저자는이 작업을 지원하는 자금 애 크런 대학을 인정하고 싶습니다.

저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

재조합 단백질 공학은 여러 분야에 걸쳐있는 매우 강력한 기술이다. 이것은 맞춤 설계 단백질의 높은 수율의 생산을 허용하고 경제적 동조하고 비교적 간단한 절차이다. 이는 설계 및 표적 단백질을 발현하는 것은 항상 간단 아니라는 것을주의하는 것이 중요하다. 기초 표현 및 재조합 단백질의 안정성은 벡터, E.의 특정 선택에 따라 달라집니다 대장균 세포주, 펩타이드 태그 추가 ?...

단백질은 궁극적으로 적절한 조직 형성과 조직에 이르는 많은 생물학적 기능에 대한 책임은 생체 분자의 넓은 범위를 커버. 이 분자는 인체 내에서 평형을 유지, 규제 업 및 / 또는 아래로 조절 유전자와 다른 단백질의 제어 신호 전달 경로의 수천을 시작합니다. 하나의 단백질의 중단은 치명적인 장애 또는 질병의 발병으로 이어질 수있는 신호의이 웹 전체에 영향을 미칩니다. 실험실에서 각각의 단백질을 설계하는 것은 이러한 부작용을 퇴치하기위한 하나의 솔루션을 제공하고 작은 분자 약물에 대한 대안을 제공합니다. 1977 년 14 아미노산 소마토스타틴 서열을 코딩하는 유전자가 E.을 사용하여 만든 제 설계 폴리펩티드 중 하나였다 대장균 1. 곧 1979 년, 인슐린, 플라스미드 나 pBR322에 복제 변형, 표현, 2 정제 하였다. 그 이후로, 재조합 단백질은 입술의 여러 필드에 자신의 영향력을 확대earch 등 생체 적합 물질, 약물 전달, 조직 공학, 바이오 의약품, 농업, 산업 효소, 바이오 연료 등 (리뷰를 참조에게 3-8 참조). 이 기술을 포함한 목적 주문형 화학 잔기 또는 단백질 서열의 첨가를 통해 제공하고 있지만, 표적 단백질 식별, 안정화 및 정제에 한정하지 않는 것이 범용성 크게 때문이다. 재조합 DNA 기술을 통해, 재조합 단백질은 포유 동물, 식물, 곤충, 효모, 균류 또는 박테리아 등의 진핵 및 원핵 숙주 다양한 시스템에서 발현 될 수있다. 각 호스트는 서로 다른 장점을 제공하며, 일반적으로 가장 좋은 시스템은 단백질 기능, 수율, 안정성, 전반적인 비용 및 확장 성을 기준으로 결정됩니다. 박테리아 세포는 종종 진핵 호스트 (즉, 당화, 디설파이드 브리지, E에게 제공하는 번역 후 변형 메커니즘을 결여<html> TC.) 5. 그러나 이러한 호스트는 일반적으로 더 많은 비용과 시간이 많이 구를 수 있으며 결과적으로, 포유 동물 및 곤충 시스템은 보통 진핵 단백질의 더 나은 호환성 및 식 초래한다. 따라서, E. 세포가 저렴 성장 조건에서 급속하게 확장하고 유전자 발현 메커니즘이 잘 5,9 이해하고 있기 때문에 대장균은 우리의 발현 시스템에 대한 선호 호스트입니다. 또한,이 시스템은 번역 후 변형 (10)의 부족에도 불구하고 생산의 목적과 기능 단백질의 결과에 대한 최대 크기를 조절하기 쉽다. E. 이 변형이 높은 변환 효율에 따라 우수한 플라스미드 수율을 제공하기 때문에 대장균 K12 균주 복제에 대해이 프로토콜에서 선택된다. 또한, E. 이 호스트의 변형을 제어 단백질 발현과 안정성 11를 제공하는 T7의 RNA 중합 효소 유전자를 포함하고 있기 때문에 대장균 BL21 균주 발현에 이용된다. 십t &quot;&gt; 호스트를 선택하면, 추가 치료는 재조합 단백질을 합성하는 박테리오파지 T7의 전사 및 번역 신호의 지시에 따라 복제 된 대상의 DNA 시퀀스를 시작합니다. 선택 및 조절 단백질 발현을 촉진하는 최적의 발현 벡터를 선택하는 촬영되어야합니다 식 T7의 RNA 중합 효소 유전자 12 염색체 사본을 포함하는 숙주 세포에서 유도된다. 플라스미드 벡터 인 pBR322에서 파생 된이 벡터는 (검토를 위해 참조 13 참조), 단단히 처음 Studier 및 동료 (14)에 의해 개발 된 T7 프로모터에 의해 제어 및 추가를 제공하고 있습니다 락 오퍼레이터와의 lac 리프레 서 (lac1)의 포함을 통해 제어 15,16. 재조합 단백질 공학의 경우,이 발현 계는 상이한 타겟 DNA 서열을 삽입하여 목적 단백질의 특정 아미노산 서열을 짓기 위해 또는 융합 단백질을 생성하는 기능을 구비 결합 도메인으로 구성하나의 단백질에서의. 또한, 일부 벡터 시리즈는 N 또는 C 말단에 배치되는 펩타이드 태그 수정이 (가) 있습니다. 우리의 설계 목적을 위해, 히스티딘 (그의) 태그는 정제 DNA 표적 서열에 첨가하고, 15의 아미노산 서열은 바이오 티 닐화 biotinylatable 17,18 위해 포함되었다. 이 프로토콜에서 암피실린 내성 유전자를 포함하는 플라스미드를, 우리 biotinylatable 융합 단백질 서열을 운반하도록 선택되었다. 표정은 T7의 lac 프로모터를 통해이 벡터 제어되어 쉽게 이소 프로필 β-D-1-티오 갈 락토 피 라노 시드 (IPTG)로 유도된다. 시험 식 (소량 배양) 정제 과정을 공식화하거나 수용성 또는 불용성 인 형태로 표현 될 수있는 표적 단백질의 존재 및 용해도를 결정하기 위해 사용된다. 박테리아 세포 내에서 발현 수용성 단백질의 기본 구조 (19)를 유지하기 위해 자연 폴딩을 받게 될 것이다. 일반적으로 기본구조는 열역학적으로 바람직하다. 많은 경우에 숙주의 대사 활동은 불용성 단백질 생산 및 불용성 단백질 응집체 이루어지는 봉입체의 형성에 이르게 시스템에 응력을 배치, 표적 단백질에 공헌하지 않다. 따라서 표적 단백질은 일반적으로 20 생물학적 비활성들을 렌더링 변성. 두 시험 식은 업 스케일링하고, 분리 과정은 표적 단백질의 용해도에 의해 결정된다. 추가 탈 변성 또는 단계 폴딩은 불용성 단백질이 필요합니다. 얻어진 재조합 단백질을 더욱 크기 배제 크로마토 그래피를 이용하여 정제 할 수있다. 집에서 재조합 단백질 생산을 목적 단백질의 밀리그램의 주요 문화 리터당 고립 될 수 있기 때문에 상용 제품을 통해 비용 이점을 제공합니다. 필요한 장비의 대부분은 일반적인 생물 또는 화학 실험실에서 사용할 수 있습니다. 단백질 공학은 생성 가능항상 상업적으로 사용할 수없는 추가 기능과 사용자 지정 융합 단백질. 1 공학 재조합 단백질과 관련된 주요 절차를 묘사 그림. 이 식 시스템을 통해 우리는 인터페론 - 감마, 혈소판 유래 성장 인자 및 뼈 형태 형성 단백질 21 ~ 23 많은 biotinylatable 단백질을 생성했다, 그러나 우리는 우리가 축삭지도, NGF (29 kDa의를 위해 디자인이 단백질에 초점을 맞출 것이다 ) 및 Sema3A (91 kDa의) 10 (검토) 24을 참조를 참조하십시오. 바이오 티 닐화 식별, 고정 및 잘 알려진 비오틴 - 스트렙 타비 딘의 상호 작용을 이용하여 25 ~ 27라는 단백질의 분리에 대한 일반적인 기술입니다. 생물 물리학 프로브 (28, 29)은 30 바이오 센서, 양자 도트 (31)는 10 -15 M (27)의 순서에 K d의 비오틴 - 스트렙 타비 딘 활용의 높은 선호도를 활용 시스템의 몇 가지 예입니다. E. 대장균 바이오주석 리가, 피라는, 비오틴에서 발견 라이신 사이드 체인에 비오틴의 공유 결합에 에이즈 순서 18,32 태그. 재료 및 생체 분자에 테 더링 비오틴은 여러 조직 공학 응용 프로그램 21,33-35에 대한 세포에 성장 인자의 지속적인 전달을 생산하고있다. 따라서 이러한 맞춤 설계 biotinylatable 단백질을 설계하는 것은 여러 연구 분야를 초월 할 수있는 강력한 도구입니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="849">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:299px;">1,4-dithio--DL-threitol, DTT, 99.5%</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">127</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">100 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:299px;">2-Hydroxyethylmercaptan &#946;-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td>642</td>
			<td>250 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Acetic acid, glacial</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>AX0073-9</td>
			<td>2.5 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Agar</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>AGR001.500</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ampicillin sodium salt&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9518</td>
			<td>25 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Antifoam 204</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A6426</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Barstar-NGF pET-21a(+)</td>
