼를 포함하고있는 유리 슬라이드 캐비티에 배아를 전송합니다. </li><li> 1.5 ML DAB 솔루션 트리스 버퍼 솔루션을 교체합니다. DAB를 오염을 제거하다하기 위해 10 % 표백 용액이 들어있는 양동이에 Eppendorf 끝 처리. 공동 슬라이드 위에 coverslip 놓으십시오. </li><li> FITC (플루오레신 isothiocyanate) 형광 아래 그래프트 (donnor 세포가 형광 빨간색으로 나타납니다)에있는 현미경의 목표를 집중하고 모든 형광 붉은 세포가 갈색 (이것은 DiI의 결과로 발생 될 때까지 FITC의 형광에 노출될 photoconverted되는 fluorochrome 불용성 갈색 결정하기 위해, DAB의 면전에서 FITC 여기 파장 (488nm)에 적용됩니다. 노출에 의해이 과정은 20 MN 2 시간 사이에 걸립니다. </li><li> photooxidation 반응의 완료에 따라, 미세 집게를 사용하여 coverslip을 제거합니다. 유리 PBTw (또는 0.1 % 트윈 - 20와 함께 PBS)가 포함된 20 ML의 섬광 병을를 배아를 전송합니다. </li><li> 10 % 표백 용액에 잠복기로 coverslip 유리 캐비티 슬라이드에서 DAB를 비활성화합니다. </li></ol> 6 : 현장 하이브리드화, 사진에 대한 배아를 처리하고 sectioning <ol><li> 전용 라벨 프로브를 발굴을위한 배아를 잠복기, 현장 하이브리드화 (단계 3.7 6.5 9)에서 진행합니다. </li><li> 사진 촬영 (8.2 9 단계) 및 (단계 8.3 및 8.4 9) sectioning 진행합니다. </li></ol> 대표 결과 신경 유도 분석의 다음 예제에서는 donnor 그래프트는 호스트 파생 조직에서 신경 마커 꼬리가없는의 표현을 유도 표시됩니다. donnor 그래프트는 &quot;주최자&quot;영역이 수술 단계에서 donnor의 배아에서 제거되었습니다있는 배아 유래 :이 특정 예제에서, 우리는 일반적으로 &quot;주최자&quot;능력이없는 배아 영역의 신경 유도하는 능력의 획득을 평가 3 +. 구멍 치유하고 Hensen의 노드를 닮은 구조가 형성 때까지 절제 따라 donnor의 배아는 새로운 문화의 개발을 허용합니다. 이 구조는 다음 DiI로 표시된 donnor의 배아에서 excised 및 호스트 배아 면적 pellucida / 지역 opaca 경계에 이식할 수 있습니다. 새로운 문화에 따라, 미니어처 축이 호스트 배아에 인접한 형성이 미니어처 축 붉은 세포의 막대 (donnor는 파생)와 머리처럼 구조 (호스트 파생)의 구성에서 (A), donnor - 파생 DiI 분류 전지는 FITC 형광 현미경 하에서 이전에 고정으로 표시됩니다. 이러한 donnor - 유래 세포는 붉은 세포의 막대로 표시 미니 notochord를 형성 확산있다. (B) DiI의 다음 photoconversion,이 donnor - 유래 세포는 갈색 나타납니다. donnor 그래프트는 호스트에서 신경 조직의 형성을 유도했다 :이 조직은 뇌를 엽 성의 전구 물질로 구성되어 등 현장 하이브리드화에 마커 꼬리가없는 다음과 같은 그들의 표현에 의해 공개 [6에서 reprinted]. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/1027_2009_1_22_3/Figure 2.png" alt="그림 2" width="230" height="154" /> 참고 :이 절차에서는, 우리는 &quot;신경&quot;조직 (파란색) 파생 호스트에서 신경 유도 donnor 조직 (레드 / 브라운)을 차별화하기 위해 DiI 레이블 세포를 사용했습니다. 대신 파생 여자, DiI 표시 donnor 그래프트를 사용하는 일부 작가도 아닌 여자의 메추라기 배아에서 파생된 donnor 조직 [예 6].를 사용하여 이 대체 방법은 호스트 조직에서 donnor을 차별화 할 수 있습니다. 이 경우, 그래프트 (donnor 조직) 대신 닭고기 계란의 메추라기 계란에서 유래. 4.5 단계에 따라, 호스트가 5.7-3.4와 5.1 조직 (QCP1)와 단계 3.1 퀘일 특정 항체와 함께 전체 마운트 immunohistochemistry에 대한 처리는 프로토콜에서 생략됩니다. 이 대안 절차의 예제는 아래와 같습니다 :이 경우에는, (같은 QCPN 항체 [갈색]의 표현에 의해 참조) 우리는 A, B에서 같은 실험 절차를 사용하지만 우리는 퀘일 - 파생 donnor 조직을 사용 : 재생 메추라기 배아에서 파생 노드는 호스트에있는 냄비 - 신경 마커 Sox2의 표현을 유도했다 [6에서 reprinted] <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/1027_2009_1_22_4/Figure 3.png" alt="그림 3" width="154" height="230" />

