We would like to acknowledge Dr. Bradley Schulte for comments on this protocol. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant R00 (5R00DC010220). This project was performed in a renovated laboratory space supported by Grant C06RR014516.

참고 : 살아있는 동물을 사용하는 모든 프로토콜을 검토하고 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)의 승인을 공식적으로 실험 동물의 관리 및 사용 방법을 승인 따라야합니다. 모든 해부은 층류 클린 벤치에 무균 기술을 사용하여 수행되어야한다. 장갑과 마스크를 원하는 경우,이 절차를 수행하는 동안 착용해야합니다. 배아 마우스 내부 귀 1. 해부 <ol><li> 코르티 이식편 문화의 기관에 대한 설정 : <ol><li> 약 30 분 동안 UV 광을 켜서 층류 조직 배양 후드를 소독하고 사용 전에 70 %의 에탄올로 표면을 소독. 또한, 미세 해부 도구와 오토 클레이브를 통해 배아 해부 또는 사용하기 전에 적어도 20 분 동안 70 % 에탄올에 몸을 담글하여 실 가드 코팅 요리를 포함한 모든 해부기구를 소독. 깨끗한 층류 클레아에서 자연 건조 요리와 악기를 70 % 에탄올을 붓고 허용N 벤치 사용 전에. </li><li> 준비 멸균 행크의 균형 잡힌 염 용액 (HBSS) / (4- (2- 히드 록시 에틸) -1- 피페 라진 에탄 술폰산) HEPES 배 HBSS 및 0.5 %의 10 %를 첨가하여 약 7.2로 pH를 조정하고 필터 멸균함으로써 (HEPES) 혼합물 4 ° C에서 최종 솔루션 및 저장. 더 나은 절차 전반에 걸쳐 조직을 유지하기 위해 냉장 HBSS / HEPES 솔루션의 모든 해부를 수행합니다. </li><li> 멸균 15 ml의 폴리 프로필렌 튜브에 기저막 매트릭스의 300 μL 분취 멸균 (39 ° C) 냉간 둘 베코 변형 이글 중간 (DMEM) 5 mL를 추가하여 기저막 매트릭스 코트 유리 바닥 접시. 내용을 텍싱하여 혼합하고 접시의 중앙에 잘 존재하는 전체 문화를 덮도록 각각의 배양 접시의 중앙에 기저막 매트릭스 DMEM 혼합물의 150 μl를 추가합니다. 사용하기 전에 적어도 45 분 동안 37 ° C를 인큐베이터에서 요리와 저장소를 커버. </li><li> 일에 HBSS를 차게 4-5 ml에 붓고살균 폴리스티렌 페트리 접시를 REE 후드 폐쇄 둡니다. </li><li> DMEM 9 ㎖, N2 보충제 100 ㎕, 10g / ㎖ 시프 FBS 및 1 ㎖를 첨가하여 15 ㎖의 멸균 된 폴리 프로필렌 튜브에서 배양 배지를 준비한다. </li></ol></li><li> 배아의 분리 : 참고 : 배아 마우스에서 인공 와우 절편을 배양이 절차에서는 수확 내이가 배아 일 (E)에서 수정 후 하루 13 시간 뼈 E1 (9)으로 간주된다. 프로토콜은 또한 E12 E18로부터 시작하여 마우스 배아 내이 함께 사용될 수있다. <ol><li> CO 2 시간 초과 - 임신 한 마우스를 안락사와 자궁 경부 전위 또는 적절한 승인 프로토콜에 의해 동물을 희생. 조직 배양 무균 룸을 유지하는 거리 층류 유동 조직 배양 후드에서 euthanization을 수행. </li><li> 이 위로 향하게 복부와 종이 타월에 안락사 마우스를 놓고 70 % 에탄올로 복부를 소독. </li><li> 피부를 잡아 복강을 엽니 다다른 손을 사용하여 가위로 중간 선을 따라 곡선 한 손으로 집게와 컷 표피와 근육으로. 양쪽에 두 개의 수직 컷을 확인하고 집게로 양측 자궁 뿔을 들어 올려 조심스럽게 자궁을 끌어와 결합 조직을 이용하여 위 아래에서 분리. </li><li> 층류 흐름 클린 벤치에 냉장 해부 솔루션 (HBSS / HEPES 혼합물) 및 전송을 포함하는 페트리 접시에 배아 체인을 놓습니다. </li><li> 태반에서 조심스럽게 배아를 제거하고 해부 솔루션을 포함하는 멸균 페트리 접시 중 하나에 배치합니다. 이 솔루션은 피 묻은 켜지면 새로운 배양 접시로 이동합니다. 참고 :이 시점에서, 배아 Theiler의 준비 가이드를 사용하여 개최 할 수있다. </li><li> 깨끗한 집게 나 가위로 목 부위에 집어 배아 목을 벨 및 냉장 해부 솔루션을 포함하는 새로운 배양 접시에 머리를 배치합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 내이의 해부 : <ol><li> 장소 오차가운 해부를 포함하는 멸균 실 가드 접시에 북동 배아 머리 </li><li> 솔루션입니다. ~ 1.6 배의 배율로 해부 현미경 작업, 눈 영역 (도 1a)에 또는 주위 가까이 Minutien 핀을 배치하여 배아 헤드를 고정시킨다. </li><li> 멸균 포셉 두 쌍을 사용하여 조심스럽게 피부를 제거하고 중간 선 (그림 1B)를 따라 등쪽에 두개골을 엽니 다. 두개강 및 시간 뼈에 위치한 내이가이 단계 (그림 1C, D)에서 확인할 수 있습니다에서 뇌를 제거합니다. 일반적으로 내측 귓전 존재 혈관의 라이닝은,이 단계 (도 1d)에서 내이를 식별하기위한 랜드 마크로서 사용될 수있다. </li><li> 조직 아래에있는 집게를 배치하고 차가운 해부 솔루션을 포함하는 새 접시에 두개골 및 전송의 기지에서 내이 (內耳)를 분리하여 시간적 뼈 안쪽 귀를 해부하다 (그림 1E, F). </li></ol></li></ol> 코르티 이식편 문화의 장기의 2 세대 주 :이 개발 단계에서 연골 조직되어 쉽게 집게를 사용하여 절개 될 수있다. <ol><li> 동양 복부 측면은 (그림 2A)을 위로 향하게 조심스럽게 내이 (그림 2B)의 전정 부분을 통해 Minutien 핀의 날카로운 끝을 삽입하여 내부 귀를 안정화되도록 내이. </li><li> 사용하여 초 미세 집게는 달팽이관 (그림 2C)에서 연골을 제거 조심스럽게 원창 근처 집게의 한쪽 끝을 사용하여 절개를하여 상부 연골을 오픈. 참고 :이 위에있는 연골이 때때로 아래에 긁어 기본 인공 와우 덕트에서 연골을 해제 폐쇄 집게를 사용하는 것이 도움이되는 경우에 인공 와우 덕트와 융합 될 때 집게가 연골에 너무 깊이 삽입되지 않도록하는 것이 중요하다 에스연골의 urface. 이런 개발 단계에서, 달팽이관 나선 길이 차례 만 사분의 삼이다. </li><li> 다음으로,베이스 또는 매우 정점에 하나, 인공 와우 덕트의 선호 지역에 집게를 배치하여 감각 상피를 노출, 부드럽게 달팽이관 (그림 2D)의 지붕을 잡아 당겨. 참고 : 달팽이관의 지붕은 분석을 방해 감각 상피 마스크 수를 완전히 제거해야합니다. 참고 :이 감각 상피가 찢어 쉽기 때문에이 절차는 조심스럽게 수행해야합니다. </li><li> 인공 와우 이식편의 기초가 균일하게 평면이되도록 마지막 단계로, 신중하게 노출 된 감각 상피에서 기본 결합 조직을 제거합니다. </li><li> 집게를 사용 내이의 전정 부분에서 해부 달팽이관을 분리합니다. 이 단계 전이나 2.4 (도 2E) 후에 수행 될 수있다. </li><li> 지하 membra으로 해부하는 인공 와우 감각 상피로 이동네브라스카 매트릭스 코팅 문화가 아니라 1.5 mm 멸균 치우는 삽 (그림 2 층)를 사용. </li><li> 동양은 상피 세포의 내강 표면에 인공 절편이 위를 향하도록 조심스럽게 조직을 평평하고 부드럽게 접시에 추가하여 신선한 배양액 150 μL로 교체하는 기저막 매트릭스 DMEM 솔루션을 대기음. 