			<td>GenScript USA Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>4 &#181;g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">BL21(DE3) Competent Cells</td>
			<td>Novagen</td>
			<td>69450</td>
			<td>1 ml; Expression Host</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Bradford reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B6916</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">BugBuster</td>
			<td>Novagen</td>
			<td>70922-3</td>
			<td>100 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Gel filtration standard</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>151-1901</td>
			<td>6 vials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>GLY001.1</td>
			<td>1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:299px;">Guanidine hydrodioride amioformamidine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td>152</td>
			<td>1 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:299px;">His-Pur Ni-NTA Resin</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>88222</td>
			<td>100 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>EMD&#160;</td>
			<td>HX0603-3</td>
			<td>2.5 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Imidazole&#160;</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td>418</td>
			<td>250 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">IPTG</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td>194</td>
			<td>100 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Laemmli sample buffer</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0737</td>
			<td>30 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:299px;">Lauryl sulfate sodium salt, Sodium dodecyl surface</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td>270</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">LB Broth&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L3022</td>
			<td>1 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NovaBlue Competent Cells</td>
			<td>Novagen</td>
			<td>69825</td>
			<td>1 ml; Cloning Host</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5368-10PAK</td>
			<td>10 pack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td>01247</td>
			<td>1 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sema3A-pET-21a(+)</td>
			<td>GenScript USA Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>4 &#181;g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SimplyBlue SafeStain</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>LC6060</td>
			<td>1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5886-1KG</td>
			<td>1 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S318-500</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium phosphate diabasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5136-500G</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5011</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Terrific Broth</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>TER409.5</td>
			<td>5 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tetracycline hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td>667</td>
			<td>25 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tris/Glycine/SDS Buffer, 10X</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610732</td>
			<td>1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trizma Base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
			<td>1 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tryptone, pancreatic</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>1.07213.1000</td>
			<td>1 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Yeast extract, granulated</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>1.03753.0500</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
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			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="56" style="height:56px;width:299px;">Name of Kits/ Equipment</td>
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			<td>Includes kits and accessories</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Benchtop Orbital Shaker</td>
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			<td style="width:121px;">SHKE4000</td>
			<td>MAXQ 4000</td>
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		<tr height="42">
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			<td style="width:121px;">BirA500</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Enzyme comes with reaction buffers and biotin solution</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Dialysis Casette</td>