<ol>
	<li>Waddington, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experiments+on+the+development+of+chick+and+duck+embryos,+cultivated+in+vitro.">Experiments on the development of chick and duck embryos, cultivated in vitro.</a> Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 221, 179-230 (1932).</li><li>Waddington, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+by+the+primitive+streak+and+its+derivatives+in+the+chick.">Induction by the primitive streak and its derivatives in the chick.</a> J. Exp. Biol. 10, 38-46 (1933).</li><li>Gallera, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excision+et+transplantation+des+diff&amp;eacute;rentes+r&amp;eacute;gions+de+la+ligne+primitive+chez+le+poulet.">Excision et transplantation des diff&amp;eacute;rentes r&amp;eacute;gions de la ligne primitive chez le poulet.</a> C. R. Ass. Anat. 49, 632-639 (1964).</li><li>Gallera, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+induction+in+birds.">Primary induction in birds.</a> Adv. Morph. 9. , 149-180 (1971).</li><li>Serbedzija, G. N., Fraser, S. E., Bronner-Fraser, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathways+of+neural+crest+cell+migration+in+the+mouse+embryo+as+revealed+by+vital+dye+labeling.+Development+108.">Pathways of neural crest cell migration in the mouse embryo as revealed by vital dye labeling. Development 108.</a> , 605-612 (1990).</li><li>Psychoyos, D., Stern, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+the+organizer+after+radical+ablation+of+Hensen's+node+and+the+anterior+primitive+streak+in+the+chick+embryo.+Development+122.">Restoration of the organizer after radical ablation of Hensen's node and the anterior primitive streak in the chick embryo. Development 122.</a> , 3263-3273 (1996).</li><li>Joubin, K., Stern, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+interactions+continuously+define+the+organizer+during+the+cell+movements+of+gastrulation.">Molecular interactions continuously define the organizer during the cell movements of gastrulation.</a> Cell. 98, 559-571 (1999).</li><li>Streit, A., Berliner, A. J., Papanayotou, C., Sirulnik, A., Stern, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initiation+of+neural+induction+by+FGF+signaling+before+gastrulation.">Initiation of neural induction by FGF signaling before gastrulation.</a> Nature. , 406-474 (2000).</li><li>Psychoyos, D., Finnell, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+for+Culture+of+Early+Chick+Embryos+ex+vivo+(New+Culture.">Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture.</a> JoVE. 20, 10-3791 (2008).</li></ol>

이 동영상은 신경 유도에 대한 분석을 수행하는 다른 단계를 설명합니다,이 분석은 본질적으로 여자의 putative 신경 유도하는 분자의 특성에 사용되며, 따라서 embryological micromanipulations 1-4을 이르기까지 애플 리케이션의 다양한 사용할 수 있습니다; 6 무너지고 새로운 신호 폭포로 7,8 모든 두뇌 형성하고 남은 신경 계통의 초기 단계에 대한 이해를 목표로.

