이 작품은 RVS로 시작 자금 예시바 대학 의과 알버트 아인슈타인 대학에서 새로운 조사에 의해 지원되었다.

<ol>
	<li>Apps, R., Hawkes, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebellar+cortical+organization:+a+one-map+hypothesis.">Cerebellar cortical organization: a one-map hypothesis.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 670-681 (2009).</li><li>Grishkat, H. L., Eisenman, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+spinocerebellar+projection+in+the+prenatal+mouse.">Development of the spinocerebellar projection in the prenatal mouse.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 363, 93-108 (1995).</li><li>Mesulam, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Tracing neural connections with horseradish peroxidase. , (1982).</li><li>Reeber, S. L., Sillitoe, R. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterned+expression+of+a+cocaine-+and+amphetamine+regulated+transcript+(CART)+peptide+reveals+complex+circuit+topography+in+the+rodent+cerebellar+cortex.">Patterned expression of a cocaine- and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) peptide reveals complex circuit topography in the rodent cerebellar cortex.</a> Journal of Comparative Neurology. , (2011).</li><li>Reeber, S. L., Gebre, S. A., Sillitoe, R. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+mapping+of+afferent+topography+in+three+dimensions.">Fluorescence mapping of afferent topography in three dimensions.</a> Brain. Struct. Funct. , (2011).</li><li>Sillitoe, R. V., Stephen, D., Lao, Z., Joyner, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engrailed+homeobox+genes+determine+the+organization+of+Purkinje+cell+sagittal+stripe+gene+expression+in+the+adult+cerebellum.">Engrailed homeobox genes determine the organization of Purkinje cell sagittal stripe gene expression in the adult cerebellum.</a> J. Neurosci. 28, 12150-12162 (2008).</li><li>Sillitoe, R. V., Vogel, M. W., Joyner, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engrailed+homeobox+genes+regulate+establishment+of+the+cerebellar+afferent+circuit+map.">Engrailed homeobox genes regulate establishment of the cerebellar afferent circuit map.</a> J. Neurosci. 30, 10015-10024 (2010).</li><li>Vig, J., Goldowitz, D., Steindler, D. A., Eisenman, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compartmentation+of+the+reeler+cerebellum:+segregation+and+overlap+of+spinocerebellar+and+secondary+vestibulocerebellar+fibers+and+their+target+cells.">Compartmentation of the reeler cerebellum: segregation and overlap of spinocerebellar and secondary vestibulocerebellar fibers and their target cells.</a> Neuroscience. 130, 735-744 (2005).</li><li>Vogel, M. W., Prittie, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topographic+spinocerebellar+mossy+fiber+projections+are+maintained+in+the+lurcher+mutant.">Topographic spinocerebellar mossy fiber projections are maintained in the lurcher mutant.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 343, 341-351 (1994).</li><li>Voogd, J., Broere, G., van Rossum, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+medio-lateral+distribution+of+the+spinocerebellar+projection+in+the+anterior+lobe+and+the+simple+lobule+in+the+cat+and+a+comparison+with+some+other+afferent+fibre+systems.">The medio-lateral distribution of the spinocerebellar projection in the anterior lobe and the simple lobule in the cat and a comparison with some other afferent fibre systems.</a> Psychiatr. Neurol. Neurochir. 72, 137-151 (1969).</li><li>Wu, H. S., Sugihara, I., Shinoda, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Projection+patterns+of+single+mossy+fibers+originating+from+the+lateral+reticular+nucleus+in+the+rat+cerebellar+cortex+and+nuclei.">Projection patterns of single mossy fibers originating from the lateral reticular nucleus in the rat cerebellar cortex and nuclei.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 411, 97-118 (1999).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

