저자는 원고들의 중요한 평가 매튜 켈리, 티지 아나 Cogliati, 제시카 Gumerson, 우베 Wolfrum, Rivka Levron, 비올라 KRETSCHMER와 조이 맨을 감사하고 싶습니다. 이 작품은 Sofja Kovalevskaya에 상 (Humbodlt 재단)와 요하네스 구텐베르크 대학, 마인츠, 독일에 의해 투자되었다.

<ol>
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The author declares no competing financial interests.

분석을 위해 인공 조직을 준비 할 때, 명심 할 몇 가지 주요 사항이 있습니다. 우선, 유전 적 배경 차이는 필요한 분석에만 한배 새끼 컨트롤과 비교하게 인공 표현형을 수정할 수있다. 둘째, tectorial 막의 완전한 제거는 면역 조직 화학 최상의 이미지를 얻기 위해 필요한 및 SEM을 위해 필수적이다. tectorial 막은 불투명 한 구조 및 이미지가 더 도전하고, 그 아래에 직접 감각 상피의 세포를 모호하게 ...

차 섬모는 대부분의 포유 동물 세포의 표면에서 연장 긴 미세 소관 기반의 부속 기관입니다. 차 섬모는 종종있는 항상 셀 당 여러가, 운동성 섬모와 혼동하고, 그 목적은 막 표면에서 유체를 이동하는 것입니다 수 있습니다. 차 섬모 대조적으로, 감각 역할을 채택하고 그 결과 또한 감각 섬모라고합니다. 일단 오래 잊고,이 세포 기관은 최근 인간의 유전 질환 1의 다수와의 연결의 결과로 &#39;재발견&#39;되고있다. 이상적 신호 소기관으로 위치 된 일차 섬모 수많은 시그널링 조직 항상성 및 질병뿐만 아니라 중요 이는 많은 경로,뿐만 아니라 개발이 과정을 조절하는 것으로 나타났다. 섬모 기능 장애와 연관되는 것으로 도시 제 1 시그널링 경로 중 하나가 평면 셀 극성 (PCP) 경로라고도 비정규 Wnt 신호 전달 경로이었다 <sup<html> &gt; 3. 처음 초파리에서 확인이 신호 캐스케이드, 배아 중요하다; 통합 및 확장 프로세스 특히와 상피 (4)의 평면에서 세포의 올바른 방향에 대해. 조절 단백질의 집합 코어의 연속 신호는 궁극적으로 세포 골격 재 배열로 이어질 및 평면 5 상피 세포의 조정 편광 될 방향 신호를 변환합니다. 융합과 확장의 과정은 절대적으로 연장하는 인공 와우 덕트과 올바른 휴대 패턴 (6)이 필요합니다. 이것은 PCP 경로의 활성화를 통해 조절된다으로 달팽이관 PCP 돌연변이의 가장 눈에 띄는 표현형 하나 무질서 감각 상피 7 단축 인공 덕트이다. 규제이 밝혀지지 남아 정확히 어떻게하지만 마찬가지로, 또한, 속눈썹이 부족 마우스 돌연변이는 이러한 통합 및 확장 표현형 8,9을 나타낸다. 통합 및 확장 프로세스가 인공 와우 덕트의 부산물 및 인공 와우 덕트 내의 감각 상피의 세포 패터닝 중요하기 때문에 ve_content는 &quot;&gt;, 개발 달팽이관은 척추 개발하는 동안 PCP 신호를 검사 할 수있는 이상적인 기관이다.의 기관 코르티, 인공 와우 덕트, 균일 (10)를 작동하는 달팽이관을 위해 지향해야 비 감각지지 세포와 mechanosensory 유모 세포로 구성되어 줄 전문 감각 상피에 주어진 용어입니다. mechanosensory 유모 세포 그렇게 때문에의 호출 cuticular 판에서 연장 stereociliary 번들 각 감각 헤어 셀 (11)의 (선 단면). mechanosensation 및 stereocilia 그들의 명칭에도 불구하고 차 트랜스 듀서로서 이러한 행위는 실제로 수정 액틴 필라멘트 기반의 미세 융모로 구성된다. 각 갈매기 모양의 머리 내 번들은, stereocilia의 세 행이 높은 주문 및 일반 PA로 구성됩니다계단 경우와 같은 방식으로 ttern. 리얼 미세 소관 기반 섬모가 되나 kinocilia는 stereociliary 번들 (12)의 발전 방향에 대해 요구된다. 각 머리 셀에, 하나의 kinocilium 물리적 stereocilia의 가장 높은 행 중앙에 인접하여 위치, stereocilia 번들에 부착된다. kinocilium의 정확한 기능은 명확하지 않다, 하나의 가설은 미세 융모 (12)로부터 성숙 kinocilium 모양으로 stereocilia를 &#39;당겨&#39;이다. 척추 동물에서, 달팽이관에 kinocilia은 일시적으로 만 존재하고 11,13,14 청각의 발병하기 전에 쥐의 유모 세포에서 후퇴. 심각하게 단축 인공 와우 덕트의 개발 달팽이관 결과에 섬모의 전체 손실, 잘못을 형성하고 stereociliary 번들뿐만 아니라 잘못된 위치에 기초 몸 8,9 잘못이 지향. 기능 섬모는 단지 섬모 axoneme 구성되어 있지 않습니다. 섬모와 관련된 많은 단백질기능은 기초 신체, 전이 영역, 또는 섬모 axoneme 15 섬모 관련 하위 도메인에 지역화 단지에서 발생합니다. 중심체의 어머니 중심 소체에서 파생 된 기저 몸은 또한 세포체로 떨어져 섬모에서 연장 미세 소관에 대한 미세 소관 조직화 센터 및 세포 내 인신 매매뿐만 아니라 섬모 인신 매매를 규제 할 수 있습니다. 섬모 전이 영역은 섬모 기능이 섬모 화합물 (16)의 가져 오기 및 내보내기를 조직의 관점에서 규제되고 또 다른 영역이다. 정확한 메커니즘은 명확하지 않지만 17 여러 연구는 섬모 및 비표준의 Wnt (PCP 신호) 사이의 연결을 확인 하였다. 섬모와 PCP 유전자의 중복과 일반 세포의 이상으로 세포 극성의 감도, 어려운 직접 PCP 별 적자에 돌연변이를 링크 할 수 있습니다. PCP 시그널링 리드 아웃 중 하나가 기부 본체와 PRIMAR의 포지셔닝y를 섬모 따라서 보조 결함 차를 분리하는 도전이다. 제브라 피쉬와 마우스 돌연변이의 일부 연구는 18 ~ 20 신호 섬모와의 Wnt 사이에 연결을 제안 없었다. 데이터의 불일치 종, 조직, 또는 Wnt 신호으로 섬모 기여금 시간에 의존하는 차이를 반영 할 수있다. 기초 몸은 기능을 유지하는 경우 또한, 정상의 Wnt 응답 성이 유지 될 수 있습니다. 세포 신호 전달 경로와 다른 생물학적 현상의 섬모 단백질의 역할에 대한 깊은 통찰력 우리 세포 및 발생 생물학 이해뿐만 아니라 표적 치료 전략의 개발이 매우 중요하다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Tools/Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone elastomere - Sylgard 184</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>761028-5EA</td>
			<td>See Note 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro dissecting scissors-straight blade</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps (no. 5 and 55) and blunt forceps</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope.</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uncoated glass microscope slides</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope cover slips (22 mm &#215; 40 mm &#215; 0.15 mm)</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer pipettes</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minutien pins</td>
			<td>&#160;Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>26002-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SEM sample holder</td>
			<td>tousimis</td>