케어는 각 절편이 코팅 된 유리 커버 슬립에 잘 부착 및 배양 배지에 떠 있지 않도록주의해야한다. 인공 절편 손상을 방지하기 위해 유리 웰에 부착하는 동안 포셉의 팁까지 지적되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 부드럽게 시간의 원하는 기간, 체외에서 일반적으로 3-6일 (DIV) 5 % CO 2와 37 ° C에서 조직 문화 인큐베이터에서 멸균 150mm 배양 접시와 장소에 배양 접시를 전송합니다. 1 DIV 후, 인공 절편이 배양 접시에 잘 부착되었는지 확인하기 위해 해부 현미경으로 문화를 검사합니다. </li><li> 의 후시간의 원하는 길이에 대한 시험 관내에서 cubation는, 문화는 면역 조직 화학 염색에 대한 처리됩니다. 참고 : 절편 문화가 일반적으로 개발 단계, P0에 해당 6 DIV 동안 배양한다. 체외에서 배양 후, 문화가 면역 조직 화학 등 다운 스트림 응용 프로그램 (그림 3B)에 대해 처리 할 수있는, RT-PCR, 현장 하이브리드 및 / 또는 웨스턴 블롯에. </li></ol> 3. 일렉트로 매개 유전자 전달 <ol><li> 전기에 대한 설정 : <ol><li> 고압 증기 멸균 또는 약 20 분 동안 70 % 에탄올에 몸을 담글에 의해 하나의 100mm를 실 가드 코팅 유리 접시를 소독하고 사용하기 전에 클린 벤치에서 자연 건조 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 적절한 붙여서 또는 미디 준비 키트를 사용하여 선택의 발현 벡터에서 DNA를 준비합니다. 이 프로토콜에서 사용 된 발현 벡터 및 pIRES2-Atoh1.EGFP pCLIG-NeuroD1.EGFP이다. DNA의 최종 농도는 균 DNA가 적어도 1 ㎍ / μL되어야 /의 RNA 분해 효소가없는 물을. </li></ol></li><li> 배아 인공 외식에 DNA를 Electroporating : <ol><li> 신선한 100mm의 실 가드 코팅 접시에 플라스미드 DNA 용액 10 μl를 추가하고 DNA 용액에 (단계 2.5에서 얻은) 완벽 해부 인공 절편을 전송합니다. </li><li> 이 접시의면에 수직이다 있도록이 위를 향하도록 상피 세포의 내강 표면으로, 약간 달팽이관을 기울입니다. </li><li> 감각 상피과 달팽이관의 기지에 인접 긍정적 인 패들 (양극)으로 부정적인 패들 (음극)과 달팽이관의 양쪽에 전극 패를 놓습니다. 주 : DNA는 음으로 대전되기 때문에,이 정극과 감각 상피에 인접한 프로브의 캐소드 단부를 배치하여 음극으로부터 마이그레이션; DNA는 주로 감각 상피의 표면을 통해 이동합니다. </li><li> electroporator를 사용하여, 24 MV의 9-10 펄스를 제공, t에 발 페달 스위치를 30 밀리 초 펄스 지속 시간그는 electroporator 다음 일렉트릭 달팽이관에 따뜻한 문화 매체의 100 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 반복하여 모든 인공 와우 외식과 관심의 모든 유전자의 DNA에 대한 3.2.1-4 단계 및 (단계 2.7) 도금의 기저막 매트릭스 코팅 접시에 일렉트릭 cochleae을 전송합니다. 다음 면역 세포 화학 처리됩니다 시간의 원하는 길이가 37 ° C, 5 % CO 2 가습 인큐베이터 문화 모든 일렉트릭 cochleae. 참고 : CD1 마우스 (약 8 ~ 12 새끼)의 전체 쓰레기에서 달팽이관은 고립 microdissected, 일렉트로 및 &lt;4 시간에서 도금 될 수있다. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. 분석 달팽이 이식편 문화의 참고 : 문화는 일반적으로 개발 단계, P0에 해당 6 DIV 동안 배양한다. 체외에서 배양 후, 문화는 고정되어 면역 세포 화학 처리. <ol><li> Inc.의 원하는 길이 후ubation, 배지를 제거하고 신속 인산염 완충 식염수 (PBS)에 인공 이식편을 헹구고, 실온에서 15 분 동안 (PBS에서 제조) 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드에서 배양한다. </li><li> 15 분 동안 세 번 추가 PBS에 의해 정착을 씻고 PBS에 헹군다. </li><li> 10 % 염소 혈청을 함유하는 PBS-T로 차단되기 전에 30 분 동안 PBS-T (PBS + 0.5 % 트윈)을 사용 Permeabilize 하시려면. </li><li> 4 ℃에서 하룻밤 1 % 염소 혈청 PBS-T에서 일차 항체를 포함하는 일차 항체 용액에 품어. </li><li> 적절한 알렉사 - 복합 이차 항체를 추가하기 전에 PBS-T 15 분을 각각 사용하여 실온에서 달팽이관을 세 번 씻으십시오. </li><li> 인공 절편 유리 커버 슬립에 배양이기 때문에 그것은 접시에서 커버 슬립을 분리하고 슬라이드에 장착하여 개별적으로 처리 할 수​​ 있습니다. 이것은 실온에서 적어도 1 시간 동안 용매 OS30에서 배양 접시를 담글함으로써 달성 될 수있다. 멸균 면도날을 사용하여 D에서 커버 슬립을 분리흉내과 슬라이드에 탑재하고 형광 현미경으로 시각화. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Sobkowicz, H. M., Bereman, B., Rose, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organotypic+development+of+the+organ+of+Corti+in+culture.">Organotypic development of the organ of Corti in culture.</a> J Neurocytol. 4 (5), 543-572 (1975).</li><li>Zheng, J. L., Gao, W. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overexpression+of+Math1+induces+robust+production+of+extra+hair+cells+in+postnatal+rat+inner+ears.">Overexpression of Math1 induces robust production of extra hair cells in postnatal rat inner ears.</a> Nat Neurosci. 3 (6), 580-586 (2000).</li><li>Zheng, J. L., Shou, J., Guillemot, F., Kageyama, R., Gao, W. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hes1+is+a+negative+regulator+of+inner+ear+hair+cell+differentiation.">Hes1 is a negative regulator of inner ear hair cell differentiation.</a> Development. 127 (21), 4551-4560 (2000).</li><li>Woods, C., Montcouquiol, M., Kelley, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Math1+regulates+development+of+the+sensory+epithelium+in+the+mammalian+cochlea.">Math1 regulates development of the sensory epithelium in the mammalian cochlea.