우리는 성공 axonal와 dendrite 신속하게 개발하고 성인 생쥐의 신경 전망을 라벨에 대한 소설 형광 기반의 접근법을 사용 추적에 필요한 수술과 기술 세부 사항을 설명합니다. WGA - 알렉사를 사용하여 우리는 추적기와 마커는 높은 해상도로 패턴 회로 지형을 분석하고 3 차원에 사용할 수있는 방법을 보여줍니다. 대부분의 추적기는 콜레라 독소의 subunit의 B, Biocytin, Neurobiotin, Phas...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 장비 / 시약 </td><td> 모델 / 카탈로그 번호를 </td><td> 회사 </td></tr><tr><td> 비드 살균기 </td><td> 모델 250 고양이를 Steri. # 18000-45 </td><td> 파인 과학 도구 </td></tr><tr><td> Cauterizer </td><td> 고양이. # 18000-00 </td><td> 파인 과학 도구 </td></tr><tr><td> Borosilicate 유리 모세관 </td><td> 고양이. # 300056 </td><td> 하버드 장치 </td></tr><tr><td> 듀얼 스테이지 유리 Micropipette 풀러 </td><td> 모델 001 - PC - 10 </td><td> Narishige </td></tr><tr><td> 마이크로 미터 주사기 </td><td> 고양이. # GS - 1100 </td><td> Gilmont 인 스트 루먼트 </td></tr><tr><td> 작은 동물 Stereotaxic 악기 </td><td> 모델 940 - A </td><td> Kopf 계측 </td></tr><tr><td> 전극 속이는 사람 </td><td> 모델 960 </td><td> Kopf 계측 </td></tr><tr><td> Vetcare 챔버 </td><td> 고양이. #340,508 </td><td> 하버드 장치 </td></tr><tr><td> 손난로 </td><td> 고양이. # 341241 </td><td> 하버드 장치 </td></tr><tr><td> Leica DFC360 FX 카메라 </td><td> DFC360 FX </td><td> Leica </td></tr><tr><td> Leica DFC490 카메라 </td><td> DFC490 </td><td> Leica </td></tr><tr><td> Leica DM5500 현미경 </td><td> DM5500 </td><td> Leica </td></tr><tr><td> Leica DFC3000 FX 카메라 </td><td> DFC3000 FX </td><td> Leica </td></tr><tr><td> Leica MZ16 FA 현미경 </td><td> MZ16 FA </td><td> Leica </td></tr><tr><td> CY3 필터 </td><td> 모델 # 11600231 </td><td> Leica </td></tr><tr><td> FITC 필터 </td><td> 모델 # 11513880 </td><td> Leica </td></tr><tr><td> A4 DAPI / UV 필터 </td><td> 모델 # 11504162 </td><td> Leica </td></tr><tr><td> 밀 배아 agglutinin, 알렉사 형석 488 공액 </td><td> 고양이. # W11261 </td><td> Invitrogen </td></tr><tr><td> 밀 GERm agglutinin, 알렉사 형석 555 공액 </td><td> 고양이. # W32464 </td><td> Invitrogen </td></tr></tbody></table>

revealing neural circuit topography in multi-color

신경 회로는 기능 지형지도로 구성되어 있습니다. 복잡한 회로 아키텍처를 시각화하기 위해 우리는 여러 지형 예측의 글로벌 patterning을 안정적으로 라벨 접근 방식을 개발했습니다. 소뇌는 신경 회로의 질서 배열을 연구하는 이상적인 모델입니다. 예를 들어, spinocerebellar 이끼 낀 섬유의 compartmental 조직은 이끼 낀 섬유 patterning을 연구를위한 필수적인 시스템으로 입증되었습니다. 우리는 최근 그 알렉사 555 및 488에 복합 밀 배아 agglutinin (WGA)이 개발하고 성인 마우스에 spinocerebellar 이끼 낀 섬유 계획을 추적 사용할 수 있습니다 보여주었다 (Reeber 외. 2011)를. 우리는 신경 전망을 라벨에 대한 WGA - 알렉사 추적하는 바람직한 도구를 만드는 세 가지 주요 속성을 발견했습니다. 첫째, 알렉사의 fluorophores은 집중하고 자신의 밝기를 직접 추적 후 wholemount 이미징을 허용합니다. 둘째, WGA - 알렉사 추적기 개발과 성인 신경 projectio의 전체 궤도 레이블을NS. 셋째, WGA - 알렉사으로 추적은 빠르게 역행하고 anterograde 두 방향으로 수송됩니다. 여기, 우리는 추적기와 기타 필요한 도구, spinocerebellar 추적에 대한 수술을 수행하는 방법과 최상의 방법을 3 차원에 투영 이미지를 추적하기 위해 준비하는 방법을 자세히 설명합니다. 요약에서, 우리는뿐만 아니라 소뇌에서뿐만 아니라 대뇌 피질, brainstem 및 척수의 기능지도의 조직과 연결성을 파악하는 데 유용할 수있는 단계별로 추적 프로토콜을 제공합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Revealing Neural Circuit Topography in Multi-Color at JoVE.com

Revealing Neural Circuit Topography in Multi-Color

우리는 제공 추적기에 대한 실질적인 가이드를 제공합니다<em&gt; 생체내에</em&gt;와 생쥐에서 성공의 연결 회로 분석을위한 필수적인 단계를 보여주는 모델 시스템으로 spinocerebellar 경로를 사용합니다. 우리는 자세히 알렉사의 fluorophores에 복합 밀 배아 agglutinin (WGA)를 이용하는 우리의 다목적 추적 프로토콜을 설명합니다.

