이 작품은 P01 A1078894 CAG에 부여 국립 알레르기 전염병 연구소에 의해 지원되었다

<ol>
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C., Hong, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innate+immune+recognition+of+invasive+bacteria+accelerates+atherosclerosis+in+apolipoprotein+E-deficient+mice.">Innate immune recognition of invasive bacteria accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.</a> Circulation. 109 (22), 2801-2806 (2004).</li><li>Hayashi, C., Viereck, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Porphyromonas+gingivalis+accelerates+inflammatory+atherosclerosis+in+the+innominate+artery+of+ApoE+deficient+mice.">Porphyromonas gingivalis accelerates inflammatory atherosclerosis in the innominate artery of ApoE deficient mice.</a> Atherosclerosis. 215 (1), 52-59 (2011).</li><li>Hayashi, C., Madrigal, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogen-mediated+inflammatory+atherosclerosis+is+mediated+in+part+via+Toll-like+receptor+2-induced+inflammatory+responses.">Pathogen-mediated inflammatory atherosclerosis is mediated in part via Toll-like receptor 2-induced inflammatory responses.</a> Journal of Innate Immunity. 2 (4), 334-343 (2010).</li><li>Hayashi, C., Papadopoulos, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+role+for+TLR4+signaling+in+atherosclerosis+progression+as+revealed+by+infection+with+a+common+oral+pathogen.">Protective role for TLR4 signaling in atherosclerosis progression as revealed by infection with a common oral pathogen.</a> Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950). 189 (7), 3681-3688 (2012).</li><li>Papadopoulos, G., Weinberg, E. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage-Specific+TLR2+Signaling+Mediates+Pathogen-Induced+TNF-Dependent+Inflammatory+Oral+Bone+Loss.">Macrophage-Specific TLR2 Signaling Mediates Pathogen-Induced TNF-Dependent Inflammatory Oral Bone Loss.</a> The Journal of Immunology. , (2012).</li><li>Gibson, F. C., Hong , C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innate+immune+recognition+of+invasive+bacteria+accelerates+atherosclerosis+in+apolipoprotein+E-deficient+mice.">Innate immune recognition of invasive bacteria accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.</a> Circulation. 109 (22), 2801-2806 (2004).</li><li>Miyamoto, T., Yumoto, H., Takahashi, Y., Davey, M., Gibson, F. C., Genco, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogen-accelerated+atherosclerosis+occurs+early+after+exposure+and+can+be+prevented+via+immunization.">Pathogen-accelerated atherosclerosis occurs early after exposure and can be prevented via immunization.</a> Infection and Immunity. 74 (2), 1376-1380 (2006).</li><li>Baker, P. J., Dixon, M., Roopenian, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+control+of+susceptibility+to+Porphyromonas+gingivalis-induced+alveolar+bone+loss+in+mice.">Genetic control of susceptibility to Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced alveolar bone loss in mice.</a> Infection and Immunity. 68 (10), 5864-5868 (2000).</li><li>Baker, P. J., Dixon, M., Evans, R. T., Roopenian, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneity+of+Porphyromonas+gingivalis+strains+in+the+induction+of+alveolar+bone+loss+in+mice.">Heterogeneity of Porphyromonas gingivalis strains in the induction of alveolar bone loss in mice.</a> Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 15 (1), 27-32 (2000).</li><li>Daugherty, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+atherosclerosis.">Mouse models of atherosclerosis.</a> The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 323 (1), 3-10 (2002).</li><li>Weinreb, D. B., Aguinaldo, J. G. S., Feig, J. E., Fisher, E. A., Fayad, Z. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+MRI+of+mouse+models+of+atherosclerosis.">Non-invasive MRI of mouse models of atherosclerosis.</a> NMR in Biomedicine. 20 (3), 256-264 (2007).</li></ol>

저자는 그들이 더 경쟁 금전적 이해 관계가 없다고 선언합니다.

