Name: manipulation and in vitro maturation of xenopus laevis oocytes, followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection, to study embryonic development
Uploaded: 2015-02-09T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 22 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development at JoVE.com

We are grateful to Gurdon laboratory members for useful discussion. K.M. is a Research Fellow at Wolfson College and is supported by the Herchel Smith Postdoctoral Fellowship and the Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation. Gurdon laboratory is supported by grants from the Wellcome Trust (RG69899) and MRC to J.B.G.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

우리는 여기에 세부 산모의 요인을 고갈하거나 수정하기 전에 외생 적 요인을 과발현하는 새로운 방법. 이 시스템은 두 microinjections 필요하지만, 대신에 호스트 전송 방법에 사용 7,17 개구리 수술을 건너 뛴다. 그것은 동물 보호의 관점에서 개구리 수술 단계를 제거하는 최적이다. 또한, 우리는 우리가 실험의 성공에 영향을 미치는 하나의 생물학적 요인을 제거 할 수 있다는 것을 의미, 전송 실험에 대한 호스트 여성 개구리의 품질을 고려 할 필요가 없습니다. 따라서이 시스템에 PMSG 감작 개구리에서 얻은 난자의 질이 성공적으로 실험을위한 핵심 주요 생물학적 요인이다. 난자의 품질은 난소 또는 후 defolliculation의 수집 후 판단 할 수있다. 어떤 이상이 이러한 단계에서 관찰되는 경우, 새로운 개구리에서 다른 난소를 수집하는 최적이다. 당신이 난자의 품질을 확인하는 또 다른 점은 난자의 성숙 후입니다. progesteron의 경우 80 % 미만전자 처리 된 난자가 성숙의 징후를 보여, 당신은 더 분석을위한 배아의 충분한 수를 얻을 수없는 경우가 있습니다. 효소 defolliculation 대​​신 수동 defolliculation의 사용은 또한 defolliculation 필요한 시간을 삭감하는 본 시스템의 또 다른 장점이다. 그러나, 수동 defolliculation 효소 처리가보다 나은 개발을 줄 수 있다는 것을 여전히 가능하다. 도 3에 도시 된 바와 같이, 시험 관내에서의 거의 10 %가 수영 올챙이 스테이지에 도달 할 수 난자 성숙. 이 자료는 8 및 새로운 주입 실험에서보고 된 13 개의 독립적 인 실험에서 수집됩니다. 호스트 전사 방법은 전사 난자 30-60 %의 neurula 스테이지 (17)에 도달 할 수 있기 때문에 의미있는 데이터를 얻기위한 각 난자 75-150 치료를 필요로한다. 우리의 방법은 일반적으로 절단 배아의 약 40-60%가 도달 할 수 있기 때문에 각 실험군에서 200 ~ 300 난자로 시작근육 응답 무대. 이러한 데이터는 두 가지 방법이 합리적인 개발 속도를 지원하는 것이 좋습니다. 우리는 지금까지이 방법은 변형을 통해 개발을 지원하는 것을 나타내는,이 기술을 사용하여 제어 mRNA의 주입 및 제어 안티센스 올리고 주입 된 난자에서 10 살아있는 개구리를 얻었다. 우리 난자 조작-ICSI 방법 곧 수정 후, 초기 배아 발달 동안 모체 인자의 역할을 테스트 할 수있는 기회를 제공한다. 또한, 수정 전에 염색질 수정 인자의 과발현은 가능한 개발에 필요한 산모의 염색질 상태를 이해하기위한 수정하기 전에 산모의 염색질을 개조 할 수 있습니다. 이 전략은 또한 이들도 수정하기 전에 표현 될 수 있기 때문에 전사 활성제와 같은 이펙터 클레아 제 (TALEN) 18, 19 및 CRISPR / CAS9 (20, 21)로 현재 유전자 편집 시스템과 잘 작동 할 수 있습니다. 따라서, 우리의 새로운 접근 방식은 potenti가알은 미래 많은 응용에 사용될 수있다.