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Eggs</td>
<td>Animal</td>
<td>Charles River Laboratories</td>
<td>Premium Fertile</td>
<td>Fertilized, HH3+ (14 hr)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
<td>Microscope</td>
<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
<td>MZ9.5 or similar</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hybridization Incubator</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Robbins Scientific</td>
<td>M1000</td>
<td>Use with inverted Pyrex dish and 500 ml ddH2O beaker</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Marsh Automatic Incubator</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Lyon</td>
<td>RX</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pyrex dish </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Watchmaker's glass 50mm</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>66112-060</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glass rings</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Physical Plant facility</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>cut 4 mm thick sections of glass tubing (27 mm outer diam, 25 mm inner diam). Do not fine polish.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Curved Forceps (1)</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>72991-4C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Forceps (2)</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>11002-13</td>
<td>blunt ended using sharpening Stone and 100ul mineral oil</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fine scissors</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>14161-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Plastic dishes</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Falcon</td>
<td>353001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Rubber Bulb</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>70980</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DiI</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>D-282</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Aspirator tube assembly</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A5177-5EA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microelectrode puller</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
<td>Sutter Instruments	P-97 Flaming/Brown Micropipette</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pasteur Capillary Pipette</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>70950-12</td>
<td>round edge under flame</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Culture chamber</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Pioneer Plastics</td>
<td>030C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microcapillary tube</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P1049-1PAK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microdissecting knife</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>10056-12</td>
<td>Use to puncture cavities prior to in situ hybridization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Minuten pins 0.2mm diam</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>26002-20</td>
<td>Mix 1 part Curing Agent, 9 parts Base; set O/N at 37C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Diethylpyrocarbonate (depc)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>15710</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sylgard 184 Silicon Elastomer Curing Agent and Base</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dow Corning</td>
<td>0001986475</td>
<td>Mix 1 part Curing Agent, 9 parts Base; set O/N at 37C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Diethylpyrocarbonate (depc)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Acros Organics</td>
<td>10025025</td>
<td>Add 1ml depc to 1l PBS; shake; autoclave</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16% PFA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
<td>15710</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

assay for neural induction in the chick embryo

여자의 난자는 초기 배아 발달의 연구에 귀중한 도구입니다. 투명성, 접근성 및 조작 용이성, 그건 신경 시스템의 형성과 초기 patterning을 공부를위한 이상적인 도구가합니다. 이 동영상은 호스트에 그래프트 구성 조직하는 방법하는 Hensen의 노드 (여자의 배아에서 주최자가) 호스트 관할 ectoderm에 이식할 수 있습니다 방법을 보여줍니다. 주최자의 수술이 신경 유도 신호를 통해 신경 운명을 채택하는 조직을하신 나 overlying 지시합니다. 이 메커니즘은 신경 유도이라고하고, amniotes의 뇌 및 척수의 형성의 초기 단계를 구성합니다. 이 메소드는 본질적으로 여자의 putative 신경 유도하는 분자의 특성에 사용됩니다. 이 동영상은 신경 유도에 대한 분석에서 여러 단계를 보여주는, 첫째, d​​onnor의 배아는 explanted과 요리에 박혀있다. 그런 다음, 호스트 배아는 새로운 문화에 대한 준비가되어 있습니다. 이식은 excised과 호스트 영역 pellucida 여백에 이식합니다. 호스트는 18-22 시간에 대한 양식입니다. 어셈블리가 고정되어 더 이상 응용 프로그램 (예에 원위치 하이브리드화)에 대한 처리됩니다. 이 방법은 원래 웨딩턴에 의해 고안되었다<sup&gt; 1,2</sup&gt; 그리고 Gallera<sup&gt; 3,4</sup&gt;.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo at JoVE.com

Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo

신경 유도는 뇌의 형성의 첫 단계입니다. 그것은 Hensen의 노드 (주최자), 신경 운명을 채택할에 인접한 조직을 지시하는 메커니즘이며, 신경 계통을 일으키다하는 즉. 이 비디오는 여자의 배아에서 신경 유도에 대한 분석을 보여줍니다.

칙의 배아에서 신경 유도에 대한 분석

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

assay-for-neural-induction-in-the-chick-embryo

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

17.1K 조회수.  Texas A&M University (TAMU). 신경 유도는 뇌의 형성의 첫 단계입니다. 그것은 Hensen의 노드 (주최자), 신경 운명을 채택할에 인접한 조직을 지시하는 메커니즘이며, 신경 계통을 일으키다하는 즉. 이 비디오는 여자의 배아에서 신경 유도에 대한 분석을 보여줍니다.