P. 진지 발리 경구 감염 모델은 로컬 및 전신 사이트의 병원체에 의한 만성 염증의 연구를위한 유용한 도구를 제공합니다. 이 독특한 모델은 만성 염증과 면역 병리에 기여 모두 호스트와 병원체의 특정 메커니즘의 특성을 수 있습니다. 또한, 모델이 면역 및 약리학 적 개입을 포함한 신규 한 치료 전략을 선별하는데 사용될 수있다. 이 프로토콜에서 설명하는 단계는 P.의 개시, 진행 ?...

만성 염증은 병적 조직 손상과 인간의 많은 만성 질환의 통합 특성의 주요 드라이버이다. 이 질환은 종양,자가 면역, 만성 염증성 질환 일을 포함한다. 많은 만성 질환의 원인은 불분명하지만, 유전 적 소인, 환경 적 요인의 도입을 모두 포함하는, 복잡하고 다원적 인 것으로 이해된다. 염증의 perpetuators이 어려운 남아 있지만, 면역 활성화 세포 및 분자 프로파일은 병원균이에 대한 호스트 응답에서 관찰 된 것과 패턴이 상당히 겹칩니다. 장착 증거는 미생물 개발에 병원균 및 만성 염증의 진행과 다양한 임상 양상 2,3 감염 연루. 병원균은 유도와 지속적인 감염을 호스트 면역 체계를 전복하고 구축하여 만성 염증을 직접적으로 유지할 수 <sup&gt; 4. 미생물의 지속성이없는 경우, 감염은 자기 항원에 의해 유발 분자 입내 면역 반응, 면역 원성들을 렌더링자가 항원, 또는 이전에 마스킹 숙주 항원을 해제 손상의 변화에​​서 만성 염증을 석출 할 수있다. 거의 그러나 특정 병원균이 특정 만성 질환의 보편적 인 원인으로 확인 된이 없습니다. 오히려, 사용 가능한 데이터의 대다수는 병원체가 유 전적으로 감수성 호스트 3에서 임상 적 질병 결과의 광범위한 만성 염증을 유도하기 위해 별개의 메커니즘을 사용할 것을 제안한다. 따라서, 특정 병원체가 주요 공중 보건에 대한 영향뿐만 아니라, 많은 만성 질환의 치료 및 예방을 가질 수 만성 염증을 유도하는 메커니즘을 상세히 이해할. 만성 염증의 유도 및 유지에 기여하는 호스트와 특정 병원균 메커니즘이지만제대로 병원체에 의한 만성 염증의 모델링의 발전은 이러한 프로세스에 대한 우리의 이해를 증진하기 시작했다, 이해했다. P. 진지 발리 경구 감염 모델은 호스트 및 병원균 로컬 (경구 뼈 손실)에서 만성 염증에 기여하는 특정 메카니즘 및 전신성 사이트 (동맥 경화증) 5,6의 분석을 허용 병원균 - 유도 된 만성 염증의 고유 잘 특성화 된 마우스 모델이다. P. 진지 발리는 인간 치주 질환, 조직 7을 지원하는 치아의 파괴를 특징으로하는 감염 중심의 만성 염증성 질환에 연루 그람 음성, 혐기성 구강 병원균이다. 감염의 초기 부위 병리학 외에 축적 증거 P. 연루 진지 발리가 개발 및 죽상 동맥 경화증 (5)을 포함하여 전신 질환의 진행에 만성 염증을 유도 된, 질병은 만성 inflammatio 특징동맥 혈관 벽의 명. P.와 특정 병원체 무료 쥐의 구강 감염 진지 발리는 치조골 (8)을지지 치아의 파괴를 초래 로컬 염증 반응을 유도한다.을 P. 진지 발리 닫 사십이일 감염 후 8 생쥐 병원균 특이 혈청 항체 역가 (9)의 상부를 개발할 감염된 마우스의 입으로부터 회수 할 수있다. - / - 아포지 단백질 E를 사용하여 아테롬성 동맥 경화증의 구축 마우스 모델 생쥐 (아포 E - / -), P. 경구 감염 진지 발리는 대동맥 동 (10)과 무명 동맥 (11) 내에서 염증성 플라크 침착을 구동 만성 염증을 유도한다. P.의 무명 동맥 내에서 진보적 인 염증 진지 발리는 마우스 생체 내 MRI에 사용 살아있는 동물에서 모니터링 할 수 있습니다 -infected. P.에서 조직 학적으로, 동맥 병변 진지 발리는 쥐 지질 accompa의 증가 축적을 전시 -infected혈관 내피 세포의 활성화, 증가 된 면역 세포의 침윤, 염증 매개 물질 (12)의 상승 된 발현에 의해 nied. 녹아웃 마우스에서이 모델의 사용은 호스트 시그널링 컴포넌트 및 염증성 매개체의 역할뿐만 아니라, 셀을 구동 P. 특정 상호 작용을 밝혀왔다 14 - 진지 발리는 면역 병리 (12) 유도 된. 또한, 정의 된 돌연변이 세균을 이용한 실험은 중요한 P. 확인한 진지 발리 지역 및 전신 사이트 15에 만성 염증에 기여하는 요인을 독성. 이 문서에서는 P.의 평가 방법의 자세한 사항 진지 발리 지역 및 전신 부위에 만성 염증을 유도 된. 우리는 아미라 소프트웨어를 사용 microCT 의해 치조골 손실의 상세한 분석 프로토콜을 제공한다. 또한, 우리는 진보의 평가에 대한 생체 살아있는 동물 MRI에서 일련의 유틸리티를 정의무명 동맥 내 flammation. 우리는 시각화 및 동맥 병변의 염증 플라크의 정량 방법을 포함, 자신의 조직 학적 특성에 대해 설명합니다. 트랜스 제닉 마우스와 정의 된 돌연변이 세균의 사용은 호스트 및 질병의 개시, 진행 및 결과에 관여하는 미생물 인자 모두를 식별하기위한 모델이 특히 적합하다. 또한, 모델은 백신 접종과 약리학 적 개입을 포함한 신규 한 치료 전략을 선별하는데 사용될 수있다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="924">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:508px;">Name of the Material/Eqiupment</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Catalogue Number</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Comments&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Amira analysis software</td>
			<td>Visualization Sciences Group</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anaerobic chamber DW Scientific Model MG500&#160;</td>
			<td>Microbiology International</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BHI&#160;</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson&#160;</td>
			<td>211059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hemin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>51280-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Menadione (Vitamin K)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>M5625-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson&#160;</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Carboxymethyl cellulose (medium viscocity)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>C-4888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Oral Suspension 200 mg/40 mg per 5ml</td>
			<td>Hi-Tech Pharmacal</td>
			<td>NDC 50383-823-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#956;CT 40&#160;</td>
			<td>Scanco</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HistoChoice Tissue Fixative</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>H2904</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sudan IV</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>S4261-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">vertical-bore 11.7T Avance spectrometer&#160;</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paravision</td>
			<td>Paravision</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rat anti-mouse F4/80</td>
			<td>Serotec</td>
			<td>MCA497R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rat anti-mouse TLR2</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>13-9021-80</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leica S4 Dissecting Scope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microm HM 550 Cryostat</td>
			<td>Microm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a mouse model for pathogen-induced chronic inflammation at local and systemic sites