			<td>8762</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning electron microscopy studs</td>
			<td>TED PELLA</td>
			<td>16111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PELCO Tabs: Carbon adhesive</td>
			<td>TED PELLA</td>
			<td>16084-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent Microscope</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Critical Point Dryer</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning Electron Microscope</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass microscope slides</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass coverslips</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipe Tissue&#160;</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Paint Brush</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1&#215; Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco/Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde&#160; (PFA) (EM Grade Required for EM)</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Prepare a 4% solution in 1&#215; PBS made fresh each time. EM Grade Required for EM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.5% Glutaraldehyde Grade1</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-HCl (pH 7.5)</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl 2</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AffiniPure Fab Fragment Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>715-007-003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoromount-G Mounting media</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>0100-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10&#215; Hanks&#8217; Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS)</td>
			<td>Gibco/Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes</td>
			<td>Gibco/Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Osmium tetroxide (OsO4 )</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich/Fluka Analytical</td>
			<td>75632</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tannic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>403040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol 200 proof</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti Arl13b</td>
			<td>Protein Tech</td>
			<td>17711-1-AP</td>
			<td>Suggested concentration 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti acetylated tubulin (611-B1)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T6793</td>
			<td>Suggested concentration 1:800</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti gamma tubulin (GTU-88)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T6557</td>
			<td>Suggested concentration 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti Zo_1&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>40-2300</td>
			<td>Suggested concentration 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Myosin VI</td>
			<td>Proteus Biosciences</td>
			<td>25-6791</td>
			<td>Suggested concentration 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Myosin VIIa</td>
			<td>Proteus Biosciences</td>
			<td>25-6790</td>
			<td>Suggested concentration 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti Vangl2</td>
			<td>Merk Millipore</td>
			<td>ABN373</td>
			<td>Suggested concentration 1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti G&#945;i3</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G4040</td>
			<td>Suggested concentration 1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor&#174; 488 Phalloidin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen/Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A12379</td>
			<td>Suggested concentration 1:300-1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor&#174; 568 Phalloidin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen/Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A12380</td>
			<td>Suggested concentration 1:300-1000</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluation of planar-cell-polarity phenotypes in ciliopathy mouse mutant cochlea