비디오: Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  gene expression in brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia formation. This video demonstrates the different steps in 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, the embryo is processed for prehybridization. The embryo is then hybridized with two different probes, one coupled to DIG, and one coupled to FITC.  Following overnight hybridization, the embryo is incubated with DIG coupled antibody. Color reaction for DIG substrate is performed, and the region of interest appears blue. The embryo is then incubated with FITC coupled antibody. The embryo is processed for color reaction with FITC, and the region of interest appears red. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for phtograph and sectioning. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

This video demonstrates 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of 2 different genes can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham and David Ish -Horowicz.

조기 칙 태아의 현장 하이브리드화에서 더블 전체 산

연구

생물학

Method for Whole Mount Antibody Staining in Chick

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying antibody expression in developing brain, neural tube and somite. This video demonstrates the different steps in whole-mount antibody staining using HRP conjugated secondary antibodies; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, endogenous peroxidase is inactivated; The embryo is then exposed to primary antibody. After several washes, the embryo is incubated with secondary antibody conjugated to HRP. Peroxidase activity is revealed using reaction with diaminobenzidine substrate. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for photography and sectioning. The advantage of this method over the use of fluorescent antibodies is that embryos can be processed for wax sectioning, thus enabling the study of antigen sites in cross section. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell 1.

This video demonstrates whole mount immunohistochemistry, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of an antigen can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell.

칙의 전체 마운트 항체 스테 이닝을위한 방법

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite isolated from each other, with largely independent histories and scientific communities. However, the interface between these usually disparate fields is the developmental programs underlying acquisition of functional electrical signaling properties and differentiation of functional chemical synapses during the final phases of neural circuit formation. This interface is a critically important area for investigation. In Drosophila, these phases of functional development occur during a period of &lt;8 hours (at 25&deg;C) during the last third of embryogenesis. This late developmental period was long considered intractable to investigation owing to the deposition of a tough, impermeable epidermal cuticle. A breakthrough advance was the application of water-polymerizing surgical glue that can be locally applied to the cuticle to enable controlled dissection of late-stage embryos. With a dorsal longitudinal incision, the embryo can be laid flat, exposing the ventral nerve cord and body wall musculature to experimental investigation. Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques can then be employed to record from individually-identifiable neurons and somatic muscles. These recording configurations have been used to track the appearance and maturation of ionic currents and action potential propagation in both neurons and muscles. Genetic mutants affecting these electrical properties have been characterized to reveal the molecular composition of ion channels and associated signaling complexes, and to begin exploration of the molecular mechanisms of functional differentiation. A particular focus has been the assembly of synaptic connections, both in the central nervous system and periphery. The glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is most accessible to a combination of optical imaging and electrophysiological recording. A glass suction electrode is used to stimulate the peripheral nerve, with excitatory junction current (EJC) recordings made in the voltage-clamped muscle. This recording configuration has been used to chart the functional differentiation of the synapse, and track the appearance and maturation of presynaptic glutamate release properties. In addition, postsynaptic properties can be assayed independently via iontophoretic or pressure application of glutamate directly to the muscle surface, to measure the appearance and maturation of the glutamate receptor fields. Thus, both pre- and postsynaptic elements can be monitored separately or in combination during embryonic synaptogenesis. This system has been heavily used to isolate and characterize genetic mutants that impair embryonic synapse formation, and thus reveal the molecular mechanisms governing the specification and differentiation of synapse connections and functional synaptic signaling properties.

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

Electrophysiological recordings from Drosophila embryos allow analyses of developing muscle and neuron electrical properties, as well as characterization of functional synaptogenesis at the glutamatergic neuromuscular junction and central cholinergic and GABAergic synapses.

에 Electrophysiological 녹음 Drosophila 엠브료

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite ...

Microinjection Techniques for Studying Mitosis in the Drosophila melanogaster Syncytial Embryo

This protocol describes the use of the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo for studying mitosis1. Drosophila has useful genetics with a sequenced genome, and it can be easily maintained and manipulated. Many mitotic mutants exist, and transgenic flies expressing functional fluorescently (e.g. GFP) - tagged mitotic proteins have been and are being generated. Targeted gene expression is possible using the GAL4/UAS system2. 