만성 염증은 병적 조직 손상과 종양,자가 면역, 및 만성 염증성 질환을 포함하여 인간에서 많은 만성 질환의 통합 특성의 주요 드라이버이다. 증거 신흥 임상 증상의 다양한 개발과 만성 질환의 진행에 병원체 - 유도 만성 염증을 연루. 때문에 만성 질환의 복잡하고 다원적 원인에 인과 관계의 증거 및 기계적인 링크의 설립을위한 실험을 설계하는 사람이 거의 불가능하다. 동물 모델을 사용하는 장점은 특정 질병의 과정에 영향을 미칠 수있는 유전 적 및 환경 적 요인이 제어 될 수 있다는 것이다. 따라서, 관련 감염 동물 모델을 설계하는 것은 만성 염증에 기여하는 호스트와 병원체 특정 메커니즘을 식별하는 중요한 단계를 나타낸다. 여기에서 우리는 병원균에 의한 만성 infla의 마우스 모델을 설명구강 병원균 Porphyromonas 진지 발리 밀접하게 인간 치주 질환과 연관된 세균 감염 다음 로컬 및 전신 사이트에서 mmation. 특정 병원체 무료 쥐의 구강 감염은 치조골, 치주 질환의 특징을 지원하는 치아의 파괴의 결과로 지방의 염증 반응을 유도한다. P.로 설립 된 마우스 죽상 동맥 경화증의 모델, 감염 진지 발리는 혈관 내피 세포의 활성화, 증가 된 면역 세포의 침윤 및 병변 내에서 염증 매개 물질의 높은 발현과 함께 대동맥 동과 무명 동맥 내 염증 플라크 침착을 가속화합니다. 우리 지역 및 전신 사이트에서 염증의 평가를위한 세부 방법론. 트랜스 제닉 마우스와 정의 된 돌연변이 세균의 사용은 호스트 및 질병의 개시, 진행 및 결과에 관여하는 미생물 인자 모두를 식별하기위한 모델이 특히 적합하다. AdditionallY는, 모델은 백신 접종과 약리학 적 개입을 포함한 신규 한 치료 전략을 선별하는데 사용될 수있다.