아프리카 발톱 개구리 laevis의 개발 1 연구 널리 사용되는 강력한 모델 생물이다. 제노 푸스 달걀 풍부한 (포유 동물 대응 물에 비해 약 0.1 mm 인에 약 1.2-1.4 mm) 비정상적으로 큰 때문이다. 계란 (4,000-8,000 세포 단계 8-8.5에서 발생, MBT) 중간 포배 전이 될 때까지 배아 발달을 구동하기에 충분하다 모계 합성 및 저장 구성 요소가 포함되어 있습니다. MBT이어서 발전 지시 배아 유전자 산물을 생산 접합체 게놈 활성화를 수반한다. 많은 연구 개발을위한 중요한 산모 요인을 파악하는 것을 목표로. 많은 연구는 단백질의 경우 모계 저하 스테이지 낭배 2-4에서 관찰 될 수있는 수정 된 배아에 모르 폴리 노 올리고 뉴클레오티드를 포함 안티센스 올리고 뉴클레오티드 (올리고)의 주입에 의존한다. 대안 적으로,이 수정 된 mRNA를 주입하여 EMbryos 유전자 기능을 방해하거나 과발현 단백질의 운명을 추적. 그러나, 하나의 세포 단계 배아 내로 주입 정상적으로 MBT 전에 초기 배아 단계에서 모체 단백질의 발현 수준에 영향을 미치지 않는다. 와일리 Heasman 및 5는이 문제를 극복하기 위해 호스트 전송 방법을 확립. 이들 방법에서, 수동 defolliculated 난자 안티센스 올리고으로 주입되고, 호스트 (6)에 전송 암컷. 초기 배아 발달의 하향 조절 단백질의 역할을 조사 할 수 있도록 단백질을 하향 조절되기 전에 수정된다. 7에서 평가로서이 모체 공핍있어서, 모체 단백질의 몇몇 독특한 역할 발달 식별되었다. 수정 이전의 mRNA의 모성 결핍 또는 과잉 발현이 매뉴얼 defolliculation 및 호스트 전송없이 달성되는이 보고서, 우리는 세부 사항 우리의 최근에 개발 된 방법에서,8. 수동 defolliculation 시간과 호스트의 전송은 종종 많은 따라서 임산부 공핍 방법의 빈번한 사용을 방해하는, 숙련 된 기술과 동물의 수술 별 라이선스를 필요로 요구한다. Defolliculation 및 호스트 전송은 각각 효소 defolliculation 9, 10 및 세포질 내 정자 주입 (ICSI) 11 ~ 13로 치환된다. 계란 ICSI 원래 형질 개구리 (12)를 제조 하였다. 정자와 배아 핵은 체외 성숙 양서류의 난자 11,14,15에 이식했다. 여기, 우리가 있었던 체외 성숙 난자에 정자를 주입하는 단계별 방법을 보여 안티센스 올리고 또는 ​​mRNA의 사전을 주입.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MSD Animal Health</td><td>Vm 01708/4309</td><td>PMSG-Intervet 5000iu powder and solvent for solution for injection</td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt (MS222)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A5040</td><td>For anesthesia</td></tr><tr><td>Liberase TM Research Grade</td><td>Roche</td><td>05 401 127 001</td><td>For oocyte defolliculation. Store at -20&amp;nbsp;&amp;#176;C.</td></tr><tr><td>Drummond Nanoject</td><td>Drummond Scientific Company</td><td>3-000-205/206</td><td>For microinjection</td></tr><tr><td>glass capillary&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Alpha laboratories</td><td>7&amp;rdquo; Drummond #3-000-203-G/XL</td><td>For microinjection</td></tr><tr><td>Micropipette Puller&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SUTTER Instrument</td><td>Model D-97</td><td>For microinjection</td></tr><tr><td>UltraPure Agarose</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>16500-500</td><td>For &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; maturation and ICSI</td></tr><tr><td>14 ml ultra-clear centrifuge tube&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Beckman Coulter United Kingdom Ltd</td><td>344060</td><td>For sperm purification</td></tr><tr><td>OptiPrep Density Gradient Medium (Iodixanol)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D1556</td><td>For sperm purification</td></tr><tr><td>Digitonin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D141</td><td>Cell permeabilization reagent</td></tr><tr><td>Shaker</td><td>Hybaid&amp;nbsp;</td><td>HB-SHK-1</td><td>For oocyte defolliculation</td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting microscope (Stereo zoom microscope)</td><td>ZEISS</td><td>Semi SV6</td><td>For oocyte collection and microinjection</td></tr><tr><td>50 &amp;mu;m pore filter</td><td>CellTrics</td><td>04-0042-2317</td><td>For sperm purification</td></tr><tr><td>Ultracentrifuge</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>Optima L-100XP</td><td>For sperm purification</td></tr><tr><td>50 ml centrifuge tube</td><td>Cellstar Greiner Bio-One</td><td>227261 or 210261</td><td>Oocyte collection and defolliculation reaction</td></tr><tr><td>15 ml centrifuge tube</td><td>FALCON</td><td>352097</td><td>For sperm purification</td></tr><tr><td>90 mm Petri dish&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>101VR20/C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Easy-Grip Cell Culture Dish, 60&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;15 mm</td><td>FALCON</td><td>353004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Easy-Grip Cell Culture Dish, 35&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;15 mm</td><td>FALCON</td><td>351008</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

