This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grants CA127231 and The Damon Runyon Foundation Clinical Investigator Award (CI 1502) (to S.M). We would like to thank Professor Zdenek Dvorak from Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic for his helpful insights into discussing portability of this technique to their institution and standardization of protocol.

1. Construction of PXR and SRC-1 Fusions in Yeast Vectors
<ol>
	<li>PCR amplification of Human PXR LBD (107-434 amino acids) and Human SRC-1 full length (1-1401 amino acids).
	<ol>
		<li>Use pSG5-hPXR plasmid8 as PXR LBD template, use pCMX-SRC1 plasmid as SRC-1 templates.</li>
		<li>Thaw PCR SuperMix, DNA templates and primers (see Materials), keep them on ice.</li>
		<li>Add 0.25 &#956;g/&#956;l DNA template 1 &#956;l, 10 mM primer pairs 2 &#956;l each, PCR SuperMix 45 &#956;l and add H2O to bring total volume to 50 &#956;l.</li>
		<li>Set PCR at one cycle of 94 &#176;C for 2 min, 20 cycles of 94 &#176;C for 30 sec, 55 &#176;C for 30 sec&#160;and 72 &#176;C for 2 min, then one cycle of 72 &#176;C for 10 min&#160;for extension. Check PCR products by running on 1% agarose gel.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>PCR products cloning into Y2H vectors.
	<ol>
		<li>Purify PCR products from 1% agarose gel. Digest PXR, LBD, PCR, and Y2H vector pSH2-1 with BamHI and SalI; digest SRC-1 PCR and Y2H vector pGADNOT with Not&#921; and Sal&#921;. To do this, add 1 &#956;g DNA , 3 &#956;l 10x reaction buffer, 1 &#956;l restriction enzymes, and finally H2O to bring total volume to 30 &#956;l.</li>
		<li>Put digestion samples in 37 &#176;C water bath for 1 hr. Check digestion by running on 1% agarose gel.</li>
		<li>Purify digestion samples from 1% agarose gel, ligate digested PCR products and Y2H vectors and transform to DH5&#945; competent cells.</li>
		<li>Pick the colonies and isolate the plasmid DNA.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Identify pSH2-1-PXR plasmid DNA by BamHI/SalI digestion, identify pGADNOT-SRC-1 plasmid DNA by NotI/SalI digestion. Verify all positive plasmid DNA by sequencing.</li>
</ol>
2. Yeast Two-hybrid Assays
<ol>
	<li>Inoculate the yeast strain into 5 ml YPAD and incubate over night by constant agitation (220 rpm at 30 &#176;C). Note: The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was CTY10-5d (MATa ade2 trp1-901 leu2-3,112 his3-200 ga l4-gal80- URA3::lexA-lacZ) that contains an integrated GAL1-lacZ gene with lexA operator10. To obtain viable yeast cells resistant to ketoconazole, but those that did not carry transporter alterations as a cause of azole resistance18-20, novel strains of CTY10-5d yeast were obtained by first deleting ERG3 ( erg3&#916;)and then introducing additional deletion in ERG11 ( erg3&#916;/erg11&#916;) genes by homologous recombination. The construction details have been described in a previously published manuscript6 .</li>
	<li>The next day (in the morning), inoculate yeast (1:20) in 5 ml YAPD and incubate to obtain an OD600&#160;~0.2 by constant agitation (220 rpm at 30 &#176;C).</li>
	<li>Pellet the cells at 2,000 rpm in a microcentrifuge for 2 min and discard the supernatant. Then wash the pellet twice with autoclaved water and once with 0.1 M LiAc.</li>