적절한 마우스 모델 및 구강 감염 요법, P.를 사용하여 진지 발리는 만성 염증과 면역 병리 지역 (구강)에서 전신 사이트 (동맥) (그림 1)를 유도한다. 에서 마우스, P. 경구 감염 진지 발리는 치조골 (8)을지지 치아의 파괴를 구동 로컬 염증 반응을 유도한다.을 P. 진지 발리 쥐가 주로 IgG의 아이소 타입 9의 아르이 생...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Mouse Model for Pathogen-induced Chronic Inflammation at Local and Systemic Sites at JoVE.com

A Mouse Model for Pathogen-induced Chronic Inflammation at Local and Systemic Sites

동물 모델은 만성 염증의 발달에 기여하는 호스트와 병원체의 특정 메커니즘을 규정하는 매우 중요한 도구로 입증되었다. 여기서 우리는 로컬 및 전신성 염증 부위에서의 진행을 평가하기 위해 인간 병원체 Porphyromonas 진지 발리 및 세부 방법론 경구 감염 마우스 모델을 설명한다.

로컬 및 전신 사이트에서 병원체에 의한 만성 염증을위한 마우스 모델

Chronic inflammation is a major driver of pathological tissue damage and a unifying characteristic of many chronic diseases in humans including ...

a-mouse-model-for-pathogen-induced-chronic-inflammation-at-local

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

17.4K 조회수.  Boston University School of Medicine.  동물 모델은 만성 염증의 발달에 기여하는 호스트와 병원체의 특정 메커니즘을 규정하는 매우 중요한 도구로 입증되었다. 여기서 우리는 로컬 및 전신성 염증 부위에서의 진행을 평가하기 위해 인간 병원체 Porphyromonas 진지 발리 및 세부 방법론 경구 감염 마우스 모델을 설명한다. 

비디오: A Mouse Model for Pathogen-induced Chronic Inflammation at Local and Systemic Sites

Trichuris muris Infection: A Model of Type 2 Immunity and Inflammation in the Gut

Trichuris muris is a natural pathogen of mice and is biologically and antigenically similar to species of Trichuris that 
infect humans and livestock1. Infective eggs are given by oral gavage, hatch in the distal small intestine, invade the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) 
that line the crypts of the cecum and proximal colon and upon maturation the worms release eggs into the environment1. This model is a powerful tool to 
examine factors that control CD4+ T helper (Th) cell activation as well as changes in the intestinal epithelium. The immune response that occurs in 
resistant inbred strains, such as C57BL/6 and BALB/c, is characterized by Th2 polarized cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) and expulsion of worms while Th1-associated 
cytokines (IL-12, IL-18, IFN-&gamma;) promote chronic infections in genetically susceptible AKR/J mice2-6. Th2 cytokines promote physiological changes in 
the intestinal microenvironment including rapid turnover of IECs, goblet cell differentiation, recruitment and changes in epithelial permeability and smooth muscle 
contraction, all of which have been implicated in worm expulsion7-15. Here we detail a protocol for propagating Trichuris muris eggs which can 
be used in subsequent experiments. We also provide a sample experimental harvest with suggestions for post-infection analysis. Overall, this protocol will provide 
researchers with the basic tools to perform a Trichuris muris mouse infection model which can be used to address questions pertaining to Th proclivity in 
the gastrointestinal tract as well as immune effector functions of IECs.