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			<td>Slide-A-Lyzer (Extra Strength)</td>
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			<td style="width:239px;">MWCO: 25,000 and 50,000</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Flow Diversion Valve FV-923</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">11-0011-70</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:299px;">FluoReporter Biotin Quantification Assay Kit</td>
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			<td style="width:121px;">1094598</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Frac-950 Tube Racks, Rack C</td>
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			<td style="width:121px;">18-6083-13</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Fraction Collector Frac-950</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">18-6083-00</td>
			<td>Includes kits and accessories</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Heated/Refrigerated Circulator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">13271-102</td>
			<td>Model 1156D</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Heating Oven FD Series</td>
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			<td>Model FD 115</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 200 pg</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">17-1069-01</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Discontinued--Replacement Product: HiLoad 16/600 Superdex 200 pg</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">J-26 XPI Avanti Centrifuge</td>
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			<td style="width:121px;">393126</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">JA 25.50 Rotor</td>
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			<td style="width:121px;">363055</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">JLA 8.1 Rotor</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">969329</td>
			<td>Includes 1 L polyporpylene bottles</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">JS 5.3 Rotor</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">368690</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Laminar Flow Hood</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Themo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">1849</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Forma 1800 Series Clean Bench</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Microplate Reader</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">TECAN</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
			<td>infinite M200</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:299px;">Mini-PROTEAN Tetra Cell</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">165-8004</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">4-gel vertical electrophoresis system</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Mini-PROTEAN TGX Precast Gels</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">456-9036</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Any kDa, 15-well comb</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Ni-NTA Column</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>737-2512</td>
			<td>49 ml&#160;volume ECONO-Column</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Plasmid Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">OMEGA bio-tek</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">D6943-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">PowerPac HC Power Supply</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">164-5052</td>
			<td>250 V, 3 A, 300 W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:299px;">Round Bottom Polypropylene Copolymer Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">3119-0050</td>
			<td>50 ml&#160;tubes for JA 25.50 rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Spin-X UF Concentrators</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">431488, 431483</td>
			<td>&#160;20 and 6 ml; MWCO: 10,000 Da</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Subcloning Service</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">GenScript USA Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
			<td>Protein Services</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Ultrasonic Processor&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">18910445A</td>
			<td>Model CV18</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Vortex-Genie 2</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Scientific Industries</td>
			<td>SI-0236</td>
			<td>Model G560</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