The Drosophila early embryo carries out multiple mitoses very rapidly (cell cycle duration, &asymp;10 min). It is well suited for imaging mitosis, because during cycles 10-13, nuclei divide rapidly and synchronously without intervening cytokinesis at the surface of the embryo in a single monolayer just underneath the cortex. These rapidly dividing nuclei probably use the same mitotic machinery as other cells, but they are optimized for speed; the checkpoint is generally believed to not be stringent, allowing the study of mitotic proteins whose absence would cause cell cycle arrest in cells with a strong checkpoint. Embryos expressing GFP labeled proteins or microinjected with fluorescently labeled proteins can be easily imaged to follow live dynamics (Fig. 1). In addition, embryos can be microinjected with function-blocking antibodies or inhibitors of specific proteins to study the effect of the loss or perturbation of their function3. These reagents can diffuse throughout the embryo, reaching many spindles to produce a gradient of concentration of inhibitor, which in turn results in a gradient of defects comparable to an allelic series of mutants. Ideally, if the target protein is fluorescently labeled, the gradient of inhibition can be directly visualized4. It is assumed that the strongest phenotype is comparable to the null phenotype, although it is hard to formally exclude the possibility that the antibodies may have dominant effects in rare instances, so rigorous controls and cautious interpretation must be applied. Further away from the injection site, protein function is only partially lost allowing other functions of the target protein to become evident.

Microinjection Techniques for Studying Mitosis in the Drosophila melanogaster Syncytial Embryo

This protocol describes the use of microinjection and high resolution imaging in the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo to study mitosis.

의 유사 분열 유학을위한 Microinjection 기법 Drosophila melanogaster Syncytial 엠브료

This protocol describes the use of the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo  for studying mitosis1.  Drosophila has useful genetics with a sequenced ...

Chick ex ovo Culture and ex ovo CAM Assay: How it Really Works

Chicken eggs in the early phase of breeding are between in vitro and in vivo systems and provide a vascular test environment not only to study angiogenesis but also to study tumorigenesis. After the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) has developed, its blood vessel network can be easily accessed, manipulated and observed and therefore provides an optimal setting for angiogenesis assays. Since the lymphoid system is not fully developed until late stages of incubation, the chick embryo serves as a naturally immunodeficient host capable of sustaining grafted tissues and cells without species-specific restrictions. In addition to nurturing developing allo- and xenografts, the CAM blood vessel network provides a uniquely supportive environment for tumor cell intravasation, dissemination, and vascular arrest and a repository where arrested cells extravasate to form micro metastatic foci.
For experimental purposes, in most of the recent studies the CAM was exposed by cutting a window through the egg shell and experiments were carried out in ovo, resulting in significant limitations in the accessibility of the CAM and possibilities for observation and photo documentation of effects. When shell-less cultures of the chick embryo were used1-4, no experimental details were provided and, if published at all, the survival rates of these cultures were low. We refined the method of ex ovo culture of chick embryos significantly by introducing a rationally controlled extrusion of the egg content. These ex ovo cultures enhance the accessibility of the CAM and chick embryo, enabling easy in vivo documentation of effects and facilitating experimental manipulation of the embryo. This allows the successful application to a large number of scientific questions: (1) As an improved angiogenesis assay5,6, (2) an experimental set up for facilitated injections in the vitreous of the chick embryo eye7-9, (3) as a test environment for dissemination and intravasation of dispersed tumor cells from established cell lines inoculated on the CAM10-12, (4) as an improved sustaining system for successful transplantation and culture of limb buds of chicken and mice13 as well as (5) for grafting, propagation, and re-grafting of solid primary tumor tissue obtained from biopsies on the surface of the CAM14.
In this video article we describe the establishment of a refined chick ex ovo culture and CAM assay with survival rates over 50%. Besides we provide a step by step demonstration of the successful application of the ex ovo culture for a large number of scientific applications. 
Daniel S. Dohle, Susanne D. Pasa, and Sebastian Gustmann contributed equally to this study.

Chick ex ovo Culture and ex ovo CAM Assay: How it Really Works

The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a unique, naturally immunodeficient supportive culture environment to study angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. This video article demonstrates the different steps in chick ex ovo culture, application of potentially angiogenic substances and successful inoculation of tumor cells and tissues on the surface of the CAM.

병아리 예 비켜 문화와 예 비켜 CAM 어세이 : 그게 정말로 작동하는 방법

Chicken eggs in the early phase of breeding are between in vitro and in vivo systems and provide a vascular test environment not only to study ...