	<li>After the final wash, discard supernatant and add the following reagents to the cell pellet: 240 &#956;l PEG 3500 50% w/v, 36 &#956;l 1 M LiAc, 50 &#956;l 2 mg/ml boiled salmon sperm ssDNA, H2O 34 &#956;l. Vortex to mix, add 1 &#956;g pSH-PXR and 1 &#956;g pGADNOT-SRC-1 DNA and mix.</li>
	<li>Transfer the mix to polystyrene round-bottom tube, agitate the transformation, mix (220 rpm at 30 &#176;C) for 30 min. Move the tube to 42 &#176;C water bath and incubate for an additional 30 min.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the tube at 2,000 rpm for 2 min and remove the supernatant. Wash pellet once with autoclaved water.</li>
	<li>Pipette 100 &#956;l sterile water into the tube, re-suspend the cells by gentle finger tapping and pipetting, then plate onto plates of -His/-Leu Dropout Medium (Formulation per One Liter -His/-Leu Dropout Medium: 20 g dextrose, 1.7 g YNB, 0.67 g CSM-His/-Leu, 5 g ammonium sulfate, 1.5% agar) and incubate at 30 &#176;C for 3-4 days to isolate transformants.</li>
</ol>
3. X-gal Filter Assay
<ol>
	<li>Cut nitrocellulose membrane to the size of part of a Petri dish. Label the nitrocellulose membrane to mark the orientation.</li>
	<li>Place premarked nitrocellulose membrane on yeast colonies, make sure that the membrane is in contact with the surface of the plate medium.</li>
	<li>Remove the membrane, place it colony side up on a 3 mm filter paper, and place the membrane and the filter paper at -80 &#176;C for 15 min.</li>
	<li>Make X-gal solution. Add 50 &#956;l 20 mg/ml X-gal and 15 &#956;l &#946;-mercaptoethanol to 5 ml of Z-buffer (1 L buffer contains 16.1 g Na2HPO47H2O, 5.5 g NaH2PO4 H2O, 0.75 g KCl , 0.25 g MgSO4&#8226;7H2O) . If Z Buffer was kept at 4 &#176;C, bring it to room temperature before adding these reagents.</li>
	<li>Place two circles of 3 mm filter paper in a Petri dish and soak them with 5 ml X-gal solution. Drain excess buffer from the Petri dish and place the nitrocellulose membrane with the colony side up.</li>
	<li>Close the lid, ensure that the membrane is making complete contact with the filter paper and it is completely wet. Wrap the Petri dish in foil and incubate at 37 &#176;C for 30 min to overnight.</li>
</ol>
4. Liquid &#946;-gal Assay
<ol>
	<li>Grow Yeast in -His/-Leu Dropout liquid medium to OD600 0.7.</li>
	<li>Transfer 1 ml medium into a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube and centrifuge at 3,000 rpm for 2 min. Discard the supernatant.</li>
	<li>Add 1 ml of Z Buffer to resuspend the pellet, centrifuge at 3,000 rpm again for 2 min. Discard the supernatant.</li>
	<li>Add 150 &#956;l of Z Buffer with 2ME to resuspend the cell pellet, mix then add 50 &#956;l chloroform and 20 &#956;l 0.1% SDS. Vigorously vortex the sample for 15 sec.</li>
	<li>Add 700 &#956;l of ONPG Solution (1 mg/ml in Z buffer). Set the timer, incubate at 30 &#176;C long enough to allow the yellow colour to develop and note total reaction time.</li>
	<li>Add 500 &#956;l of 1 M Na2CO3 to stop the reaction and determine the absorbance at 420 nm. The blank is 700 &#956;l ONPG solution plus 500 &#956;l 1 M Na2CO3.</li>
</ol>
Calculate Miller Units as follows: Miller Units = (&#197;420*1,000)/(&#197;600*min*ml)
&#197;420: absorbance units at 420 nanometers; &#197;600: absorbance units at 600 nanometers; min: the reaction time in minutes;&#160;ml: the reaction volume in ml