In recent years, primary cilia have emerged as key regulators in development and disease by influencing numerous signaling pathways. One of the earliest signaling pathways shown to be associated with ciliary function was the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway, also referred to as planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. One of the best places in which to study the effects of planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling during vertebrate development is the mammalian cochlea. PCP signaling disruption in the mouse cochlea disrupts cochlear outgrowth, cellular patterning and hair cell orientation, all of which are affected by cilia dysfunction. The goal of this protocol is to describe the analysis of PCP signaling in the developing mammalian cochlea via phenotypic analysis, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy. Defects in convergence and extension are manifested as a shortening of the cochlear duct and/or changes in cellular patterning, which can be quantified following dissection from developing mouse mutants. Changes in stereociliary bundle orientation and kinocilia length or positioning can be observed and quantitated using either immunofluorescence or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A deeper insight into the role of ciliary proteins in cellular signaling pathways and other biological phenomena is crucial for our understanding of cellular and developmental biology, as well as for the development of targeted treatment strategies.

와우 해부 및 조직 준비 뇌의 제거 후, (그림 1A, 흰색 화살표)를 시각화 및 제거 할 수 있습니다 뒤에서 본 P0 마우스 머리, 뼈 미로, 사후 중간 라인 시상 해부.도 1b는 인공 머리를 가진 격리 된 뼈 미로를 보여줍니다 위쪽, 복부 (왼쪽)와 뒤에서 마주 지느러미 (오른쪽). 타원형 창에 흰색 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea at JoVE.com

Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea

Ciliopathy 마우스 돌연변이 달팽이관의 평면 셀 극성 표현형의 평가

Primary cilia influence various signaling pathways. The mammalian cochlea is ideal for examining planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Cilia dysfunction affects cochlear outgrowth, cellular patterning and hair cell orientation, readouts of PCP. Our goal is to analyze PCP signaling in mouse cochlea via phenotypic analysis, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy.

In recent years, primary cilia have emerged as key regulators in development and disease by influencing numerous signaling pathways. One of the earliest ...

evaluation-planar-cell-polarity-phenotypes-ciliopathy-mouse-mutant

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.3K 조회수.  Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. Primary cilia influence various signaling pathways. The mammalian cochlea is ideal for examining planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Cilia dysfunction affects cochlear outgrowth, cellular patterning and hair cell orientation, readouts of PCP. Our goal is to analyze PCP signaling in mouse cochlea via phenotypic analysis, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy.