manipulation and in vitro maturation of xenopus laevis oocytes, followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection, to study embryonic development

Amphibian eggs have been widely used to study embryonic development. Early embryonic development is driven by maternally stored factors accumulated during oogenesis. In order to study roles of such maternal factors in early embryonic development, it is desirable to manipulate their functions from the very beginning of embryonic development. Conventional ways of gene interference are achieved by injection of antisense oligonucleotides (oligos) or mRNA into fertilized eggs, enabling under- or over-expression of specific proteins, respectively. However, these methods normally require more than several hours until protein expression is affected, and, hence, the interference of gene functions is not effective during early embryonic stages. Here, we introduce an experimental system in which expression levels of maternal proteins can be altered before fertilization. Xenopus laevis oocytes obtained from ovaries are defolliculated by incubating with enzymes. Antisense oligos or mRNAs are injected into defolliculated oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage. These oocytes are in vitro matured to eggs at the metaphase II (MII) stage, followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). By this way, up to 10% of ICSI embryos can reach the swimming tadpole stage, thus allowing functional tests of specific gene knockdown or overexpression. This approach can be a useful way to study roles of maternally stored factors in early embryonic development.

체외 성숙 난자에 사용 ICSI 배아의 배아 개발 (그림 3A)를 조사 하였다. MII 단계에 GV 난자의 성숙 속도는 가변적 크게 난자의 품질에 따라 달라집니다. 좋은 실험에서, GV 난자의 거의 100 %가 마침내 MII 단계에서 계란되고, 난자의 성숙의 프로게스테론과 쇼 징후에 응답합니다. 모든 성숙 된 난자는 ICSI를 실시하고 주입 절단 계란의 약 25 % (그림 3A, N = 제어 (13)는 올리고 주입 난 모세포를 스크램블 N = 더 올리고 주입 난 모세포 7) 하였다. 약 60 % 또는 제어 올리고 주입 난 모세포 또는 비 - 주입 난 모세포로부터 생성 된 절단 배아의 80 %는 각각, 포배 / 스테이지 낭배 도달. 포배 / 낭배 배아의 82 %를 n에 좋은 품질의했다 반면 포배 / 낭 배기 배아 중 올리고 주입 시료에서 배아의 약 절반 (이상 분열 및 세포 사멸의 거의 흔적) 좋은 품질했다에 주입 된 샘플 (도 3A). 비 주입 시료에서 60 % 및 절단 배아의 29 %는 (그림 3A)를 한 동안 마지막으로, 41 % 및 올리고 주입 시료에서 절단 배아의 11 %는 각각 근육 반응과 수영 올챙이 단계에 도달했다. 이 ICSI 배아는 정상 및 비정상 배아 (그림 3B)의 혼합물이다. 그들 중 일부는 변형을 거쳐 개구리 8 성숙 개발한다. 이러한 결과는 IVM과 ICSI 다음 GV 난자에 안티센스 올리고 뉴클레오티드의 주입, 효율적인 초기 배아 발달을 허용하는 것이 좋습니다. 안티센스 올리고 자체의 주입 배아 개발을 감소하지만, 우리는 여전히 성장 발달 검사로 많은 실험을 위해 충분한 배아를 획득 할 수 있으며, RT-PCR, 등등 웨스턴 블롯합니다. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52496/52496fig1highres.jpg" /> 무화과<html> 우레 1 : 아프리카 발톱 개구리의 전형적인 예는 체외 성숙 실험을위한 좋은 품질 또는 나쁜 품질의 난자를 laevis의. (A) 나쁜 품질 난자의 예. 예를 들어, 곳곳에 색소 침착을 보여주는 난자 후속 실험에 사용되지 않습니다. 각 Xenopus의 난자는 직경 약 1.2-1.4 mm이다 laevis의. (B) 부분 defolliculated 난자. 난자의 우측 절반은 혈관의 존재에 의해 식별 될 수있는 모낭 세포에 의해 덮여있다. 화살표는 모낭 세포의 자유와 주사 바늘이 주입된다되는 영역을 도시한다. (C)의 동일한 크기이며 동물 반구 및 식물성 반구 사이에 명확한 명암 고르게 착색 동물 반구 표시 양질 난자의 예. 2496 / 52496fig2highres.jpg &quot;/&gt; 그림 2 :. Xenopus의 전과 후 성숙 난자를 laevis의 난자 성숙 후, 분명 흰색 반점 동물 반구 모낭 세포의 상단에 나타납니다 박리된다. 각 아프리카 발톱 개구리 laevis의 난자는 직경이 약 1mm이다. <img alt="그림 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52496/52496fig3highres.jpg" /> 그림 3 : 체외 성숙 난자에에서 생산 ICSI 배아의 개발. 각 단계에 ICSI 배아의 (A) 개발이 요약되어있다. 컨트롤이 IVM과 ICSI 다음 안티센스 올리고 뉴클레오티드 (제어 올리고 주입) 또는 주입 (비 주입)을하지 않고, 스크램블와 난 모세포가 주입되었다. 각 단계에서 배아의 해당 번호는 바 위에 표시됩니다. ± SEM이 표시됩니다 의미. N = 4-13 독립적 인 실험 / 다른 Females. (B) ICSI 배아 생존의 예. 이러한 tailbud 단계 배아 약 200 난자 출발 물질로서 사용 된 하나의 실험 제작 하였다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development at JoVE.com