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No conflicts of interest declared.

In our modified Y2H assay, we have identified important residues for ketoconazole interactions on PXR6. Since SRC-1 is a coactivator (and was cloned into the pGADNot vector), we also tested whether SRC-1 could activate lacZ expression when cloned into the pSH vector system and whether this would change the activation profile and/or affect the leakiness of the yeast two-hybrid assay. Using our redesigned plasmids we performed two-hybrid assays in erg3&#916;/erg11&#916; yeast. As before, we sho...

The yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay is widely used to discover protein-protein interactions and more recently for discovery of novel small molecules that disrupt protein-protein interaction complexes 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. However, the conventional approaches of this assay, used for drug discovery or &#34;hits&#34;, do not allow for detection of allosteric interaction residues of chemicals compounds within protein-protein surfaces, that when altered still interact and allow for interrogation of the altered residues11. Indeed, such a method(s), if feasible to develop, would enable a tractable yeast system for high throughput assessment of allosteric interaction residues critical for protein-protein interaction disruption. In the context of drug discovery, the most direct way to establish interaction of compounds with proteins would involve structural determination (e.g.&#160;crystalization of protein-inhibitor complex). These methods are cumbersome, use elaborate resources and it is not technically feasible to perform structural studies on every protein.
Tractable genetic drug screening systems have been established in bacteria1, 2 and other model systems like mammalian two-hybrid. However, these systems need optimization and alternative systems like Y2H are still the most tested in drug discovery. There are limitations that include poor sensitivity and reliability of interactions using singular methods13 , however, a single Y2H assay can be modified to answer specific questions regarding interaction residues. In the field of nuclear receptor research, Y2H has been used to define interacting proteins14, however, these protein interactions have rarely been used to define the nature in which ligands/antagonists interact with nuclear receptor-protein complexes. Thus, our laboratory focused efforts on defining a method, especially for receptor proteins that are not readily amenable to proteomic based methods, that would unearth novel ligand/antagonist interacting residues using a reverse Y2H based discovery platform.
Based on our previous finding that ketoconazole disrupts PXR and its activator SRC-1, we developed a novel reverse Y2H system that enable us to define and interrogate ketoconazole interacting residues on PXR6. Our method is based on the properties of the yeast GAL4 protein that consists of separable domains responsible for DNA-binding and transcriptional activation. The PXR LBD protein is expressed as a fusion to the LexA DNA-binding domain (DNA-BD), while the full length co-activators SRC-1 (steroid receptor coactivator 1) proteins are expressed as fusions to the GAL4 activation domain (AD). Interaction between PXR and SRC-1 fusion proteins leads to the transcriptional activation of GAL4-binding sites containing reporter gene &#946;-LacZ that is integrated into the yeast genome. Ketoconazole, a PXR antagonist, disrupts PXR and SRC-1 interaction 15, 16, 17 and we can detect the interaction of PXR and SRC-1 in the presence or absence of ketoconazole after staining colonies on filters for X-gal activity. The principle of Y2H is illustrated in Figure 1 and the experimental procedure is summarized in Figure 2.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Strain CTY10-5d erg3&#916;/erg11&#916;</td>
			<td>Our lab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>CTY10-5d yeast was double knocked out ERG3 and ERG11 (erg3&#916;/erg11&#916;) genes6 .</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>YPD Growth Medium</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>630409</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Difco Yeast Nitrogen Base (YNB) w/o Amino Acids and Ammonium Sulfate</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>233520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto Agar</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>214010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CSM-His/-Leu Complete Supplement Mixture</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>4250-412</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ONPG (o-Nitrophenyl &#914;-D- Galactopyranoside).</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>N1127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M6250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luria Broth (LB)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L3022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X-Gal</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP-1615</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonicated Salmon Sperm DNA boiled (10 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Life Technology</td>
			<td>156-017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>61177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketoconazole</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>K1003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N-Dimethylformamide</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>326871000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lithium Acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L4158</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50% PEG-3350 solution, filter-sterilized</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P-3640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrocellulose Membrane</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>10402091</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm Petri Dish</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>875712</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>5&#39;-ACCGGATCCCGATGAAGA AGGAGATGATCATGTCC-3&#39;</td>
			<td>our lab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PXR LBD forward primer for pSH2-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5&#39;-AGAGTCGACTCAGCTA CCTGTGATGCC -3&#39;</td>
			<td>our lab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PXR LBD reverse primer for pSH2-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5&#39;-TATAGC GGCCGCATGAGTG GCCTCGGGGACAGTTCATCC -3&#39;</td>
			<td>our lab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>SRC-1 forward primer for pGADNOT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5&#39;-GCGGTCGACTTATTCAGTCA GTAGCTG -3&#39;</td>
			<td>our lab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>SRC-1 reverse primer for pGADNOT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum PCR Supermix</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11306-016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BamHI</td>
			<td>our lab</td>
			<td>R0136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SalI</td>
			<td>our lab</td>
			<td>R0138</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NotI</td>
			<td>our lab</td>
			<td>R0189</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

reverse yeast two-hybrid system to identify mammalian nuclear receptor residues that interact with ligands and/or antagonists