Trichuris muris Infection: A Model of Type 2 Immunity and Inflammation in the Gut

Trichuris muris infection is an intestinal model of Th2 immunity where resistant mice generate a protective Th2 response and susceptible mice generate a pathological Th1 response.

Trichuris muris 감염 : 굿에서 2 형 내성 및 염증의 모델

Trichuris muris is a natural pathogen of mice and is biologically and antigenically similar to species of Trichuris that 
infect humans and livestock1. ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Using the BLT Humanized Mouse as a Stem Cell based Gene Therapy Tumor Model

Small animal models such as mice have been extensively used to study human disease and to develop new therapeutic interventions. Despite the wealth of information gained from these studies, the unique characteristics of mouse immunity as well as the species specificity of viral diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection led to the development of humanized mouse models. The earlier models involved the use of C. B 17 scid/scid mice and the transplantation of human fetal thymus and fetal liver termed thy/liv (SCID-hu) 1, 2 or the adoptive transfer of human peripheral blood leukocytes (SCID-huPBL) 3. Both models were mainly utilized for the study of HIV infection.
One of the main limitations of both of these models was the lack of stable reconstitution of human immune cells in the periphery to make them a more physiologically relevant model to study HIV disease. To this end, the BLT humanized mouse model was developed. BLT stands for bone marrow/liver/thymus. In this model, 6 to 8 week old NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) immunocompromised mice receive the thy/liv implant as in the SCID-hu mouse model only to be followed by a second human hematopoietic stem cell transplant 4. The advantage of this system is the full reconstitution of the human immune system in the periphery. This model has been used to study HIV infection and latency 5-8.
We have generated a modified version of this model in which we use genetically modified human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSC) to construct the thy/liv implant followed by injection of transduced autologous hHSC 7, 9. This approach results in the generation of genetically modified lineages. More importantly, we adapted this system to examine the potential of generating functional cytotoxic T cells (CTL) expressing a melanoma specific T cell receptor. Using this model we were able to assess the functionality of our transgenic CTL utilizing live positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to determine tumor regression (9).
The goal of this protocol is to describe the process of generating these transgenic mice and assessing in vivo efficacy using live PET imaging. As a note, since we use human tissues and lentiviral vectors, our facilities conform to CDC NIH guidelines for Biosafety Level 2 (BSL2) with special precautions (BSL2+). In addition, the NSG mice are severely immunocompromised thus, their housing and maintenance must conform to the highest health standards (<a href="http://jaxmice.jax.org/research/immunology/005557-housing.html" target="_blank">http://jaxmice.jax.org/research/immunology/005557-housing.html</a>).

The generation and characterization of tumor specific T cells using humanized mice is described here. Human thymic tissue and genetically modified human hematopoietic stem cells are transplanted into immunocompromised mice. This results in the reconstitution of an engineered human immune system allowing for in vivo examination of anti-tumor immune responses.

줄기 세포 기반 유전자 치료 종양 모델로 BLT 인간화 마우스를 사용하여

Small animal models such as mice have been extensively used to study human  disease and to develop new therapeutic interventions. Despite the wealth of  ...