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

We describe methods of manipulating Xenopus laevis immature oocytes, in vitro maturation of oocytes to eggs, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. This protocol allows degradation of some maternal proteins and overexpression of genes of interest at fertilization, and hence is valuable to study roles of specific factors in early embryonic development.

조작 및<em&gt; 체외</em의&gt; 성숙<em&gt; 아프리카 발톱 개구리 laevis의</em세포질 내 정자 주입에 이어&gt; 난 모세포, 배아 발달을 연구하는

Amphibian eggs have been widely used to study embryonic development. Early embryonic development is driven by maternally stored factors accumulated during ...

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Developmental Biology

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

22.5K 조회수.  University of Cambridge. We describe methods of manipulating Xenopus laevis immature oocytes, in vitro maturation of oocytes to eggs, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. This protocol allows degradation of some maternal proteins and overexpression of genes of interest at fertilization, and hence is valuable to study roles of specific factors in early embryonic development.

비디오: Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

This protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. The ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the large size of their cells in early embryos, make Xenopus laevis a useful model for visualising GFP-tagged ligands. Synthetic mRNAs are efficiently translated after injection into early stage Xenopus embryos, and injections can be targeted to a single cell. When combined with a lineage tracer such as membrane tethered RFP, the injected cell (and its descendants) that are producing the overexpressed protein can easily be followed. This protocol describes a method for the production of fluorescently tagged Wnt and Shh ligands from injected mRNA. The methods involve the micro dissection of ectodermal explants (animal caps) and the analysis of ligand diffusion in multiple samples. By using confocal imaging, information about ligand secretion and diffusion over a field of cells can be obtained. Statistical analyses of confocal images provide quantitative data on the shape of ligand gradients. These methods may be useful to researchers who want to test the effects of factors that may regulate the shape of morphogen gradients.

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

The manuscript here provides a simple set of methods for analysing the secretion and diffusion of fluorescently tagged ligands in Xenopus. This provides a context for testing the ability of other proteins to modify ligand distribution and allowing experiments that may give insight into mechanisms regulating morphogen gradients.

공 촛점 분석을 사용하여<em&gt; 아프리카 발톱 개구리 laevis의</em&gt;의 Wnt 및 쉬 Morphogen 그라디언트의 변조기를 조사하기 위해

This protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. The ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the ...