비디오: Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a defect in insulin action. The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, or insulin clamp, is widely considered the "gold standard" method for assessing insulin action in vivo. During an insulin clamp, hyperinsulinemia is achieved by a constant insulin infusion. Euglycemia is maintained via a concomitant glucose infusion at a variable rate. This variable glucose infusion rate (GIR) is determined by measuring blood glucose at brief intervals throughout the experiment and adjusting the GIR accordingly. The GIR is indicative of whole-body insulin action, as mice with enhanced insulin action require a greater GIR. The insulin clamp can incorporate administration of isotopic 2[14C]deoxyglucose to assess tissue-specific glucose uptake and [3-3H]glucose to assess the ability of insulin to suppress the rate of endogenous glucose appearance (endoRa), a marker of hepatic glucose production, and to stimulate the rate of whole-body glucose disappearance (Rd).
The miniaturization of the insulin clamp for use in genetic mouse models of metabolic disease has led to significant advances in diabetes research. Methods for performing insulin clamps vary between laboratories. It is important to note that the manner in which an insulin clamp is performed can significantly affect the results obtained. We have published a comprehensive assessment of different approaches to performing insulin clamps in conscious mice1 as well as an evaluation of the metabolic response of four commonly used inbred mouse strains using various clamp techniques2. Here we present a protocol for performing insulin clamps on conscious, unrestrained mice developed by the Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center (MMPC; URL: www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/mmpc). This includes a description of the method for implanting catheters used during the insulin clamp. The protocol employed by the Vanderbilt MMPC utilizes a unique two-catheter system3. One catheter is inserted into the jugular vein for infusions. A second catheter is inserted into the carotid artery, which allows for blood sampling without the need to restrain or handle the mouse. This technique provides a significant advantage to the most common method for obtaining blood samples during insulin clamps which is to sample from the severed tip of the tail. Unlike this latter method, sampling from an arterial catheter is not stressful to the mouse1. We also describe methods for using isotopic tracer infusions to assess tissue-specific insulin action. We also provide guidelines for the appropriate presentation of results obtained from insulin clamps.

The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, or insulin clamp, is the gold standard for assessing insulin action in vivo. A method for performing insulin clamps in mice is described. This includes a method for arterial catheterization that permits experiments to be performed in conscious, unrestrained mice with minimal stress.

의식 억제 마우스에 인슈린 과다 - euglycemic 클램프

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a defect in insulin action. The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, or insulin clamp, is widely considered the "gold ...

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Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is often accompanied by osteoporosis in the sublesional regions of the pelvis and lower extremities, leading to a higher frequency of fractures 1. As these fractures often occur in regions that have lost normal sensory function, the patient is at a greater risk of fracture-dependent pathologies, including death. SCI-dependent loss in both bone mineral density (BMD, grams/cm2) and bone mineral content (BMC, grams) has been attributed to mechanical disuse 2, aberrant neuronal signaling 3 and hormonal changes 4. The use of rodent models of SCI-induced osteoporosis can provide invaluable information regarding the mechanisms underlying the development of osteoporosis following SCI as well as a test environment for the generation of new therapies 5-7 (and reviewed in 8). Mouse models of SCI are of great interest as they permit a reductionist approach to mechanism-based assessment through the use of null and transgenic mice. While such models have provided important data, there is still a need for minimally-invasive, reliable, reproducible, and quantifiable methods in determining the extent of bone loss following SCI, particularly over time and within the same cohort of experimental animals, to improve diagnosis, treatment methods, and/or prevention of SCI-induced osteoporosis.
An ideal method for measuring bone density in rodents would allow multiple, sequential (over time) exposures to low-levels of X-ray radiation. This study describes the use of a new whole-animal scanner, the IVIS Lumina XR (Caliper Instruments) that can be used to provide low-energy (1-3 milligray (mGy)) high-resolution, high-magnification X-ray images of mouse hind limb bones over time following SCI. Significant bone density loss was seen in the tibiae of mice by 10 days post-spinal transection when compared to uninjured, age-matched control (na&iuml;ve) mice (13% decrease, p&lt;0.0005). Loss of bone density in the distal femur was also detectable by day 10 post-SCI, while a loss of density in the proximal femur was not detectable until 40 days post injury (7% decrease, p&lt;0.05). SCI-dependent loss of mouse femur density was confirmed post-mortem through the use of Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), the current "gold standard" for bone density measurements. We detect a 12% loss of BMC in the femurs of mice at 40 days post-SCI using the IVIS Lumina XR. This compares favorably with a previously reported BMC loss of 13.5% by Picard and colleagues who used DXA analysis on mouse femurs post-mortem 30 days post-SCI 9. Our results suggest that the IVIS Lumina XR provides a novel, high-resolution/high-magnification method for performing long-term, longitudinal measurements of hind limb bone density in the mouse following SCI.