expression, isolation, and purification of soluble and insoluble biotinylated proteins for nerve tissue regeneration

재조합 단백질 공학은 대장균에게 (대장균) 식으로 거의 4 수십 년 동안 시스템, 오늘을 활용했다 E. 대장균은 여전히 가장 널리 사용되는 숙주이다. 시스템의 유연성은 (스트렙 트 아비딘 상호 작용을위한) 비오틴 태그와 같은 잔기 및 녹색 형광 단백질 또는 체리 적색 단백질과 같은보다 큰 단백질의 기능성 또한 허용한다. 또한, 번역 후 변형을 부여하는 금속 이온의 킬레이트 고유 반응성 작용기, 분광 프로브, 분자와 같은 부 자연스러운 아미노산의 통합은 단백질의 특성과 기능을 더 잘 조작을 가능하게했다. 따라서이 기술은 연구의 다양한 분야에 대한 중요한 유틸리티를 제공하는 사용자 정의 융합 단백질을 생성합니다. 보다 구체적으로, biotinylatable 단백질 서열 때문에 아비딘 및 스트렙 타비 딘과 비오틴 사이의 높은 친 화성 상호 작용의 다양한 표적 단백질에 통합 된. 이 추가 태그 단백질의 검출 및 정제를 강화뿐만 아니라 세포의 정렬과 같은 보조 응용 프로그램을위한 길을 열어 주었있다. 따라서, 비오틴 표지 분자는 바이오 산업 및 생명 의학 분야에서 증가하고 광범위한 영향을 보여줍니다. 우리의 연구의 목적을 위해 우리는 신경 성장 인자 (NGF) 및 semaphorin3A (Sema3A) 기능 영역을 포함하는 비 오티 닐화 재조합 융합 단백질을 설계했다. 우리는 이러한 비오틴 융합 단백질은 다른 활성 단백질 서열과 함께, 조직 공학 및 재생을 위해 생체 적합 물질에 닿는 할 수있는 방법을 이전에보고했다. 이 프로토콜은 T7의 락의 유도 성 벡터와 E를 활용하여, 밀리그램 규모 엔지니어링 biotinylatable 단백질의 기본 사항을 설명합니다 변환하는 스케일 업 (scale-up) 및 정화부터 대장균 발현 호스트.

<html> 복제 및 테스트 식 도금이 정상적으로 수행 될 때, 하나의 고립 된 콜로니를 형질 전환 박테리아 클론 세포 (도 2A)를 버릴 가능성을 증가시키기 위해 형성한다. 너무 많은 세포를 도금하는 경우에는, 플레이트는 37 ° C의 또는 변환에 너무 오래 배양 식민지는 한천 플레이트를 덮거나 세포의 큰 집계 (그림 2B 및 2C)를 형성...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Expression, Isolation, and Purification of Soluble and Insoluble Biotinylated Proteins for Nerve Tissue Regeneration at JoVE.com

Expression, Isolation, and Purification of Soluble and Insoluble Biotinylated Proteins for Nerve Tissue Regeneration

biotinylatable 융합 단백질을 개발하는 연구의 다양한 분야에서 많은 잠재적 인 응용 프로그램이 있습니다. 재조합 단백질 공학은 맞춤 설계된 단백질의 높은 수율을 제공하는 비용 효율적인 정직 절차입니다.