연구

발생학

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

Understanding the genetic programs underlying neural development is an important goal of developmental and stem cell biology. In the amphibian blastula, cells from the roof of the blastocoel are pluripotent. These cells can be isolated, and programmed to generate various tissues through manipulation of genes expression or induction by morphogens. In this manuscript protocols are described for the use of Xenopus laevis blastocoel roof explants as an assay system to investigate key in vivo and in vitro features of early neural development. These protocols allow the investigation of fate acquisition, cell migration behaviors, and cell autonomous and non-autonomous properties. The blastocoel roof explants can be cultured in a serum-free defined medium and grafted into host embryos. This transplantation into an embryo allows the investigation of the long-term lineage commitment, the inductive properties, and the behavior of transplanted cells in vivo. These assays can be exploited to investigate molecular mechanisms, cellular processes and gene regulatory networks underlying neural development. In the context of regenerative medicine, these assays provide a means to generate neural-derived cell types in vitro that could be used in drug screening.

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

In Xenopus embryos, cells from the roof of the blastocoel are pluripotent and can be programmed to generate various tissues. Here, we describe protocols to use amphibian blastocoel roof explants as an assay system to investigate key in vivo and in vitro features of early neural development.

줄기 세포처럼<em&gt; Xenopus의</em&gt; 배아의 Explants는 초기 신경 발달의 특징을 연구하는<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 및<em&gt; 생체</em

Understanding the genetic programs underlying neural development is an important goal of developmental and stem cell biology. In the amphibian blastula, ...

Functional Cloning Using a Xenopus Oocyte Expression System

Identification of genes responsible for embryonic induction poses a number of challenges; to name a few, secreted molecules of interest may be low in abundance, may not be secreted but tethered to the signaling cell(s), or may require the presence of binding partners or upstream regulatory molecules. Thus in a search for gene products capable of eliciting an early lens-inductive response in competent ectoderm, we utilized an expression cloning system that would allow identification of paracrine or juxtacrine factors as well as transcriptional or other regulatory proteins. Pools of mRNA were injected into Xenopus oocytes, and responding tissue placed directly on the oocytes and co-cultured. Following functional cloning of ldb1 from a neural plate stage cDNA library based on its ability to elicit the expression of the early lens placode marker foxe3 in lens-competent animal cap ectoderm, we characterized the mRNA expression pattern, and assayed developmental progression following overexpression or knockdown of ldb1. This system is suitable in a very wide variety of contexts where identification of an inducer or its upstream regulatory molecules is sought using a functional response in competent tissue.

Functional Cloning Using a Xenopus Oocyte Expression System

We describe a Xenopus oocyte and animal cap system for the expression cloning of genes capable of inducing a response in competent ectoderm, and discuss techniques for the subsequent analysis of such genes. This system is useful in the functional identification of a wide range of gene products.

를 사용하여 기능성 복제<em&gt; Xenopus의</em&gt; 난자 발현 시스템

Identification of genes responsible for embryonic induction poses a number of challenges; to name a few, secreted molecules of interest may be low in ...

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus embryos are large, develop externally, and can be easily manipulated by microinjection or surgical procedures. In addition, fate maps have been established for early Xenopus embryos. Targeted microinjection into the individual blastomere that will eventually give rise to an organ or tissue of interest can be used to selectively overexpress or knock down gene expression within this restricted region, decreasing secondary effects in the rest of the developing embryo. In this protocol, we describe how to utilize established Xenopus fate maps to target the developing Xenopus kidney (the pronephros), through microinjection into specific blastomere of 4- and 8-cell embryos. Injection of lineage tracers allows verification of the specific targeting of the injection. After embryos have developed to stage 38 - 40, whole-mount immunostaining is used to visualize pronephric development, and the contribution by targeted cells to the pronephros can be assessed. The same technique can be adapted to target other tissue types in addition to the pronephros.

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Here, we present a protocol to use fate maps and lineage tracers to target injections into individual blastomeres that give rise to the kidney of Xenopus laevis embryos.

개발에 미세 주입을 대상으로 기술<em&gt; Xenopus의</em&gt; 신장

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus ...

Functional Manipulation of Maternal Gene Products Using In Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish

Cellular events that take place during the earliest stages of animal embryonic development are driven by maternally derived gene products deposited into the developing oocyte. Because these events rely on maternal products which typically act very soon after fertilization-that preexist inside the egg, standard approaches for expression and functional reduction involving the injection of reagents into the fertilized egg are typically ineffective. Instead, such manipulations must be performed during oogenesis, prior to or during the accumulation of maternal products. This article describes in detail a protocol for the in vitro maturation of immature zebrafish oocytes and their subsequent in vitro fertilization, yielding viable embryos that survive to adulthood. This method allows the functional manipulation of maternal products during oogenesis, such as the expression of products for phenotypic rescue and tagged construct visualization, as well as the reduction of gene function through reverse-genetics agents.