멀티 컬러의 신경 회로 지형을 공개

Neural circuits are organized into functional topographic maps. In order to visualize complex circuit architecture we developed an approach to reliably ...

revealing-neural-circuit-topography-in-multi-color

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.9K 조회수.  Yeshiva University. 우리는 제공 추적기에 대한 실질적인 가이드를 제공합니다 생체내에와 생쥐에서 성공의 연결 회로 분석을위한 필수적인 단계를 보여주는 모델 시스템으로 spinocerebellar 경로를 사용합니다. 우리는 자세히 알렉사의 fluorophores에 복합 밀 배아 agglutinin (WGA)를 이용하는 우리의 다목적 추적 프로토콜을 설명합니다.

비디오: Revealing Neural Circuit Topography in Multi-Color

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

배아 척수에서 뉴런의 Commissural 해부와 문화

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

연구

신경과학

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

행동 내분비학 및 실험 경제학을 결합 : 테스토 스 테론과 사회 의사 결정

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To understand the behavior of neural progenitor cells in the complex in vivo environment, time-lapse live imaging of neural progenitor cells in an intact brain is critically required. In this video, we exploit the unique features of zebrafish embryos to visualize the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells in vivo. We use electroporation to genetically and sparsely label individual neural progenitor cells. Briefly, DNA constructs coding for fluorescent markers were injected into the forebrain ventricle of 22 hours post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos and electric pulses were delivered immediately. Six hours later, the electroporated zebrafish embryos were mounted with low melting point agarose in glass bottom culture dishes. Fluorescently labeled neural progenitor cells were then imaged for 36hours with fixed intervals under a confocal microscope using water dipping objective lens. The present method provides a way to gain insights into the in vivo development of forebrain neural progenitor cells and can be applied to other parts of the central nervous system of the zebrafish embryo.

The present video demonstrates a method which takes advantage of the combination of electroporation and confocal microscopy to perform live imaging on individual neural progenitor cells in the developing zebrafish forebrain. In vivo analysis of the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells at a clonal level can be achieved in this way.

개발 Zebrafish Forebrain에 Clonally 관련 신경 전구 세포의 시간 경과 라이브 영상

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

Physiological, Morphological and Neurochemical Characterization of Neurons Modulated by Movement

The role of individual neurons and their function in neuronal circuits is fundamental to understanding the neuronal mechanisms of sensory and motor functions. Most investigations of sensorimotor mechanisms rely on either examination of neurons while an animal is static1,2 or record extracellular neuronal activity during a movement.3,4 While these studies have provided the fundamental background for sensorimotor function, they either do not evaluate functional information which occurs during a movement or are limited in their ability to fully characterize the anatomy, physiology and neurochemical phenotype of the neuron. A technique is shown here which allows extensive characterization of individual neurons during an in vivo movement. This technique can be used not only to study primary afferent neurons but also to characterize motoneurons and sensorimotor interneurons. Initially the response of a single neuron is recorded using electrophysiological methods during various movements of the mandible followed by determination of the receptive field for the neuron. A neuronal tracer is then intracellularly injected into the neuron and the brain is processed so that the neuron can be visualized with light, electron or confocal microscopy (Fig. 1). The detailed morphology of the characterized neuron is then reconstructed so that neuronal morphology can be correlated with the physiological response of the neuron (Figs. 2,3). In this communication important key details and tips for successful implementation of this technique are provided. Valuable additional information can be determined for the neuron under study by combining this method with other techniques. Retrograde neuronal labeling can be used to determine neurons with which the labeled neuron synapses; thus allowing detailed determination of neuronal circuitry. Immunocytochemistry can be combined with this method to examine neurotransmitters within the labeled neuron and to determine the chemical phenotypes of neurons with which the labeled neuron synapses. The labeled neuron can also be processed for electron microscopy to determine the ultrastructural features and microcircuitry of the labeled neuron. Overall this technique is a powerful method to thoroughly characterize neurons during in vivo movement thus allowing substantial insight into the role of the neuron in sensorimotor function.