신경 조직의 재생을위한 가용성 및 불용성 바이오틴 단백질의 발현, 분리 및 정제

Recombinant protein engineering has utilized Escherichia coli (E. coli) expression systems for nearly 4 decades, and today E. coli is still the most ...

expression-isolation-purification-soluble-insoluble-biotinylated

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

33.4K 조회수.  University of Akron.  biotinylatable 융합 단백질을 개발하는 연구의 다양한 분야에서 많은 잠재적 인 응용 프로그램이 있습니다. 재조합 단백질 공학은 맞춤 설계된 단백질의 높은 수율을 제공하는 비용 효율적인 정직 절차입니다. 

비디오: Expression, Isolation, and Purification of Soluble and Insoluble Biotinylated Proteins for Nerve Tissue Regeneration

Use of Human Perivascular Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration

Human perivascular stem cells (PSCs) can be isolated in sufficient numbers from multiple tissues for purposes of skeletal tissue engineering1-3. PSCs are a FACS-sorted population of 'pericytes' (CD146+CD34-CD45-) and 'adventitial cells' (CD146-CD34+CD45-), each of which we have previously reported to have properties of mesenchymal stem cells. PSCs, like MSCs, are able to undergo osteogenic differentiation, as well as secrete pro-osteogenic cytokines1,2. In the present protocol, we demonstrate the osteogenicity of PSCs in several animal models including a muscle pouch implantation in SCID (severe combined immunodeficient) mice, a SCID mouse calvarial defect and a femoral segmental defect (FSD) in athymic rats. The thigh muscle pouch model is used to assess ectopic bone formation. Calvarial defects are centered on the parietal bone and are standardly 4 mm in diameter (critically sized)8. FSDs are bicortical and are stabilized with a polyethylene bar and K-wires4. The FSD described is also a critical size defect, which does not significantly heal on its own4. In contrast, if stem cells or growth factors are added to the defect site, significant bone regeneration can be appreciated. The overall goal of PSC xenografting is to demonstrate the osteogenic capability of this cell type in both ectopic and orthotopic bone regeneration models.

Human perivascular stem cells (PSCs) are a novel stem cell class for skeletal tissue regeneration similar to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). PSCs can be isolated by FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorting) from adipose tissue procured during standard liposuction procedures, then combined with an osteoinductive scaffold to achieve bone formation in vivo.

뼈 재생을위한 인적 Perivascular 줄기 세포의 이용

Human perivascular stem cells (PSCs) can be isolated in sufficient numbers from multiple tissues for purposes of skeletal tissue engineering1-3. PSCs are ...

연구

생체공학

Non-contact, Label-free Monitoring of Cells and Extracellular Matrix using Raman Spectroscopy

Non-destructive, non-contact and label-free technologies to monitor cell and tissue cultures are needed in the field of biomedical research.1-5 However, currently available routine methods require processing steps and alter sample integrity. Raman spectroscopy is a fast method that enables the measurement of biological samples without the need for further processing steps. This laser-based technology detects the inelastic scattering of monochromatic light.6 As every chemical vibration is assigned to a specific Raman band (wavenumber in cm-1), each biological sample features a typical spectral pattern due to their inherent biochemical composition.7-9 Within Raman spectra, the peak intensities correlate with the amount of the present molecular bonds.1 Similarities and differences of the spectral data sets can be detected by employing a multivariate analysis (e.g. principal component analysis (PCA)).10
Here, we perform Raman spectroscopy of living cells and native tissues. Cells are either seeded on glass bottom dishes or kept in suspension under normal cell culture conditions (37 &deg;C, 5% CO2) before measurement. Native tissues are dissected and stored in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 4 &deg;C prior measurements. Depending on our experimental set up, we then either focused on the cell nucleus or extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as elastin and collagen. For all studies, a minimum of 30 cells or 30 random points of interest within the ECM are measured. Data processing steps included background subtraction and normalization.

Raman spectroscopy is a suitable technique for the non-contact, label-free analysis of living cells, tissue-engineered constructs and native tissues. Source-specific spectral fingerprints can be generated and analyzed using multivariate analysis.

라만 분광학을 사용하여 세포와 세포외 기질의 비 접촉, 레이블이없는 모니터링

Non-destructive, non-contact and label-free technologies to monitor cell and tissue cultures are needed in the field of biomedical research.1-5 However, ...