</a> Nat Neurosci. 7 (12), 1310-1318 (2004).</li><li>Jones, J. M., Montcouquiol, M., Dabdoub, A., Woods, C., Kelley, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitors+of+differentiation+and+DNA+binding+(Ids)+regulate+Math1+and+hair+cell+formation+during+the+development+of+the+organ+of+Corti.">Inhibitors of differentiation and DNA binding (Ids) regulate Math1 and hair cell formation during the development of the organ of Corti.</a> J Neurosci. 26 (2), 550-558 (2006).</li><li>Dabdoub, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sox2+signaling+in+prosensory+domain+specification+and+subsequent+hair+cell+differentiation+in+the+developing+cochlea.">Sox2 signaling in prosensory domain specification and subsequent hair cell differentiation in the developing cochlea.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (47), 18396-18401 (2008).</li><li>Doetzlhofer, A., Basch, M. L., Ohyama, T., Gessler, M., Groves, A. K., Segil, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hey2+regulation+by+FGF+provides+a+Notch-independent+mechanism+of+maintaining+pillar+cell+fate+in+the+organ+of+Corti.">Hey2 regulation by FGF provides a Notch-independent mechanism of maintaining pillar cell fate in the organ of Corti.</a> Dev Cell. 16 (1), 58-69 (2009).</li><li>Puligilla, C., Dabdoub, A., Brenowitz, S. D., Kelley, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sox2+induces+neuronal+formation+in+the+developing+cochlea.">Sox2 induces neuronal formation in the developing cochlea.</a> J Neurosci. 20 (2), 714-722 (2010).</li><li>Kaufman, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Atlas of Mouse Development. , (1995).</li><li>Sher, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+embryonic+and+postnatal+development+of+the+inner+ear+of+the+mouse.">The embryonic and postnatal development of the inner ear of the mouse.</a> Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 285, 1-77 (1971).</li><li>Torres, M., Giraldez, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+the+vertebrate+inner+ear.">The development of the vertebrate inner ear.</a> Mech Dev. 71 (1-2), 5-21 (1998).</li><li>Brown, S. T., Martin, K., Groves, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+basis+of+inner+ear+induction.">Molecular basis of inner ear induction.</a> Curr Top Dev Biol. 57, 115-119 (2003).</li><li>Puligilla, C., Kelley, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Building+the+world&#8217;s+best+hearing+aid;+regulation+of+cell+fate+in+the+cochlea.">Building the world&#8217;s best hearing aid; regulation of cell fate in the cochlea.</a> Curr Opin Genet Dev. 19 (4), 368-373 (2009).</li><li>Wu, D. K., Kelley, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+inner+ear+development.">Molecular mechanisms of inner ear development.</a> Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 4 (8), a008409 (2012).</li><li>Holt, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viral-mediated+gene+transfer+to+study+the+molecular+physiology+of+the+mammalian+inner+ear.">Viral-mediated gene transfer to study the molecular physiology of the mammalian inner ear.</a> Audiol Neurootol. 7 (3), 157-160 (2002).</li><li>Stone, I. M., Lurie, D. I., Kelley, M. W., Poulsen, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adeno-associated+virus-mediated+gene+transfer+to+hair+cells+and+support+cells+of+the+murine+cochlea.">Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer to hair cells and support cells of the murine cochlea.</a> Mol Ther. 11 (6), 843-848 (2005).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