Functional Manipulation of Maternal Gene Products Using In Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish

An optimized protocol for the in vitro maturation of zebrafish oocytes used for the manipulation of maternal gene products is presented here.

사용 모성 유전자 제품의 기능 조작<em&gt; 체외</em제브라 피쉬&gt; 난자의 성숙

Cellular events that take place during the earliest stages of animal embryonic development are driven by maternally derived gene products deposited into ...

Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Angiogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis

Blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, and the formation of the vascular network is under tight developmental control. The efficient in vivo visualization of blood vessels and the reliable quantification of their complexity are key to understanding the biology and disease of the vascular network. Here, we provide a detailed method to visualize blood vessels with a commercially available fluorescent dye, human plasma acetylated low density lipoprotein DiI complex (DiI-AcLDL), and to quantify their complexity in Xenopus tropicalis. Blood vessels can be labeled by a simple injection of DiI-AcLDL into the beating heart of an embryo, and blood vessels in the entire embryo can be imaged in live or fixed embryos. Combined with gene perturbation by the targeted microinjection of nucleic acids and/or the bath application of pharmacological reagents, the roles of a gene or of a signaling pathway on vascular development can be investigated within one week without resorting to sophisticated genetically engineered animals. Because of the well-defined venous system of Xenopus and its stereotypic angiogenesis, the sprouting of pre-existing vessels, vessel complexity can be quantified efficiently after perturbation experiments. This relatively simple protocol should serve as an easily accessible tool in diverse fields of cardiovascular research.

Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Angiogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis

This protocol demonstrates a fluorescence-based method to visualize the vasculature and to quantify its complexity in Xenopus tropicalis. Blood vessels can be imaged minutes after the injection of a fluorescent dye into the beating heart of an embryo after genetic and/or pharmacological manipulations to study cardiovascular development in vivo.

의 배아 혈관 신생에 대한 시각화 및 정량 분석<em&gt; Xenopus tropicalis</em

Blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, and the formation of the vascular network is under tight developmental control. The ...

Microinjection of Xenopus Laevis Oocytes

Microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy (EM) is an excellent system for studying nucleocytoplasmic transport. Because of its large nucleus and high density of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), nuclear transport can be easily visualized in the Xenopus oocyte. Much insight into the mechanisms of nuclear import and export has been gained through use of this system (reviewed by Pant&eacute;, 2006). In addition, we have used microinjection of Xenopus oocytes to dissect the nuclear import pathways of several viruses that replicate in the host nucleus. 
Here we demonstrate the cytoplasmic microinjection of Xenopus oocytes with a nuclear import substrate. We also show preparation of the injected oocytes for visualization by thin-sectioning EM, including dissection, dehydration, and embedding of the oocytes into an epoxy embedding resin. Finally, we provide representative results for oocytes that have been microinjected with the capsid of the baculovirus Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) or the parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice (MVM), and discuss potential applications of the technique.

Here we demonstrate cytoplasmic microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes with a nuclear import substrate, as well as preparation of the injected oocytes for visualization by thin-sectioning electron microscopy.

Xenopus Laevis의 Oocytes의 Microinjection

Microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy (EM) is an excellent system for studying nucleocytoplasmic ...

생물학

Fertilization of Xenopus oocytes using the Host Transfer Method

Studying the contribution of maternally inherited molecules to vertebrate early development is often hampered by the time and expense necessary to generate maternal-effect mutant animals. Additionally, many of the techniques to overexpress or inhibit gene function in organisms such as Xenopus and zebrafish fail to sufficiently target critical maternal signaling pathways, such as Wnt signaling. In Xenopus, manipulating gene function in cultured oocytes and subsequently fertilizing them can ameliorate these problems to some extent. Oocytes are manually defolliculated from donor ovary tissue, injected or treated in culture as desired, and then stimulated with progesterone to induce maturation. Next, the oocytes are introduced into the body cavity of an ovulating host female frog, whereupon they will be translocated through the host's oviduct and acquire modifications and jelly coats necessary for fertilization. The resulting embryos can then be raised to the desired stage and analyzed for the effects of any experimental perturbations. This host-transfer method has been highly effective in uncovering basic mechanisms of early development and allows a wide range of experimental possibilities not available in any other vertebrate model organism.