Creating Adhesive and Soluble Gradients for Imaging Cell Migration with Fluorescence Microscopy

Cells can sense and migrate towards higher concentrations of adhesive cues such as the glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix and soluble cues such as growth factors. Here, we outline a method to create opposing gradients of adhesive and soluble cues in a microfluidic chamber, which is compatible with live cell imaging. A copolymer of poly-L-lysine and polyethylene glycol (PLL-PEG) is employed to passivate glass coverslips and prevent non-specific adsorption of biomolecules and cells. Next, microcontact printing or dip pen lithography are used to create tracks of streptavidin on the passivated surfaces to serve as anchoring points for the biotinylated peptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) as the adhesive cue. A microfluidic device is placed onto the modified surface and used to create the gradient of adhesive cues (100% RGD to 0% RGD) on the streptavidin tracks. Finally, the same microfluidic device is used to create a gradient of a chemoattractant such as fetal bovine serum (FBS), as the soluble cue in the opposite direction of the gradient of adhesive cues.

A method for the assembly of adhesive and soluble gradients in a microscopy chamber for live cell migration studies is described. The engineered environment combines antifouling surfaces and adhesive tracks with solution gradients and therefore allows one to determine the relative importance of guidance cues.

형광 현미경과 영상 셀 마이그레이션을위한 접착제 및 가용성식이 그라디언트를 만들기

Cells can sense and migrate towards higher concentrations of adhesive cues such as the glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix and soluble cues such as ...

Engineering 3D Cellularized Collagen Gels for Vascular Tissue Regeneration

Synthetic materials are known to initiate clinical complications such as inflammation, stenosis, and infections when implanted as vascular substitutes. Collagen has been extensively used for a wide range of biomedical applications and is considered a valid alternative to synthetic materials due to its inherent biocompatibility (i.e., low antigenicity, inflammation, and cytotoxic responses). However, the limited mechanical properties and the related low hand-ability of collagen gels have hampered their use as scaffold materials for vascular tissue engineering. Therefore, the rationale behind this work was first to engineer cellularized collagen gels into a tubular-shaped geometry and second to enhance smooth muscle cells driven reorganization of collagen matrix to obtain tissues stiff enough to be handled.
The strategy described here is based on the direct assembling of collagen and smooth muscle cells (construct) in a 3D cylindrical geometry with the use of a molding technique. This process requires a maturation period, during which the constructs are cultured in a bioreactor under static conditions (without applied external dynamic mechanical constraints) for 1 or 2 weeks. The &#8220;static bioreactor&#8221; provides a monitored and controlled sterile environment (pH, temperature, gas exchange, nutrient supply and waste removal) to the constructs. During culture period, thickness measurements were performed to evaluate the cells-driven remodeling of the collagen matrix, and glucose consumption and lactate production rates were measured to monitor the cells metabolic activity. Finally, mechanical and viscoelastic properties were assessed for the resulting tubular constructs. To this end, specific protocols and a focused know-how (manipulation, gripping, working in hydrated environment, and so on) were developed to characterize the engineered tissues.

In this work, we present a technique for the rapid fabrication of living vascular tissues by direct culturing of collagen, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. In addition, a new protocol for the mechanical characterization of engineered vascular tissues is described.

혈관 조직 재생을위한 엔지니어링 3D Cellularized 콜라겐 젤

Synthetic materials are known to initiate clinical complications such as inflammation, stenosis, and infections when implanted as vascular substitutes. ...

Design and Construction of Artificial Extracellular Matrix (aECM) Proteins from Escherichia coli for Skin Tissue Engineering

Recombinant technology is a versatile platform to create novel artificial proteins with tunable properties. For the last decade, many artificial proteins that have incorporated functional domains derived from nature (or created de novo) have been reported. In particular, artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) proteins have been developed; these aECM proteins consist of biological domains taken from fibronectin, laminins and collagens and are combined with structural domains including elastin-like repeats, silk and collagen repeats. To date, aECM proteins have been widely investigated for applications in tissue engineering and wound repair. Recently, Tjin and coworkers developed integrin-specific aECM proteins designed for promoting human skin keratinocyte attachment and propagation. In their work, the aECM proteins incorporate cell binding domains taken from fibronectin, laminin-5 and collagen IV, as well as flanking elastin-like repeats. They demonstrated that the aECM proteins developed in their work were promising candidates for use as substrates in artificial skin. Here, we outline the design and construction of such aECM proteins as well as their purification process using the thermo-responsive characteristics of elastin.