를 포함하여 마우스 내이의 멤브레인 미로 내의 모든 세포 감각, nonsensory과 나선 신경절 신경 세포가 모든 E8 10-14 주위에, 외배엽의 후뇌에 인접 otocyst placodally 유래에서 파생됩니다. E11에서 otocyst의 복부 영역은 달팽이관 덕트를 형성하기 위해 확장 및 개발이 계속되고,되어 달팽이관 내의 상피 세포에서뿐만 아니라 otocyst의 다른 영역들의 그룹은이어서 야기 할 것이다 prosensory 패치로 지?...

The mammalian organ of Corti is comprised of a mosaic of specialized cell types, including two types of mechanosensory hair cells as well as at least four types of nonsensory supporting cells making it an ideal model system to study normal cellular processes like proliferation, fate specification, differentiation and patterning. In addition, the normal development of these different cell types is essential for normal hearing function. Hence, it is crucial to understand the factors, both molecular and cellular, that regulate their development. However, the small size of the mouse cochlea as well as its inaccessibility poses a particular challenge for gene expression studies. Moreover, most of the cell fate specification and patterning events occur during embryonic time periods and are mostly completed before birth. Therefore, identification and characterization of signaling events during embryonic time periods is essential to gain insight into the molecular basis of cochlear morphogenesis. 
Here, we demonstrate a method to culture intact cochlea in vitro from embryonic mouse inner ears. The rationale behind the use of this technique is that cultured cochleae maintain their molecular and morphological characteristics thereby providing a valuable model for investigating potential candidate genes and exploring the mechanisms involved in cochlear morphogenesis. Although transgenic mice can be used for gene expression studies, an in vitro system is often needed for monitoring specific gene functions. Moreover, cochlear cultures can be established from transgenic mouse embryos so that their in vitro development and response to various soluble factors and antagonists can be studied. Although embryos at day 13 (E13) are used in this protocol, cultures from E12 or E14 to early postnatal inner ears can give similar results. 
We also present a gene transfer technique in cultured embryonic cochlear explants using square wave electroporation. Following the isolation of the cochlear explants, electroporation can be used to express DNA plasmids of gene(s) of interest in individual cells within the cochlear duct. This technique serves as a complementary approach to studies utilizing transgenic mice to gain insight into the molecular pathways underlying cellular phenotype. Using this method of gene transfer, a variety of epithelial cell types within the embryonic cochlea are transfected, thereby enabling loss-and gain-of-function analyses at the single-cell level. In addition, electrophysiological studies can also be performed in cochlear explant cultures8. This method of in vitro electroporation is relatively simple and straightforward, combined with minimal damage to the tissue, has resulted in a rapid expansion of this technique.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="836">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">HBSS</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">14065-056</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">HEPES</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">15630-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td dir="LTR" height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Medium</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:192px;">Gibco</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:161px;">12430-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td dir="LTR" height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:192px;">Gibco</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:161px;">10082</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td dir="LTR" height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">N-2 Supplement (100X)</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:192px;">Gibco</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:161px;">17502-048</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td dir="LTR" height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:192px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:161px;">61-277-RF</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td dir="LTR" height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">Glass Dish 60mm</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:192px;">Kimble Chase</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:161px;">23062-6015/23064-6015</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">Glass Dish 100 mm</td>
			<td dir="LTR">Kimble Chase</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">23064-10015/23062-10015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">Minutien Pins</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:192px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">26002-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td dir="LTR" height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">Dumont # 5 Forceps</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:192px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:161px;">11251-10</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">Pulse Generator&#160;</td>
			<td dir="LTR">Protech International Inc</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">CUY21Vivo-SQ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td dir="LTR" height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">Glass Bottom Culture Dishes</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:192px;">MatTek</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:161px;">P35G-0-10-C</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td dir="LTR" height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">Matrigel Matrix</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:192px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:161px;">356237</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">Culture Dish, 60 X 15 mm</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:192px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">353037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">Tissue&#160; Culture Dishes</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:192px;">Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">639160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td dir="LTR" height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:192px;">Gibco</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:161px;">10010-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td dir="LTR" height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">OS-30</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:192px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:161px;">4021768</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td dir="LTR" height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">Fluoromount</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:192px;">Southern Biotech</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:161px;">0100-01</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">Conical Tubes, 15ml</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">188261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">Myosin 6</td>
			<td>Proteus Biosciences Inc</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">25-6791</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">Myosin 7a</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Proteus Biosciences Inc</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">25-6790</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:316px;">TuJ1</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">T2200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