약물 대사 및 염증의 중요한 조절 제로, Pregnane X 수용체 (PXR)는, 대사 및 염증 (예, 간 지방증) 1,2 연결 질병 병태 생리에서 중요한 역할을한다. PXR에 대한 효능 리간드의 식별에 많은 진전이 있었다, 그러나, 마약과 같은 길항제 및 PXR 3,4,5 그들의 결합 부위의 제한에 대한 설명이 있습니다. 중요한 장벽을 효율적으로 PXR는 1998 년에 복제 및 특징되었다는 사실에도 불구하고 길항제와 구조 연구에 대한 전체 길이의 단백질을 정화하는 무능력이다. 우리 연구소는 PXR 6 잔류 물을 결합, 길항제, 케토코나졸의를 정의하는 기반으로 소설 높은 처리량 효모 두 하이브리드 분석을 개발했다. 우리의 방법은 케토코나졸과 상호 작용 할 것으로 예상 PXR의 AF-2면에 하나의 돌연변이의 효과를 구출 할 돌연변이 라이브러리를 만드는 작업이 포함됩니다. 구조 또는 &quot;기능 획득&quot;세코ND 돌연변이 PXR에 케토코나졸의 유전 적 상호 작용과 표면 잔기 (들)에 관한 결론이 실현 가능하도록 만들어 질 수있다. 따라서, 우리는 그것의 보조 활성화, SRC-1과 상호 작용 PXR 돌연변이의 높은 처리량을 두 하이브리드 효모 화면을 개발했다. 효모는 항진균제, 케토코나졸의 연구를 수용하기 위해 수정 된이 방식을 사용하여, 우리는 케토코나졸에 바인딩 할 수 없습니다 클론 풍부한 PXR의 특정 변이를 설명 할 수 있습니다. 반대 논리에 의해, 우리는 원래의 잔류 케토코나졸과의 직접적인 상호 작용 잔류 있다는 결론을 내린다. 이 분석은 소설, 핵 수용체 길항제 표면에 결합 부위에 대한 화면으로 다루기 쉬운 유전자 분석을 나타냅니다. 이 분석은 효모뿐만 아니라 표준 구조 생물학 또는 단백체 기반 방법을 사용하여 연구 할 수없는 세포 단백질 (들)에 관계없이 세포 독성 가능성의 약물에 적용 할 수 있습니다. 잠재적 인 함정은 데이터의 해석 (보완적인 방법으로 유용), 신뢰성을 포함단일 Y2H 방법, 효모 처리 또는 효모 두 하이브리드 분석을 수행하는 전문 지식 및 분석 최적화에 ANCE.

We performed an assay to see if we could detect a colorimetric readout of the association of PXR and steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1). Since yeast has significant sterol production, it has previously been shown that lacZ expression in yeast can be induced without the need for additional exogenous ligand. We found that lacZ expression (blue colonies) is also induced in the yeast strain transformed with PXR and SRC-1; however, there is no induction of LacZ expression (white colonies) in yeast transformed with empty v...

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Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists

Ketoconazole binds to and antagonizes Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) activation. Yeast high throughput screens of PXR mutants define a unique region for ketoconazole binding. This yeast-based genetic method discovers novel nuclear receptor interactions with ligands that associate with surface binding sites.

포유류의 핵 수용체 잔류를 확인하기 위해 효모 두 하이브리드 시스템을 반전하는 리간드 및 / 또는 길항제와 상호 작용

As a critical regulator of drug metabolism and inflammation, Pregnane X Receptor (PXR), plays an important role in disease pathophysiology linking ...

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12.7K 조회수.  Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Ketoconazole binds to and antagonizes Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) activation. Yeast high throughput screens of PXR mutants define a unique region for ketoconazole binding. This yeast-based genetic method discovers novel nuclear receptor interactions with ligands that associate with surface binding sites.