Design and Construction of Artificial Extracellular Matrix aECM Proteins from Escherichia coli for Skin Tissue Engineering

Recombinant technologies have enabled material designers to create novel artificial proteins with customized functionalities for tissue engineering applications. For example, artificial extracellular matrix proteins can be designed to incorporate structural and biological domains derived from native ECMs. Here, we describe the construction and purification of aECM proteins containing elastin-like repeats.

설계 및 인공 세포 외 기질의 건설 (aECM) 단백질에서<em&gt; 대장균</em&gt; 피부 조직 공학

Recombinant technology is a versatile platform to create novel artificial proteins with tunable properties. For the last decade, many artificial proteins ...

A Microfluidic Platform for High-throughput Single-cell Isolation and Culture

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet high-throughput, method to perform single-cell culture experiments. Here, we report a microfluidic chip-based strategy for high-efficiency single-cell isolation (~77%) and demonstrate its capability of performing long-term single-cell culture (up to 7 d) and cellular heterogeneity analysis using clonogenic assay. These applications were demonstrated with KT98 mouse neural stem cells, and A549 and MDA-MB-435 human cancer cells. High single-cell isolation efficiency and long-term culture capability are achieved by using different sizes of microwells on the top and bottom of the microfluidic channel. The small microwell array is designed for precisely isolating single-cells, and the large microwell array is used for single-cell clonal culture in the microfluidic chip. This microfluidic platform constitutes an attractive approach for single-cell culture applications, due to its flexibility of adjustable cell culture spaces for different culture strategies, without decreasing isolation efficiency.

Here, we present a protocol for isolating and culturing single cells with a microfluidic platform, which utilizes a new microwell design concept to allow for high-efficiency single cell isolation and long-term clonal culture.

높은 처리량 단일 세포의 분리 및 문화를위한 미세 유체 플랫폼

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet ...

Isolation of Murine Adipose Tissue-derived Microvascular Fragments as Vascularization Units for Tissue Engineering

A functional microvascular network is of pivotal importance for the survival and integration of engineered tissue constructs. For this purpose, several angiogenic and prevascularization strategies have been established. However, most cell-based approaches include time-consuming in vitro steps for the formation of a microvascular network. Hence, they are not suitable for intraoperative one-step procedures. Adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments (ad-MVF) represent promising vascularization units. They can be easily isolated from fat tissue and exhibit a functional microvessel morphology. Moreover, they rapidly reassemble into new microvascular networks after in vivo implantation. In addition, ad-MVF have been shown to induce lymphangiogenesis. Finally, they are a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells, which may further contribute to their high vascularization potential. In previous studies we have demonstrated the remarkable vascularization capacity of ad-MVF in engineered bone and skin substitutes. In the present study, we report on a standardized protocol for the enzymatic isolation of ad-MVF from murine fat tissue.

We present a protocol to isolate adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments that represent promising vascularization units. They can be rapidly isolated, do not require in vitro processing and, thus, may be used for one-step prevascularization in different fields of tissue engineering.

조직 공학 혈관 신생 단위로 쥐 지방 조직 유래 미세 혈관 조각의 분리

A functional microvascular network is of pivotal importance for the survival and integration of engineered tissue constructs. For this purpose, several ...

Three-dimensional Tissue Engineered Aligned Astrocyte Networks to Recapitulate Developmental Mechanisms and Facilitate Nervous System Regeneration

Neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disease often result in lasting neurological deficits due to the limited capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) to replace lost neurons and regenerate axonal pathways. However, during nervous system development, neuronal migration and axonal extension often occur along pathways formed by other cells, referred to as &#34;living scaffolds&#34;. Seeking to emulate these mechanisms and to design a strategy that circumvents the inhibitory environment of the CNS, this manuscript presents a protocol to fabricate tissue engineered astrocyte-based &#34;living scaffolds&#34;. To create these constructs, we employed a novel biomaterial encasement scheme to induce astrocytes to self-assemble into dense three-dimensional bundles of bipolar longitudinally-aligned somata and processes. First, hollow hydrogel micro-columns were assembled, and the inner lumen was coated with collagen extracellular-matrix. Dissociated cerebral cortical astrocytes were then delivered into the lumen of the cylindrical micro-column and, at a critical inner diameter of &#60;350 &#181;m, spontaneously self-aligned and contracted to produce long fiber-like cables consisting of dense bundles of astrocyte processes and collagen fibrils measuring &#60;150 &#181;m in diameter yet extending several cm in length. These engineered living scaffolds exhibited &#62;97% cell viability and were virtually exclusively comprised of astrocytes expressing a combination of the intermediate filament proteins glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and nestin. These aligned astrocyte networks were found to provide a permissive substrate for neuronal attachment and aligned neurite extension. Moreover, these constructs maintain integrity and alignment when extracted from the hydrogel encasement, making them suitable for CNS implantation. These preformed constructs structurally emulate key cytoarchitectural elements of naturally occurring glial-based &#34;living scaffolds&#34; in vivo. As such, these engineered living scaffolds may serve as test-beds to study neurodevelopmental mechanisms in vitro or facilitate neuroregeneration by directing neuronal migration and/or axonal pathfinding following CNS degeneration in vivo.