culture of embryonic mouse cochlear explants and gene transfer by electroporation

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair cells are aligned in one row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells that extend along the basal to apical axis of the cochlea. The explant culture technique described here provides an efficient method to isolate and maintain cochlear explants from the embryonic mouse inner ear. Also, the morphology and molecular characteristics of sensory hair cells and nonsensory supporting cells within the cochlear explant cultures resemble those observed in vivo and can be studied within its intrinsic cellular environment. The cochlear explants can serve as important experimental tools for the identification and characterization of molecular and genetic pathways that are involved in cellular specification and patterning. Although transgenic mouse models provide an effective approach for gene expression studies, a considerable number of mouse mutants die during embryonic development thereby hindering the analysis and interpretation of developmental phenotypes. The organ of Corti from mutant mice that die before birth can be cultured so that their in vitro development and responses to different factors can be analyzed. Additionally, we describe a technique for electroporating embryonic cochlear explants ex vivo which can be used to downregulate or overexpress specific gene(s) and analyze their potential endogenous function and test whether specific gene product is necessary or sufficient in a given context to influence mammalian cochlear development1-8.

We describe a method to isolate cochlea from embryonic inner ears and micro-dissect to expose the sensory epithelium. Once dissected, it may be plated and cultured as an intact cochlear duct (Figure 3) and analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The cultured cochlear explants provide a useful assay to examine the effect of variety of soluble factors and pharmacological drugs on cochlear development. Following dissection of cochlear explants, electroporation technique can be used to misexpress genes of interest...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation at JoVE.com

Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

We present a method that describes isolation and culture of cochlear explants from embryonic mouse inner ear. We also demonstrate a method for gene transfer into cochlear explants via square-wave electroporation. The in vitro explant culture coupled with gene transfer technique enables researchers to study the effects of altering gene expression during development.

Electroporation에 의한 배아 마우스 달팽이의 Explants의 문화 유전자 전송

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair ...

culture-embryonic-mouse-cochlear-explants-gene-transfer

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

12.8K 조회수.  Medical University of South Carolina, College of Medicine. We present a method that describes isolation and culture of cochlear explants from embryonic mouse inner ear. We also demonstrate a method for gene transfer into cochlear explants via square-wave electroporation. The in vitro explant culture coupled with gene transfer technique enables researchers to study the effects of altering gene expression during development. 