Deciphering Axonal Pathways of Genetically Defined Groups of Neurons in the Chick Neural Tube Utilizing in ovo Electroporation

Employment of enhancer elements to drive expression of reporter genes in neurons is a widely used paradigm for tracking axonal projection. For tracking axonal projection of spinal interneurons in vertebrates, germ line-targeted reporter genes yield bilaterally symmetric labeling. Therefore, it is hard to distinguish between the ipsi- and contra-laterally projecting axons. Unilateral electroporation into the chick neural tube provides a useful means to restrict expression of a reporter gene to one side of the central nervous system, and to follow axonal projection on both sides 1 ,2-5. This video demonstrates first how to handle the eggs prior to injection. At HH stage 18-20, DNA is injected into the sacral level of the neural tube, then tungsten electrodes are placed parallel to the embryo and short electrical pulses are administered with a pulse generator. The egg is sealed with tape and placed back into an incubator for further development. Three days later (E6) the spinal cord is removed as an open book preparation from embryo, fixed, and processed for whole mount antibody staining. The stained spinal cord is mounted on slide and visualized using confocal microscopy.

Deciphering Axonal Pathways of Genetically Defined Groups of Neurons in the Chick Neural Tube Utilizing in ovo Electroporation

This video demonstrates how to visualize axonal pathways of genetically defined groups of neurons in the embryonic chick spinal cord utilizing in ovo electroporation of reporter genes under the control of specific enhancer elements.

활용 칙 신경 튜브에서 뉴런의 유전 정의된 그룹 Axonal 경로를 벗기기 비켜에서 Electroporation

Employment of enhancer elements to drive expression of reporter genes in neurons is a widely used paradigm for tracking axonal projection. For tracking ...

Xenotransplantation of Human Stem Cells into the Chicken Embryo

The chicken embryo is a classical animal model for studying normal embryonic and fetal development and for xenotransplantation experiments to study the behavior of cells in a standardized in vivo environment. The main advantages of the chicken embryo include low cost, high accessibility, ease of surgical manipulation and lack of a fully developed immune system. Xenotransplantation into chicken embryos can provide valuable information about cell proliferation, differentiation and behavior, the responses of cells to signals in defined embryonic tissue niches, and tumorigenic potential. Transplanting cells into chicken embryos can also be a step towards transplantation experiments in other animal models. Recently the chicken embryo has been used to evaluate the neurogenic potential of human stem and progenitor cells following implantation into neural anlage1-6. In this video we document the entire procedure for transplanting human stem cells into the developing central nervous system of the chicken embryo. The procedure starts with incubation of fertilized eggs until embryos of the desired age have developed. The eggshell is then opened, and the embryo contrasted by injecting dye between the embryo and the yolk. Small lesions are made in the neural tube using microsurgery, creating a regenerative site for cell deposition that promotes subsequent integration into the host tissue. We demonstrate injections of human stem cells into such lesions made in the part of the neural tube that forms the hindbrain and the spinal cord, and into the lumen of the part of the neural tube that forms the brain. Systemic injections into extraembryonic veins and arteries are also demonstrated as an alternative way to deliver cells to vascularized tissues including the central nervous system. Finally we show how to remove the embryo from the egg after several days of further development and how to dissect the spinal cord free for subsequent physiological, histological or biochemical analyses.

In this paper we present a method for transplanting human stem cells into various regions of the central nervous system of the chicken embryo. This provides an in vivo model for assessing the proliferation and differentiation of various types of human stem cells in embryonic tissue environments.

치킨의 배아에 인간 줄기 세포의 Xenotransplantation

The chicken embryo is a classical animal model for studying normal embryonic and fetal development and for xenotransplantation experiments to study the ...