A technique is described to quantify the in vivo physiological response of mammalian neurons during movement and correlate the physiology of the neuron with neuronal morphology, neurochemical phenotype and synaptic microcircuitry.

운동에 의해 변조된 뉴런의 생리, 형태학의 및 Neurochemical 특성화

The role of individual neurons and their function in neuronal circuits is fundamental to understanding the neuronal mechanisms of sensory and motor ...

Detection of Microregional Hypoxia in Mouse Cerebral Cortex by Two-photon Imaging of Endogenous NADH Fluorescence

The brain's ability to function at high levels of metabolic demand depends on continuous oxygen supply through blood flow and tissue oxygen diffusion. Here we present a visualized experimental and methodological protocol to directly visualize microregional tissue hypoxia and to infer perivascular oxygen gradients in the mouse cortex. It is based on the non-linear relationship between nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) endogenous fluorescence intensity and oxygen partial pressure in the tissue, where observed tissue NADH fluorescence abruptly increases at tissue oxygen levels below 10 mmHg1. We use two-photon excitation at 740 nm which allows for concurrent excitation of intrinsic NADH tissue fluorescence and blood plasma contrasted with Texas-Red dextran. The advantages of this method over existing approaches include the following: it takes advantage of an intrinsic tissue signal and can be performed using standard two-photon in vivo imaging equipment; it permits continuous monitoring in the whole field of view with a depth resolution of ~50 &mu;m. We demonstrate that brain tissue areas furthest from cerebral blood vessels correspond to vulnerable watershed areas which are the first to become functionally hypoxic following a decline in vascular oxygen supply. This method allows one to image microregional cortical oxygenation and is therefore useful for examining the role of inadequate or restricted tissue oxygen supply in neurovascular diseases and stroke.

Here we describe a method to directly visualize microregional tissue hypoxia in the mouse cortex in vivo. It is based on concurrent two-photon imaging of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and the cortical microcirculation. This method is useful for high resolution analysis of tissue oxygen supply.

내생 NADH 형광의 2 광자 이미징에 의한 마우스 대뇌 피질의 Microregional Hypoxia의 탐지

The brain's ability to function at high levels of metabolic demand depends on continuous oxygen supply through blood flow and tissue oxygen diffusion. ...

Wholemount Immunohistochemistry for Revealing Complex Brain Topography

The repeated and well-understood cellular architecture of the cerebellum make it an ideal model system for exploring brain topography. Underlying its relatively uniform cytoarchitecture is a complex array of parasagittal domains of gene and protein expression. The molecular compartmentalization of the cerebellum is mirrored by the anatomical and functional organization of afferent fibers. To fully appreciate the complexity of cerebellar organization we previously refined a wholemount staining approach for high throughput analysis of patterning defects in the mouse cerebellum. This protocol describes in detail the reagents, tools, and practical steps that are useful to successfully reveal protein expression patterns in the adult mouse cerebellum by using wholemount immunostaining. The steps highlighted here demonstrate the utility of this method using the expression of zebrinII/aldolaseC as an example of how the fine topography of the brain can be revealed in its native three-dimensional conformation. Also described are adaptations to the protocol that allow for the visualization of protein expression in afferent projections and large cerebella for comparative studies of molecular topography. To illustrate these applications, data from afferent staining of the rat cerebellum are included.

Neural circuits are topographically organized into functional compartments with specific molecular profiles. Here, we provide the practical and technical steps for revealing global brain topography using a versatile wholemount immunohistochemical staining approach. We demonstrate the utility of the method using the well-understood cytoarchitecture and circuitry of cerebellum.

의미 심장한 복잡한 두뇌 지형에 대한 Wholemount Immunohistochemistry

The repeated and well-understood cellular architecture of the cerebellum make it an ideal model system for exploring brain topography. Underlying its ...