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology

A longitudinal examination of bone loss in the femurs and tibiae of adult mice was performed following spinal cord injury using sequential low-dose X-ray scans. Tibia bone loss was detected throughout the study, while bone loss in the femur was not detected until 40 days post injury.

소설을 사용하여 척수 상해 후에 마우스 뒷다리 뼈 손실의 세로 평가, 생체내에 방법론

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is often accompanied by osteoporosis in the sublesional regions of the pelvis and lower extremities, leading to a higher ...

Mouse Model of Intraluminal MCAO: Cerebral Infarct Evaluation by Cresyl Violet Staining

Stroke is the third cause of mortality and the leading cause of disability in the World. Ischemic stroke accounts for approximately 80% of all strokes. However, the thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only treatment of acute ischemic stroke that exists. This led researchers to develop several ischemic stroke models in a variety of species. Two major types of rodent models have been developed: models of global cerebral ischemia or focal cerebral ischemia. To mimic ischemic stroke in patients, in whom approximately 80% thrombotic or embolic strokes occur in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), the intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model is quite relevant for stroke studies. This model was first developed in rats by Koizumi et al. in 1986 1. Because of the ease of genetic manipulation in mice, these models have also been developed in this species 2-3.
	Herein, we present the transient MCA occlusion procedure in C57/Bl6 mice. Previous studies have reported that physical properties of the occluder such as tip diameter, length, shape, and flexibility are critical for the reproducibility of the infarct volume 4. Herein, a commercial silicon coated monofilaments (Doccol Corporation) have been used. Another great advantage is that this monofilament reduces the risk to induce subarachnoid hemorrhages. Using the Zeiss stereo-microscope Stemi 2000, the silicon coated monofilament was introduced into the internal carotid artery (ICA) via a cut in the external carotid artery (ECA) until the monofilament occludes the base of the MCA. Blood flow was restored 1 hour later by removal of the monofilament to mimic the restoration of blood flow after lysis of a thromboembolic clot in humans. The extent of cerebral infarct may be evaluated first by a neurologic score and by the measurement of the infarct volume. Ischemic mice were thus analyzed for their neurologic score at different post-reperfusion times. To evaluate the infarct volume, staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was usually performed. Herein, we used cresyl violet staining since it offers the opportunity to test many critical markers by immunohistochemistry. In this video, we report the MCAO procedure; neurological scores and the evaluation of the infarct volume by cresyl violet staining.

The intraluminal middle cerebral occlusion model in mice is herein presented. The extent of cerebral infarct is evaluated by a neurologic score and cresyl violet staining, an alternative staining to TTC, offering the great advantage to test in parallel many interest markers.

Intraluminal MCAO의 마우스 모델 : Cresyl 보라 착색에 의한 뇌 경색 평가

Stroke is the third  cause of mortality and the leading cause of disability in the World. Ischemic  stroke accounts for approximately 80% of all strokes. ...

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times. The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the trachea.