비디오: Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying the biology of retinal neurons, particularly photoreceptors. The applications of this system go beyond basic research, as they can easily be adapted to high throughput technologies for drug development. However, genetic manipulation of retinal photoreceptors in these cultures has proven to be very challenging, posing an important limitation to the usefulness of the system. We have recently developed and validated an ex&#160;ovo plasmid electroporation technique that increases the rate of transfection of retinal cells in these cultures by five-fold compared to other currently available protocols1. In this method embryonic chick eyes are enucleated at stage 27, the RPE is removed, and the retinal cup is placed in a plasmid-containing solution and electroporated using easily constructed custom-made electrodes. The retinas are then dissociated and cultured using standard procedures. This technique can be applied to overexpression studies as well as to the downregulation of gene expression, for example via the use of plasmid-driven RNAi technology, commonly achieving transgene expression in 25% of the photoreceptor population. The video format of the present publication will make this technology easily accessible to researchers in the field, enabling the study of gene function in primary retinal cultures. We have also included detailed explanations of the critical steps of this procedure for a successful outcome and reproducibility.

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

Embryonic chick retinal cell cultures constitute valuable tools for the study of photoreceptor biology. We have developed an efficient gene transfer technique based on ex&#160;ovo plasmid electroporation of the retinas prior to culture. This technique considerably increases transfection efficiencies over currently available protocols, making genetic manipulation feasible for this system.

차 세포 배양 연구 병아리 망막에 효율적인 유전자 전송 :<em&gt; 전 비켜</em&gt; Electroporation에 접근

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying ...

연구

발생학

Culture and Co-Culture of Mouse Ovaries and Ovarian Follicles

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together within a basement membrane. A finite pool of follicles is laid down during embryonic development, when oocytes in meiotic arrest form a close association with flattened granulosa cells, forming primordial follicles. By or shortly after birth, mammalian ovaries contain their lifetime&#8217;s supply of primordial follicles, from which point onwards there is a steady release of follicles into the growing follicular pool.
The ovary is particularly amenable to development in vitro, with follicles growing in a highly physiological manner in culture. This work describes the culture of whole neonatal ovaries containing primordial follicles, and the culture of individual ovarian follicles, a method which can support the development of follicles from an immature through to the preovulatory stage, after which their oocytes are able to undergo fertilization in vitro. The work outlined here uses culture systems to determine how the ovary is affected by exposure to external compounds. We also describe a co-culture system, which allows investigation of the interactions that occur between growing follicles and the non-growing pool of primordial follicles.

This protocol describes the primary culture/co-culture of mouse ovarian tissue, using ovaries from neonatal mice and individual ovarian follicles from prepubertal mice. The culture techniques support development in a highly physiological manner, allowing investigation of the effect of extrinsic agents on the ovary, and of interactions between ovarian follicles.

문화 공동 문화 마우스의 난소와 난소

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together ...

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical and molecular methods provides information of potential target genes and signaling pathways. To further elucidate specific regulatory mechanisms requires a system allowing the manipulation of only a small number of cells of a specific tissue by either overexpression, ablation or re-introduction of specific genes and follow their fate during development. To achieve this ex utero electroporation of hippocampal structures, especially the dentate gyrus, followed by organotypic slice culture provides such a tool. Using this system to generate mosaic deletions allows determining whether the gene of interest regulates cell-autonomously developmental processes like progenitor cell proliferation or neuronal differentiation. Furthermore it facilitates the rescue of phenotypes by re-introducing the deleted gene or its target genes. In contrast to in utero electroporation the ex utero approach improves the rate of successfully targeting deeper layers of the brain like the dentate gyrus. Overall ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture provide a potent tool to study regulatory mechanisms in a semi-native environment mirroring endogenous conditions.

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Here we present a protocol providing a tool to examine regulatory mechanisms of specific genes during hippocampal development. Employing ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture allows the up- and down-regulation of the expression of genes of interest in single cells and follow their fate during development.

마우스 해마 조직의 예 자궁 Electroporation에와 Organotypic 슬라이스 문화

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical ...

Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum-free Monolayer Culture

The ability to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neural progenitors allows the study of the mechanisms controlling neural specification as well as the generation of mature neural cell types for further study. In this protocol we describe a method for the differentiation of ESC to neural progenitors using serum-free, monolayer culture. The method is scalable, efficient and results in production of ~70% neural progenitor cells within 4 - 6 days. It can be applied to ESC from various strains grown under a variety of conditions. Neural progenitors can be allowed to differentiate further into functional neurons and glia or analyzed by microscopy, flow cytometry or molecular techniques. The differentiation process is amenable to time-lapse microscopy and can be combined with the use of reporter lines to monitor the neural specification process. We provide detailed instructions on media preparation and cell density optimization to allow the process to be applied to most ESC lines and a variety of cell culture vessels.

This protocol describes in detail the method for generating neural progenitors from embryonic stem cells using a serum-free monolayer method. These progenitors can be used to derive mature neural cell types or to study the process of neural specification and is amenable to multiwell format scaling for compound screening.

혈청이없는 단층 문화 마우스 배아 줄기 세포의 신경 분화

The ability to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neural progenitors allows the study of the mechanisms controlling neural specification as ...