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust (Schistocerca Americana) Olfactory Circuits

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar olfactory systems suggesting that the biological approach to chemical sensing has been optimized over evolutionary time1. In the insect olfactory system, odorants are transduced by olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) in the antenna, which convert chemical stimuli into trains of action potentials. Sensory input from the ORNs is then relayed to the antennal lobe (AL; a structure analogous to the vertebrate olfactory bulb). In the AL, neural representations for odors take the form of spatiotemporal firing patterns distributed across ensembles of principal neurons (PNs; also referred to as projection neurons)2,3. The AL output is subsequently processed by Kenyon cells (KCs) in the downstream mushroom body (MB), a structure associated with olfactory memory and learning4,5. Here, we present electrophysiological recording techniques to monitor odor-evoked neural responses in these olfactory circuits.
First, we present a single sensillum recording method to study odor-evoked responses at the level of populations of ORNs6,7. We discuss the use of saline filled sharpened glass pipettes as electrodes to extracellularly monitor ORN responses. Next, we present a method to extracellularly monitor PN responses using a commercial 16-channel electrode3. A similar approach using a custom-made 8-channel twisted wire tetrode is demonstrated for Kenyon cell recordings8. We provide details of our experimental setup and present representative recording traces for each of these techniques.

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

We demonstrate variations of the extracellular multi-unit recording technique to characterize odor-evoked responses in the first three stages of the invertebrate olfactory pathway. These techniques can easily be adapted to examine ensemble activity in other neural systems as well.

메뚜기에 신경 활동을 특성화하기 위해 다중 단위 기록 방법 (<em&gt; Schistocerca 아메리카나</em&gt;) 강한 회로

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival  of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar ...

Neural Circuit Recording from an Intact Cockroach Nervous System

The cockroach ventral nerve cord preparation is a tractable system for neuroethology experiments, neural network modeling, and testing the physiological effects of insecticides. This article describes the scope of cockroach sensory modalities that can be used to assay how an insect nervous system responds to environmental perturbations. Emphasis here is on the escape behavior mediated by cerci to giant fiber transmission in Periplaneta americana. This in situ preparation requires only moderate dissecting skill and electrophysiological expertise to generate reproducible recordings of neuronal activity. Peptides or other chemical reagents can then be applied directly to the nervous system in solution with the physiological saline. Insecticides could also be administered prior to dissection and the escape circuit can serve as a proxy for the excitable state of the central nervous system. In this context the assays described herein would also be useful to researchers interested in limb regeneration and the evolution of nervous system development for which P. americana is an established model organism.

This article describes the cockroach ventral nerve cord dissection and extracellular recordings from the cercal nerve and connectives. Evoked responses are generated by electrical stimulation of the cercal nerve or direct mechanical stimulation of the cerci.

신경 회로 녹화 본래대로 바퀴벌레 신경계에서

The cockroach ventral nerve cord preparation is a tractable system for neuroethology experiments, neural network modeling, and testing the physiological ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

에있는 후각 수용체 뉴런의 전체 마운트 Immunolabeling<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 안테나

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Neural Activity Propagation in an Unfolded Hippocampal Preparation with a Penetrating Micro-electrode Array

This protocol describes a method for preparing a new in vitro flat hippocampus preparation combined with a micro-machined array to map neural activity in the hippocampus. The transverse hippocampal slice preparation is the most common tissue preparation to study hippocampus electrophysiology. A longitudinal hippocampal slice was also developed in order to investigate longitudinal connections in the hippocampus. The intact mouse hippocampus can also be maintained in vitro because its thickness allows adequate oxygen diffusion. However, these three preparations do not provide direct access to neural propagation since some of the tissue is either missing or folded. The unfolded intact hippocampus provides both transverse and longitudinal connections in a flat configuration for direct access to the tissue to analyze the full extent of signal propagation in the hippocampus in vitro. In order to effectively monitor the neural activity from the cell layer, a custom made penetrating micro-electrode array (PMEA) was fabricated and applied to the unfolded hippocampus. The PMEA with 64 electrodes of 200 &#181;m in height could record neural activity deep inside the mouse hippocampus. The unique combination of an unfolded hippocampal preparation and the PMEA provides a new in-vitro tool to study the speed and direction of propagation of neural activity in the two-dimensional CA1-CA3 regions of the hippocampus with a high signal to noise ratio.

We have developed an in vitro unfolded hippocampus which preserves CA1-CA3 array of neurons. Combined with the penetrating micro-electrode array, neural activity can be monitored in both the longitudinal and transverse orientations. This method provides advantages over hippocampal slice preparations as the propagation in the entire hippocampus can be recorded simultaneously.

관통 마이크로 전극 배열을 펼친 해마 준비에 신경 활동 전파

This protocol describes a method for preparing a new in vitro flat hippocampus preparation combined with a micro-machined array to map neural activity in ...