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that distinguish acute and chronic inflammation in mouse models. With tissue damage or pathogen invasion, neutrophils are the first line of defense, playing a major role in mediating the acute inflammatory response. As the inflammatory reaction progresses, circulating monocytes gradually migrate into the site of injury and differentiate into mature macrophages, which mediate chronic inflammation and promote tissue repair by removing tissue debris and producing anti-inflammatory cytokines. Intraperitoneal injection of luminol (5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione, sodium salt) enables detection of acute inflammation largely mediated by tissue-infiltrating neutrophils. Luminol specifically reacts with the superoxide generated within the phagosomes of neutrophils since bioluminescence results from a myeloperoxidase (MPO) mediated reaction. Lucigenin (bis-N-methylacridinium nitrate) also reacts with superoxide in order to generate bioluminescence. However, lucigenin bioluminescence is independent of MPO and it solely relies on phagocyte NADPH oxidase (Phox) in macrophages during chronic inflammation. Together, luminol and lucigenin allow non-invasive visualization and longitudinal assessment of different phagocyte populations across both acute and chronic inflammatory phases. Given the important role of inflammation in a variety of human diseases, we believe this non-invasive imaging method can help investigate the differential roles of neutrophils and macrophages in a variety of pathological conditions.

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

We describe a non-invasive imaging method for distinguishing inflammatory stages. Systemic delivery of luminol reveals areas of acute inflammation dependent upon MPO activity in neutrophils. In contrast, injection of lucigenin allows for visualization of chronic inflammation dependent upon Phox activity in macrophages.

생체 내 이미징 방법에 급성 및 만성 염증을 구별하는

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that ...

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to the infiltration of tissues with migrating inflammatory cells, primarily neutrophils.&#160;This process has the potential to be destructive to tissues if excessive or held in an unresolved state.&#160; Cocultured in vitro models can be utilized to study the unique molecular mechanisms involved in pathogen induced neutrophil trans-epithelial migration.&#160;This type of model provides versatility in experimental design with opportunity for controlled manipulation of the pathogen, epithelial barrier, or neutrophil.&#160;Pathogenic infection of the apical surface of polarized epithelial monolayers grown on permeable transwell filters instigates physiologically relevant basolateral to apical trans-epithelial migration of neutrophils applied to the basolateral surface.&#160;The in vitro model described herein demonstrates the multiple steps necessary for demonstrating neutrophil migration across a polarized lung epithelial monolayer that has been infected with pathogenic P. aeruginosa (PAO1).&#160;Seeding and culturing of permeable transwells with human derived lung epithelial cells is described, along with isolation of neutrophils from whole human blood and culturing of PAO1 and nonpathogenic K12 E. coli (MC1000).&#160; The emigrational process and quantitative analysis of successfully migrated neutrophils that have been mobilized in response to pathogenic infection is shown with representative data, including positive and negative controls.&#160;This in vitro model system can be manipulated and applied to other mucosal surfaces.&#160;Inflammatory responses that involve excessive neutrophil infiltration can be destructive to host tissues and can occur in the absence of pathogenic infections.&#160;A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that promote neutrophil trans-epithelial migration through experimental manipulation of the in vitro coculture assay system described herein has significant potential to identify novel therapeutic targets for a range of mucosal infectious as well as inflammatory diseases.

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Neutrophil trans-epithelial migration in response to mucosal bacterial infection contributes to epithelial injury and clinical disease.&#160;An in vitro model has been developed that combines pathogen, human neutrophils, and polarized human epithelial cell layers grown on transwell filters to facilitate investigations towards unraveling the molecular mechanisms orchestrating this phenomenon.

시험관 내 병원균 유도 호중구 트랜스 상피 이동을 평가하는 공동 문화 분석

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to ...

Systemic Injection of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mice with Chronic EAE

Neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) are a promising stem cell source for transplantation approaches aiming at brain repair or restoration in regenerative neurology. This directive has arisen from the extensive evidence that brain repair is achieved after focal or systemic NPC transplantation in several preclinical models of neurological diseases.
These experimental data have identified the cell delivery route as one of the main hurdles of restorative stem cell therapies for brain diseases that requires urgent assessment. Intraparenchymal stem cell grafting represents a logical approach to those pathologies characterized by isolated and accessible brain lesions such as spinal cord injuries and Parkinson's disease. Unfortunately, this principle is poorly applicable to conditions characterized by a multifocal, inflammatory and disseminated (both in time and space) nature, including multiple sclerosis (MS). As such, brain targeting by systemic NPC delivery has become a low invasive and therapeutically efficacious protocol to deliver cells to the brain and spinal cord of rodents and nonhuman primates affected by experimental chronic inflammatory damage of the central nervous system (CNS).
This alternative method of cell delivery relies on the NPC pathotropism, specifically their innate capacity to (i) sense the environment via functional cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokine and chemokine receptors; (ii) cross the leaking anatomical barriers after intravenous (i.v.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection; (iii) accumulate at the level of multiple perivascular site(s) of inflammatory brain and spinal cord damage; and (i.v.) exert remarkable tissue trophic and immune regulatory effects onto different host target cells in vivo.
Here we describe the methods that we have developed for the i.v. and i.c.v. delivery of syngeneic NPCs in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as model of chronic CNS inflammatory demyelination, and envisage the systemic stem cell delivery as a valuable technique for the selective targeting of the inflamed brain in regenerative neurology.

The transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) holds great promises in regenerative neurology. The systemic delivery of NPCs has turned into effective, low invasive, and therapeutically very efficacious protocol to deliver stem cells in the brain and spinal cord of rodents and nonhuman primates affected by experimental chronic inflammatory damage of the central nervous system.

만성 EAE와 마우스의 신경 줄기 / 전구 세포의 전신 주입

Neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) are a promising stem cell source for transplantation approaches aiming at brain repair or restoration in regenerative ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. We describe here an experimental colitis model that is initiated by adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipient mice. The CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell population that largely consists of na&#239;ve effector cells is capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, closely resembling key aspects of human IBD. This method can be manipulated to study aspects of disease onset and progression. Additionally it can be used to study the function of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cell populations, and the role of environmental exposures, i.e., the microbiota, in intestinal inflammation. In this article we illustrate the methodology for inducing colitis with a step-by-step protocol. This includes a video demonstration of key technical aspects required to successfully develop this murine model of experimental colitis for research purposes.

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.

이펙터 CD4의 입양 전송하여 쥐과 장내 염증의 유도<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt; 높은</sup&gt; 면역 결핍 마우스에게 T 세포

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Co-immunoprecipitation of the Mouse Mx1 Protein with the Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein

Studying the interaction between proteins is key in understanding their function(s). A very powerful method that is frequently used to study interactions of proteins with other macromolecules in a complex sample is called co-immunoprecipitation. The described co-immunoprecipitation protocol allows to demonstrate and further investigate the interaction between the antiviral myxovirus resistance protein 1 (Mx1) and one of its viral targets, the influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP). The protocol starts with transfected mammalian cells, but it is also possible to use influenza A virus infected cells as starting material. After cell lysis, the viral NP protein is pulled-down with a specific antibody and the resulting immune-complexes are precipitated with protein G beads. The successful pull-down of NP and the co-immunoprecipitation of the antiviral Mx1 protein are subsequently revealed by western blotting. A prerequisite for successful co-immunoprecipitation of Mx1 with NP is the presence of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) in the cell lysis buffer. NEM alkylates free thiol groups. Presumably this reaction stabilizes the weak and/or transient NP&#8211;Mx1 interaction by preserving a specific conformation of Mx1, its viral target or an unknown third component. An important limitation of co-immunoprecipitation experiments is the inadvertent pull-down of contaminating proteins, caused by nonspecific binding of proteins to the protein G beads or antibodies. Therefore, it is very important to include control settings to exclude false positive results. The described co-immunoprecipitation protocol can be used to study the interaction of Mx proteins from different vertebrate species with viral proteins, any pair of proteins, or of a protein with other macromolecules. The beneficial role of NEM to stabilize weak and/or transient interactions needs to be tested for each interaction pair individually.

This co-immunoprecipitation protocol allows to study the interaction between the influenza A virus nucleoprotein and the antiviral Mx1 protein in human cells. The protocol emphasizes the importance of N-ethylmaleimide for successful co-immunoprecipitation of Mx1 and influenza A virus nucleoprotein.

인플루엔자 A 바이러스의 핵 단백질과 마우스 MX1 단백질의 공동 면역 침전

Studying the interaction between proteins is key in understanding their function(s). A very powerful method that is frequently used to study interactions ...