마우스 폐 삽관 법의 간단한 방법

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

Evaluation of Lung Metastasis in Mouse Mammary Tumor Models by Quantitative Real-time PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated death 1. Common sites of metastatic spread include lung, lymph node, brain, and bone 2. Mechanisms that drive metastasis are intense areas of cancer research. Consequently, effective assays to measure metastatic burden in distant sites of metastasis are instrumental for cancer research. Evaluation of lung metastases in mammary tumor models is generally performed by gross qualitative observation of lung tissue following dissection. Quantitative methods of evaluating metastasis are currently limited to ex vivo and in vivo imaging based techniques that require user defined parameters. Many of these techniques are at the whole organism level rather than the cellular level 3-6. Although newer imaging methods utilizing multi-photon microscopy are able to evaluate metastasis at the cellular level 7, these highly elegant procedures are more suited to evaluating mechanisms of dissemination rather than quantitative assessment of metastatic burden. Here, a simple in vitro method to quantitatively assess metastasis is presented. Using quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR), tumor cell specific mRNA can be detected within the mouse lung tissue.

This protocol describes how to use quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) to detect tumor cell specific mRNA representing metastasis within the mouse lung tissue.

정량 실시간 PCR에 의해 마우스 유방 종양 모델에서 폐 전이의 평가

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated ...

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

One of the most prevalent joint disorders in the United States, osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, primarily in the hip and knee joints, which results in significant impacts on patient mobility and quality of life. To date, there are no existing curative therapies for OA able to slow down or inhibit cartilage degeneration. Presently, there is an extensive body of ongoing research to understand OA pathology and discover novel therapeutic approaches or agents that can efficiently slow down, stop, or even reverse OA. Thus, it is crucial to have a quantitative and reproducible approach to accurately evaluate OA-associated pathological changes in the joint cartilage, synovium, and subchondral bone. Currently, OA severity and progression are primarily assessed using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) or Mankin scoring systems. In spite of the importance of these scoring systems, they are semiquantitative and can be influenced by user subjectivity. More importantly, they fail to accurately evaluate subtle, yet important, changes in the cartilage during the early disease states or early treatment phases. The protocol we describe here uses a computerized and semiautomated histomorphometric software system to establish a standardized, rigorous, and reproducible quantitative methodology for the evaluation of joint changes in OA. This protocol presents a powerful addition to the existing systems and allows for more efficient detection of pathological changes in the joint.

The current protocol establishes a rigorous and reproducible method for quantification of morphological joint changes that accompany osteoarthritis. Application of this protocol can be valuable in monitoring disease progression and evaluating therapeutic interventions in osteoarthritis.

외과 마우스 모형에 있는 골관절염의 표준화한 조직 형측정 평가

One of the most prevalent joint disorders in the United States, osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, ...

Measurement of Strial Blood Flow in Mouse Cochlea Utilizing an Open Vessel-Window and Intravital Fluorescence Microscopy

Transduction of sound is metabolically demanding, and the normal function of the microvasculature in the lateral wall is critical for maintaining endocochlear potential, ion transport, and fluid balance. Different forms of hearing disorders are reported to involve abnormal microcirculation in the cochlea. Investigation of how cochlear blood flow (CoBF) pathology affects hearing function is challenging due to the lack of feasible interrogation methods and the difficulty in accessing the inner ear. An open vessel-window in the lateral cochlear wall, combined with fluorescence intravital microscopy, has been used for studying CoBF changes in vivo, but mostly in guinea pig and only recently in the mouse. This paper and the associated video describe the open vessel-window method for visualizing blood flow in the mouse cochlea. Details include 1) preparation of the fluorescent-labeled blood cell suspension from mice; 2) construction of an open vessel-window for intravital microscopy in an anesthetized mouse, and 3) measurement of blood flow velocity and volume using an offline recording of the imaging. The method is presented in video format to show how to use the open window approach in mouse to investigate structural and functional changes in the cochlear microcirculation under normal and pathological conditions.

An open vessel-window approach using fluorescent tracers provides sufficient resolution for cochlear blood flow (CoBF) measurement. The method facilitates the study of structural and functional changes in CoBF in mouse under normal and pathological conditions.