We showcase the development of self-assembled, three-dimensional bundles of longitudinally aligned astrocytic somata and processes within a novel biomaterial encasement. These engineered &#34;living scaffolds&#34;, exhibiting micron-scale diameter yet extending centimeters in length, may serve as test-beds to study neurodevelopmental mechanisms or facilitate neuroregeneration by directing neuronal migration and/or axonal pathfinding.

3 차원 조직 설계 정렬 사이토 네트워크 발달 메커니즘을 정리 하 고 신경 재생을 촉진 하

Neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disease often result in lasting neurological deficits due to the limited capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) to ...

Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Alveolar Periosteum and Effects of Vitamin D on Osteogenic Activity of Periosteum-derived Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are present in a variety of tissues and can be differentiated into numerous cell types, including osteoblasts. Among the dental sources of MSCs, the periosteum is an easily accessible tissue, which has been identified to contain MSCs in the cambium layer. However, this source has not yet been widely studied.
Vitamin D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 have been demonstrated to stimulate in vitro differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts. In addition, vitamin C facilitates collagen formation and bone cell growth. However, no study has yet investigated the effects of Vitamin D3 and Vitamin C on MSCs.
Here, we present a method of isolating MSCs from human alveolar periosteum and examine the hypothesis that 1,25-(OH)2D3 may exert an osteoinductive effect on these cells. We also investigate the presence of MSCs in the human alveolar periosteum and assess stem cell adhesion and proliferation. To assess the ability of vitamin C (as a control) and various concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 (10&#8722;10, 10&#8722;9, 10&#8722;8, and 10&#8722;7 M) to alter key mRNA biomarkers in isolated MSCs mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), core binding factor alpha-1 (CBFA1), collagen-1, and osteocalcin (OCN) are measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

We present a protocol to investigate the mRNA expression biomarkers of periosteum-derived cells (PDCs) induced by vitamin C (vitamin C) and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D3]. In addition, we evaluate the ability of PDCs to differentiate into osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes.

인간의 치경과 파생 셀 Osteogenic 활동에 비타민 D의 효과에서 중간 엽 줄기 세포의 분리

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are present in a variety of tissues and can be differentiated into numerous cell types, including osteoblasts. Among the ...

Wet-spinning-based Molding Process of Gelatin for Tissue Regeneration

This article presents an inexpensive method to fabricate gelatin, as a natural polymer, into monofilament fibers or other appropriate forms. Through the wet spinning method, gelatin fibers are produced by smooth extrusion in a suitable coagulation medium. To increase the functional surface of these gelatin fibers and their ability to mimic the features of tissues, gelatin can be molded into a tube form by referring to this concept. Examined by in vitro and in vivo tests, the gelatin tubes demonstrate a great potential for application in tissue engineering. Acting as a suitable filling gap material, gelatin tubes can be used to substitute the tissue in the damaged area (e.g., in the nervous or cardiovascular system), as well as to promote regeneration by providing a direct replacement of stem cells and neural circuitry. This protocol provides a detailed procedure for creating a biomaterial based on a natural polymer, and its implementation is expected to greatly benefit the development of correlative natural polymers, which help to realize tissue regeneration strategies.

We developed and describe a protocol based on the wet spinning concept, for the construction of gelatin-based biomaterials used for the application of tissue engineering.

조직 재생에 대 한 젤라틴의 젖은 회전-기반 성형 과정

This article presents an inexpensive method to fabricate gelatin, as a natural polymer, into monofilament fibers or other appropriate forms. Through the ...