Clonogenic Assay: Adherent Cells

The clonogenic (or colony forming) assay has been established for more than 50 years; the original paper describing the technique was published in 19561. Apart from documenting the method, the initial landmark study generated the first radiation-dose response curve for X-ray irradiated mammalian (HeLa) cells in culture1. Basically, the clonogenic assay enables an assessment of the differences in reproductive viability (capacity of cells to produce progeny; i.e. a single cell to form a colony of 50 or more cells) between control untreated cells and cells that have undergone various treatments such as exposure to ionising radiation, various chemical compounds (e.g. cytotoxic agents) or in other cases genetic manipulation. The assay has become the most widely accepted technique in radiation biology and has been widely used for evaluating the radiation sensitivity of different cell lines. Further, the clonogenic assay is commonly used for monitoring the efficacy of radiation modifying compounds and for determining the effects of cytotoxic agents and other anti-cancer therapeutics on colony forming ability, in different cell lines. A typical clonogenic survival experiment using adherent cells lines involves three distinct components, 1) treatment of the cell monolayer in tissue culture flasks, 2) preparation of single cell suspensions and plating an appropriate number of cells in petri dishes and 3) fixing and staining colonies following a relevant incubation period, which could range from 1-3 weeks, depending on the cell line. Here we demonstrate the general procedure for performing the clonogenic assay with adherent cell lines with the use of an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (FEP-1811)2. Also, our aims are to describe common features of clonogenic assays including calculation of the plating efficiency and survival fractions after exposure of cells to radiation, and to exemplify modification of radiation-response with the use of a natural antioxidant formulation.

The applicability of the clonogenic assay for evaluating reproductive viability has been established for more than 50 years. Here we demonstrate the general procedure for performing the clonogenic assay with adherent cells.

Clonogenic 분석 : 자기편 셀

The clonogenic (or colony forming) assay has been established for more than 50 years; the original paper describing the technique was published in 19561. ...

Modified Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell based Assay for Quantifying  Cardiogenic Induction Efficiency

Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is tightly controlled by temporal and spatial regulation of multiple key signaling pathways. One of the hurdles to its understanding has been the varied methods in correlating changes of key signaling events to differentiation efficiency. We describe here the use of a mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell based assay to identify critical time windows for Wnt/&beta;-catenin and BMP signal activation during cardiogenic induction. By scoring for contracting embryonic bodies (EBs) in a 96-well plate format, we can quickly quantify cardiogenic efficiency and identify crucial time windows for Wnt/&beta;-catenin and BMP signal activation in a time course following specific modulator treatments. The principal outlined here is not limited to cardiac induction alone, and can be applied towards the study of many other cell lineages. In addition, the 96-well format has the potential to be further developed as a high throughput, automated assay to allow for the testing of more sophisticated experimental hypotheses.

We describe the use of a mouse ES cell based assay to identify critical time windows for Wnt/&#946;-catenin and BMP signal activation during cardiogenic induction. The method provides a standardized platform that reliably quantifies cardiogenic efficiency, and it is applicable to the study of other cell lineages.

Cardiogenic 유도 효율을 Quantifying에 대한 수정 마우스 배아의 줄기 세포 기반 어세이

Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is tightly controlled by temporal and spatial regulation of multiple key signaling pathways.  One of the hurdles ...

Tracking Morphogenetic Tissue Deformations in the Early Chick Embryo

Embryonic epithelia undergo complex deformations (e.g. bending, twisting, folding, and stretching) to form the primitive organs of the early embryo. Tracking fiducial markers on the surfaces of these cellular sheets is a well-established method for estimating morphogenetic quantities such as growth, contraction, and shear. However, not all surface labeling techniques are readily adaptable to conventional imaging modalities and possess different advantages and limitations. Here, we describe two labeling methods and illustrate the utility of each technique. In the first method, hundreds of fluorescent labels are applied simultaneously to the embryo using magnetic iron particles. These labels are then used to quantity 2-D tissue deformations during morphogenesis. In the second method, polystyrene microspheres are used as contrast agents in non-invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to track 3-D tissue deformations. These techniques have been successfully implemented in our lab to studythe physical mechanisms of early head fold, heart, and brain development, and should be adaptable to a wide range morphogenetic processes.

This article describes surface labeling and ex ovo tissue culture in the early chick embryo. Techniques amenable to time-lapse bright field, fluorescence, and optical coherence tomography imaging are presented. Tracking surface labels with high spatiotemporal resolution enables kinematic quantities such as morphogenetic strains (deformations) to be calculated in both two and three dimensions.

초기 여자는 배아에서 Morphogenetic 조직 Deformations 추적

Embryonic epithelia undergo complex deformations (e.g. bending, twisting, folding, and stretching) to form the primitive organs of the early embryo. ...