열린 혈관 창과 생체 내 형광 현미경을 사용한 마우스 달팽이관의 심방 혈류 측정

Transduction of sound is metabolically demanding, and the normal function of the microvasculature in the lateral wall is critical for maintaining ...

Evaluation of Hepatic Glucose Production in a Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disease that results in disorders of glucose metabolism, such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Dysregulated glucose metabolism is an important manifestation of the disease and is the key to its pathogenesis. Therefore, studies involving evaluation of glucose metabolism in PCOS are of utmost importance. Very few studies have quantified hepatic glucose production directly in PCOS models using non-radioactive glucose tracers. In this study, we discuss step-by-step instructions for the quantification of the rate of hepatic glucose production in a PCOS mouse model by measuring M+2 enrichment of [6,6-2H2]glucose, a stable isotopic glucose tracer, via gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GCMS). This procedure involves creation of stable isotopic glucose tracer solution, use of tail vein catheter placement and infusion of the glucose tracer in both fasting and glucose-rich states in the same mouse in tandem. The enrichment of [6,6-2H2]glucose is measured using pentaacetate derivative in GCMS. This technique can be applied to a wide variety of studies involving direct measurement of the rate of hepatic glucose production.

This study describes the direct measurement of hepatic glucose production in a polycystic ovary syndrome mouse model by using a stable isotopic glucose tracer via tail vein in both fasting and glucose-rich states in tandem.

다낭성 난소 증후군 마우스 모형에 있는 간 포도당 생산의 평가

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disease that results in disorders of glucose metabolism, such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. ...

Retinal Pathophysiological Evaluation in a Rat Model

A posterior segment eye disease like diabetic retinopathy alters the physiology of the retina. Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by a retinal detachment, breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), and retinal angiogenesis. An in vivo rat model is a valuable experimental tool to examine the changes in the structure and function of the retina. We propose three different experimental techniques in the rat model to identify morphological changes of retinal cells, retinal vasculature, and compromised BRB. Retinal histology is used to study the morphology of various retinal cells. Also, quantitative measurement is performed by retinal cell count and thickness measurement of different retinal layers. A BRB breakdown assay is used to determine the leakage of extraocular proteins from the plasma to vitreous tissue due to the breakdown of BRB. Fluorescence angiography is used to study angiogenesis and leakage of blood vessels by visualizing retinal vasculature using FITC-dextran dye.

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of blindness. Histology, blood-retinal barrier breakdown assay, and fluorescence angiography are valuable techniques to understand the pathophysiology of the retina, which could further enhance the efficient drug screening against diabetic retinopathy.

쥐 모델에서의 망막 병리생리학적 평가

A posterior segment eye disease like diabetic retinopathy alters the physiology of the retina. Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by a retinal ...

Repetitive Blood Sampling from the Subclavian Vein of Conscious Rat

Rats are widely used in pharmacokinetics (PK) and toxicokinetic (TK) studies that need to collect a certain amount of blood at specific time points to detect drug exposure. The rat blood sampling method determines the quality of the plasma and further affects the precision of the test results. The subclavian vein blood collection method described in this protocol collects blood samples repeatedly in the conscious state of animals to meet the needs of PK and TK tests. The skills of restraint handling and appropriate procedure of needle incision ensure the success rate of blood collection. It is easy to operate while ensuring the quality of plasma and at the same time catering to animal welfare. However, this method requires skilled operation, and an improper one may cause animal weakness, pain, lameness, and even mortality. The current method has been used in the testing facility for a 4-week oral toxicity study in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with TK. The maximum amount of blood collected within 24 h did not exceed 20% of the animal's total blood. The animals' body weight was more than 200 g for males and females. The data showed that the animals' bodyweight increased steadily every week, and the clinical observation was normal after repetitive sample collection.

The present protocol describes a simple and efficient method for collecting blood from the subclavian vein in rats. It enables rapid, timely, and easily identifiable sampling without anesthesia and obtains high-quality blood through repetitive sample collection.

의식 쥐의 쇄골 하 정맥에서 반복적 인 혈액 샘플링

Rats are widely used in pharmacokinetics (PK) and toxicokinetic (TK) studies that need to collect a certain amount of blood at specific time points to ...