Fertilization of Xenopus oocytes using the Host Transfer Method

Procedure for fertilizing Xenopus oocytes by the host transfer method.

의 수정 Xenopus의 oocytes 호스트 전송 방법을 사용하여

Studying the contribution of maternally inherited molecules to vertebrate early development is often hampered by the time and expense necessary to ...

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes in cell surface area and cell height, and where cells undergo mitosis and migrate. Furthermore, epithelial cells can also regulate morphogenetic movements in adjacent tissues1. A traditional method to study epithelial cells and tissues involve chemical fixation and histological methods to determine cell morphology or localization of particular proteins of interest. These approaches continue to be useful and provide "snapshots" of cell shapes and tissue architecture, however, much remains to be understood about how cells acquire specific shapes, how various proteins move or localize to specific positions, and what paths cells follow toward their final differentiated fate. High resolution live imaging complements traditional methods and also allows more direct investigation into the dynamic cellular processes involved in the formation, maintenance, and morphogenesis of multicellular epithelial sheets. Here we demonstrate experimental methods from the isolation of animal cap tissues from Xenopus laevis embryos to confocal imaging of epithelial cells and simple measurement approaches that together can augment molecular and cellular studies of epithelial morphogenesis.

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus embryonic epithelia are an ideal model system to study cell behaviors such as polarity development and shape change during epithelial morphogenesis. Traditional histology of fixed samples is increasingly being complemented by live-cell confocal imaging. Here we demonstrate methods to isolate frog tissues and visualize live epithelial cells and their cytoskeleton using live-cell confocal microscopy.

라이브 셀 이미징 및 배아 상피 세포의 정량 분석 Xenopus laevis</em

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes ...

Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation

Stable integration of cloned gene products into the Xenopus genome is necessary to control the time and place of expression, to express genes at later stages of embryonic development, and to define how enhancers and promoters regulate gene expression within the embryo. The protocol demonstrated here can be used to efficiently produce transgenic Xenopus laevis embryos. This transgenesis approach involves three parts: 1. Sperm nuclei are isolated from adult X. laevis testis by treatment with lysolecithin, which permeabilizes the sperm plasma membrane. 2. Egg extract is prepared by low speed centrifugation, addition of calcium to cause the extract to progress to interphase of the cell cycle, and a high-speed centrifugation to isolate interphase cytosol. 3. Nuclear transplantation: the nuclei and extract are combined with the linearized plasmid DNA to be introduced as the transgene and a small amount of restriction enzyme. During a short reaction, egg extract partially decondenses the sperm chromatin and the restriction enzyme generates chromosomal breaks that promote recombination of the transgene into the genome. The treated sperm nuclei are then transplanted into unfertilized eggs. Integration of the transgene usually occurs prior to the first embryonic cleavage such that the resulting embryos are not chimeric. These embryos can be analyzed without any need to breed to the next generation, allowing for efficient and rapid generation of transgenic embryos for analyses of promoter and gene function. Adult X. laevis resulting from this procedure also propagate the transgene through the germline and can be used to generate lines of transgenic animals for multiple purposes.

Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation

This video protocol demonstrates a method for generating transgenic Xenopus laevis by introduction of transgenes into sperm nuclei followed by nuclear transplantation into unfertilized eggs.

트렌스 제닉 생산 Xenopus laevis 제한 효소 중재 통합 및 핵 이식에 의해

Stable integration of cloned gene products into the Xenopus genome is necessary to control the time and place of expression, to express genes at later ...

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요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

공 촛점 분석을 사용하여

줄기 세포처럼

를 사용하여 기능성 복제

개발에 미세 주입을 대상으로 기술

사용 모성 유전자 제품의 기능 조작

의 배아 혈관 신생에 대한 시각화 및 정량 분석

Xenopus Laevis의 Oocytes의 Microinjection

의 수정 Xenopus의 oocytes 호스트 전송 방법을 사용하여

라이브 셀 이미징 및 배아 상피 세포의 정량 분석 Xenopus laevis

트렌스 제닉 생산 Xenopus laevis 제한 효소 중재 통합 및 핵 이식에 의해