Whole Retinal Explants from Chicken Embryos for Electroporation and Chemical Reagent Treatments

The retina is a good model for the developing central nervous system. The large size of the eye and most importantly the accessibility for experimental manipulations in ovo/in vivo makes the chicken embryonic retina a versatile and very efficient experimental model. Although the chicken retina is easy to target in ovo by intraocular injections or electroporation, the effective and exact concentration of the reagents within the retina may be difficult to fully control. This may be due to variations of the exact injection site, leakage from the eye or uneven diffusion of the substances. Furthermore, the frequency of malformations and mortality after invasive manipulations such as electroporation is rather high.
This protocol describes an ex ovo technique for culturing whole retinal explants from chicken embryos and provides a method for controlled exposure of the retina to reagents. The protocol describes how to dissect, experimentally manipulate, and culture whole retinal explants from chicken embryos. The explants can be cultured for approximately 24 hr and be subjected to different manipulations such as electroporation. The major advantages are that the experiment is not dependent on the survival of the embryo and that the concentration of the introduced reagent can be varied and controlled in order to determine and optimize the effective concentration. Furthermore, the technique is rapid, cheap and together with its high experimental success rate, it ensures reproducible results. It should be emphasized that it serves as an excellent complement to experiments performed in ovo.

This protocol describes a method to dissect, experimentally manipulate and culture whole retinal explants from chicken embryos. The explant cultures are useful when high success rate, efficacy and reproducibility are needed to test the effects of plasmids for electroporation and/or reagent substances, i.e., enzymatic inhibitors.

일렉트로 화학 시약 트리트먼트의 닭 배아에서 전체 망막의 Explants

The retina is a good model for the developing central nervous system. The large size of the eye and most importantly the accessibility for experimental ...

Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

Chicken embryos are ideal model systems for studying embryonic development as manipulations of gene function can be conducted with relative ease in ovo. The inner ear auditory sensory organ is critical for our ability to hear. It houses a highly specialized sensory epithelium that consists of mechano-transducing hair cells (HCs) and surrounding glial-like supporting cells (SCs). Despite structural differences in the auditory organs, molecular mechanisms regulating the development of the auditory organ are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and aves. In ovo electroporation is largely limited to early stages at E1 - E3. Due to the relative late development of the auditory organ at E5, manipulations of the auditory organ by in ovo electroporation past E3 are difficult due to the advanced development of the chicken embryo at later stages. The method presented here is a transient gene transfer method for targeting genes of interest at stage E4 - E4.5 in the developing chicken auditory sensory organ via in ovo micro-electroporation. This method is applicable for gain- and loss-of-functions with conventional plasmid DNA-based expression vectors and can be combined with in ovo cell proliferation assay by adding EdU (5-ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxyuridine) to the whole embryo at the time of electroporation. The use of green or red fluorescent protein (GFP or RFP) expression plasmids allows the experimenter to quickly determine whether the electroporation successfully targeted the auditory portion of the developing inner ear. In this method paper, representative examples of GFP electroporated specimens are illustrated; embryos were harvested 18 - 96 hr&#160;after electroporation and targeting of GFP to the pro-sensory area of the auditory organ was confirmed by RNA in situ hybridization. The method paper also provides an optimized protocol for the use of the thymidine analog EdU to analyze cell proliferation; an example of an EdU based cell proliferation assay that combines immuno-labeling and click EdU chemistry is provided.

Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

The auditory organ mediates hearing. Here we present a modified in ovo micro-electroporation method optimized for studying auditory progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the developing chicken auditory organ.

치킨 청각 기관에 유전자 전달에 의한<em&gt; 비켜에서</em&gt; 마이크로 전기

Chicken embryos are ideal model systems for studying embryonic development as manipulations of gene function can be conducted with relative ease in ovo. ...

Culture of Adult Transgenic Zebrafish Retinal Explants for Live-cell Imaging by Multiphoton Microscopy

An endogenous regeneration program is initiated by M&#252;ller glia in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) retina following neuronal damage and death. The M&#252;ller glia re-enter the cell cycle and produce neuronal progenitor cells that undergo subsequent rounds of cell divisions and differentiate into the lost neuronal cell types. Both M&#252;ller glia and neuronal progenitor cell nuclei replicate their DNA and undergo mitosis in distinct locations of the retina, i.e. they migrate between the basal Inner Nuclear Layer (INL) and the Outer Nuclear Layer (ONL), respectively, in a process described as Interkinetic Nuclear Migration (INM). INM has predominantly been studied in the developing retina. To examine the dynamics of INM in the adult regenerating zebrafish retina in detail, live-cell imaging of fluorescently-labeled M&#252;ller glia/neuronal progenitor cells is required. Here, we provide the conditions to isolate and culture dorsal retinas from Tg[gfap:nGFP]mi2004 zebrafish that were exposed to constant intense light for 35 h. We also show that these retinal cultures are viable to perform live-cell imaging experiments, continuously acquiring z-stack images throughout the thickness of the retinal explant for up to 8 h using multiphoton microscopy to monitor the migratory behavior of gfap:nGFP-positive cells. In addition, we describe the details to perform post-imaging analysis to determine the velocity of apical and basal INM. To summarize, we established conditions to study the dynamics of INM in an adult model of neuronal regeneration. This will advance our understanding of this crucial cellular process and allow us to determine the mechanisms that control INM.

Zebrafish retinal regeneration has mostly been studied using fixed retinas. However, dynamic processes such as interkinetic nuclear migration occur during the regenerative response and require live-cell imaging to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Here, we describe culture and imaging conditions to monitor Interkinetic Nuclear Migration (INM) in real-time using multiphoton microscopy.