An Optimized Method for Isolating and Expanding Invariant Natural Killer T Cells from Mouse Spleen

The ability to rapidly secrete cytokines upon stimulation is a functional characteristic of the invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell lineage. iNKT cells are therefore characterized as an innate T cell population capable of activating and steering adaptive immune responses. The development of improved techniques for the culture and expansion of murine iNKT cells facilitates the study of iNKT cell biology in in vitro and in vivo model systems. Here we describe an optimized procedure for the isolation and expansion of murine splenic iNKT cells.
Spleens from C57Bl/6 mice are removed, dissected and strained and the resulting cellular suspension is layered over density gradient media. Following centrifugation, splenic mononuclear cells (MNCs) are collected and CD5-positive (CD5+) lymphocytes are enriched for using magnetic beads. iNKT cells within the CD5+ fraction are subsequently stained with &#945;GalCer-loaded CD1d tetramer and purified by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). FACS sorted iNKT cells are then initially cultured in vitro using a combination of recombinant murine cytokines and plate-bound T cell receptor (TCR) stimuli before being expanded in the presence of murine recombinant IL-7. Using this technique, approximately 108 iNKT cells can be generated within 18-20 days of culture, after which they can be used for functional assays in vitro, or for in vivo transfer experiments in mice.

Here we present an adapted protocol that can be used to generate a large number of murine invariant natural killer T cells from mouse spleen. The protocol outlines an approach by which splenic iNKT cells can be enriched for, isolated and expanded in vitro using a limited number of animals and reagents.

마우스 비장에서 불변 자연 살해 T 세포를 분리하고 확장을위한 최적화 방법

The ability to rapidly secrete cytokines upon stimulation is a functional characteristic of the invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell lineage. iNKT cells ...

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

Here, we describe a detailed procedure to efficiently and directly deliver Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. We demonstrate the procedure for preparing H. influenzae inoculum, intra-tracheal instillation of H. influenzae into the lung, collection of broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), analysis of immune cells in the BALF, and RNA isolation for differential gene expression analysis. This procedure can be used to study the lung inflammatory response to any bacteria, virus or fungi. Direct tracheal instillation is mostly preferred over intranasal or aerosol inhalation procedures because it more efficiently delivers the bacterial inoculum into the lower respiratory tract with less ambiguity.

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

We demonstrate the procedure for intra-tracheal inoculation of Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. This is a very useful tool to study signaling pathways that regulate airway inflammation in mouse models.

의 내부 기관 관리<em&gt; 헤모필루스 인플루엔자</em&gt; 마우스 모델에서기도 염증을 연구하는

Here, we describe a detailed procedure to efficiently and directly deliver Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. We ...

Mouse Body Temperature Measurement Using Infrared Thermometer During Passive Systemic Anaphylaxis and Food Allergy Evaluation

Mouse body temperature measurement is of paramount importance for investigating allergies and anaphylactic symptoms. Rectal probes for temperature readings is common, and they have been proven to be accurate and invaluable in this regard. However, this method of temperature measurement requires the mice to be anesthetized in order to insert the probe without injury to the animal. This limits the ability to observe other phenotypes of the mouse simultaneously. In order to investigate other phenotypes while measuring temperatures, rectal probes are not ideal, and another method is desired. Here, we introduce a noninvasive method of temperature measurement that foregoes the requirement for mouse anesthesia while maintaining equal reliability to rectal probes in measuring body temperature. We use an infrared thermometer that detects body surface temperatures at ranges between 2 and 150 mm. This method of body temperature measurement is successful in reliably replicating temperature change trends during passive system anaphylaxis experiments in mice. We show that body surface temperatures are about 2.0 &#176;C lower than rectal probe measurements, but the degree of temperature drop follows the same trend. Furthermore, we use the same technique to observe mice in a food allergy model to evaluate temperature and activity levels simultaneously.

Here we present a new method to accurately measure body temperature differences in passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA) and food allergy mouse models using an infrared thermometer. This procedure has been accurately duplicated in previous PSA results.