다중 광자 현미경으로 라이브 셀 이미징을위한 성인 형질 전환 Zebrafish의 망막의 Explants의 문화

An endogenous regeneration program is initiated by M&#252;ller glia in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) retina following neuronal damage and death. The ...

Dissection and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Kidney

The goal of this protocol is to describe a method for the dissection, isolation, and culture of mouse metanephric rudiments. 
During mammalian kidney development, the two progenitor tissues, the ureteric bud and the metanephric mesenchyme, communicate and reciprocally induce cellular mechanisms to eventually form the collecting system and the nephrons of the kidney. As mammalian embryos grow intrauterine and therefore are inaccessible to the observer, an organ culture has been developed. With this method, it is possible to study epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and cellular behavior during kidney organogenesis. Furthermore, the origin of congenital kidney and urogenital tract malformations can be investigated. After careful dissection, the metanephric rudiments are transferred onto a filter that floats on culture medium and can be kept in a cell culture incubator for several days. However, one must be aware that the conditions are artificial and could influence the metabolism in the tissue. Also, the penetration of test substances could be limited due to the extracellular matrix and basal membrane present in the explant.
One main advantage of organ culture is that the experimenter can gain direct access to the organ. This technology is cheap, simple, and allows a large number of modifications, such as the addition of biologically active substances, the study of genetic variants, and the application of advanced imaging techniques.

This protocol describes a method for isolating and culturing metanephric rudiments from mouse embryos.

마우스 배아 신장의 해부 및 배양

The goal of this protocol is to describe a method for the dissection, isolation, and culture of mouse metanephric rudiments. 
During mammalian kidney ...

CRISPR-mediated Loss of Function Analysis in Cerebellar Granule Cells Using In Utero Electroporation-based Gene Transfer

Brain malformation is often caused by genetic mutations. Deciphering the mutations in patient-derived tissues has identified potential causative factors of the diseases. To validate the contribution of a dysfunction of the mutated genes to disease development, the generation of animal models carrying the mutations is one obvious approach. While germline genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are popular biological tools and exhibit reproducible results, it is restricted by time and costs. Meanwhile, non-germline GEMMs often enable exploring gene function in a more feasible manner. Since some brain diseases (e.g., brain tumors) appear to result from somatic but not germline mutations, non-germline chimeric mouse models, in which normal and abnormal cells coexist, could be helpful for disease-relevant analysis. In this study, we report a method for the induction of CRISPR-mediated somatic mutations in the cerebellum. Specifically, we utilized conditional knock-in mice, in which Cas9 and GFP are chronically activated by the CAG (CMV enhancer/chicken &#223;-actin) promoter after Cre-mediated recombination of the genome. The self-designed single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) and the Cre recombinase sequence, both encoded in a single plasmid construct, were delivered into cerebellar stem/progenitor cells at an embryonic stage using in utero electroporation. Consequently, transfected cells and their daughter cells were labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP), thus facilitating further phenotypic analyses. Hence, this method is not only showing electroporation-based gene delivery into embryonic cerebellar cells but also proposing a novel quantitative approach to assess CRISPR-mediated loss-of-function phenotypes.

CRISPR-mediated Loss of Function Analysis in Cerebellar Granule Cells Using In Utero Electroporation-based Gene Transfer

Conventional loss-of-function studies of genes using knockout animals have often been costly and time-consuming. Electroporation-based CRISPR-mediated somatic mutagenesis is a powerful tool to understand gene functions in vivo. Here, we report a method to analyze knockout phenotypes in proliferating cells of the cerebellum.

CRISPR 중재 손실 함수 분석 소 뇌과 립 세포를 사용 하 여 Utero에서 Electroporation 기반 유전자 이동

Brain malformation is often caused by genetic mutations. Deciphering the mutations in patient-derived tissues has identified potential causative factors ...

Isolation and Differentiation of Primary Myoblasts from Mouse Skeletal Muscle Explants

Primary myoblasts are undifferentiated proliferating precursors of skeletal muscle. They can be cultured and studied as muscle precursors or induced to differentiate into later stages of muscle development. The protocol provided here describes a robust method for the isolation and culture of a highly proliferative population of myoblast cells from young adult mouse skeletal muscle explants. These cells are useful for the study of the metabolic properties of skeletal muscle of different mouse models, as well as in other downstream applications such as transfection with exogenous DNA or transduction with viral expression vectors. The level of differentiation and metabolic profile of these cells depends on the length of exposure, and composition of the media used to induce myoblast differentiation. These methods provide a robust system for the study of mouse muscle cell metabolism ex vivo. Importantly, unlike in vivo models, the methods described here provide a cell population that can be expanded and studied with high levels of reproducibility.

Myoblasts are proliferating precursor cells that differentiate to form polynucleated myotubes and eventually skeletal muscle myofibers. Here, we present a protocol for efficient isolation and culture of primary myoblasts from young adult mouse skeletal muscles. The method enables molecular, genetic, and metabolic studies of muscle cells in culture.

마우스 골격 근 이식에서 기본 근구의 격리 및 분화

Primary myoblasts are undifferentiated proliferating precursors of skeletal muscle. They can be cultured and studied as muscle precursors or induced to ...