이 작품은 국립 자연 과학 재단의 중국 (보조금 번호 31400936, 31460260)에 의해 지원 되었다, 자연 과학 재단의 장시 성 중국 (20171BAB215020). 우리는 또한이 작업을 지원 하기 위한 난창 대학과 런던 퀸 메리 대학 간의 공동 프로그램을 감사 합니다.

여기에 설명 된 모든 방법은 동물 관리 및 사용 위원회의 남 창 대학에 의해 승인 되었습니다가지고.
1. 장비를 조립 하 고는 톰을 연결
<ol><li>디자인 요구 사항 (보충 그림 1) 당 매개 변수.</li>
	<li>아크릴 보드 제조에 현지 공장에 매개 변수를 제출 합니다.</li>
	<li>순서 대로 모든 부품을 조립: 클로 프롬을 사용 하 여 결합 7 상업 아크릴 보드 탱크로 섹션 채널 및 물 목욕 (그림 1). 주의: 클로 프롬 때 그것은 빛과 산소 독성 물질을 생성 합니다. 증기 두건에서 장치를 조립 한다.</li>
	<li>아크릴 보드 #1 (그림 2A, 화살촉)에 구멍을 통해 전기 요소를 설치 합니다.</li>
	<li>온도 컨트롤러를 설치 하는 전기 드릴을 사용 하 여 #2 아크릴 보드에 작은 구멍을 만들고 온도 검출기 (그림 2A, 화살표)를 설치 합니다. 탱크 (그림 2A)에 디지털 온도 조절기를 설치 합니다. 참고: 온도 검출기는 수 면 아래 1 cm 이내 이어야 한다.</li>
	<li>전원에 대 한 액세스를 제공 하려면 장비를 켜기 전에 24 V는 전압을 조정 합니다.</li>
	<li>톰에서 섹션 쓰레기 트레이 제거 합니다.</li>
	<li>중립 실리콘 실 란 트 (그림 2B)와 톰 블레이드 홀더를 가진 섹션 채널을 연결 합니다. 참고: 오래 된 잎은 쉽게 교체할 수 있도록 블레이드 상단 위에 중립 실리콘 실 란 트를 얼룩 하지 마십시오.</li>
	<li>클로 프롬 및 중립 실리콘 실 란 트 시간을 강화 하기 위해 하룻밤 건조.</li>
	<li>블레이드 블레이드 홀더를 설치 합니다. 물 목욕 (그림 2C)에 물을 붓으십시오. 수 면 그냥 블레이드 (그림 2D, 화살표 머리)의 상단을 터치 한다.</li>
</ol>2. 파라핀 단면
참고: 파편은 종종 왁 스 블록 및 수 면의 위쪽 또는 아래쪽 가장자리에 누적 될. 이 파편 정기적으로 삭제 해야 합니다.
<ol><li>
전통적인 파라핀10단면을 수행 합니다.
	<ol>
<li>로타리 톰에 파라핀 포함 견본을 클램프과 블레이드 홀더에 블레이드를 놓습니다.</li>
		<li>수동 핸들을 표본 섹션.</li>
		<li>38.5 ° C 따뜻한 물 목욕을 sectioned 파라핀 리본을 전송 합니다.</li>
		<li>현미경에 섹션 전개 후 물 표면에서 슬라이드를 선택 합니다.</li>
		<li>하룻밤 건조 오븐에서 42 ° C에 슬라이드.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
향상 된 파라핀 단면 (그림 3)
	<ol>
<li>장치를 켭니다.</li>
		<li>온도 감지 스위치 히터를 열고 40.0 ° C에 미리 따뜻한 물에 1 시간을 38.0 ° C 사이의 대상된 온도 설정 합니다.</li>
		<li>파라핀 포함; 인수 파라핀 블록 수정 그리고 톰의 카세트 클램프에는 파라핀 블록을 놓고 그것을 자물쇠. 참고: 파라핀 블록의 뛰어난 및 하 부 테두리 섹션 리본 호를 형성 하 고 좁은 섹션 채널을 통해 흐름 수 없습니다 되기에서 방지 하기 위해 가로 수정할 수 합니다.</li>
		<li>신속 하 게 절단 두꺼운 섹션으로 샘플을 접근 한다.</li>
		<li>적합 한 섹션 두께 (성인 쥐 두뇌, 성인 마우스 신장, 및 태아 마우스 두뇌 10 µ m, zebrafish 눈 4 µ m)를 조정 합니다. 수동 핸들으로 바뀌고 섹션 섹션 채널 및 목욕에 자동으로 입력 합니다.</li>
		<li>느리고 균일 한 절삭 스트로크 (그림 3A)에 견본 섹션. 참고: 첫 번째 섹션의 Thethickness는 몇 분 동안 중지 되는 수동 핸들 변경 될 것입니다. 일회용 블레이드 섹션 연속 긁힌 자국이 있을 때 대체 되어야 한다.</li>
		<li>(그림 3B, 3c) 라인에서 떠 목욕 실로 섹션 안내. 참고: 경우 head 섹션 챔버 벽에 고착, 부동을 브러시 가이드를 사용 합니다.</li>
		<li>현미경 슬라이드에 섹션을 준수 합니다. 섹션 후 완전히 물 목욕, 핀셋으로 별도 여러 섹션에에서 전개. 다음 그들에서 픽업 현미경 슬라이드 (그림 3D)에 물 목욕. 참고: 섹션 해야 선택 됩니다 물 목욕의 후부에서 섹션 채널 및 물 목욕의 앞쪽에 아직 되지 것입니다 완전히 펼친 대로.</li>
		<li>밤새 42 ° C 오븐에서 그들을 배치 하 여 슬라이드를 건조. 슬라이드 다음 저장할 수 있습니다 실 온에서 무기한.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>개선된 방법8의 평가 위해 얼룩이 지는 Hematoxylin 오신 (그)를 사용 합니다.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organ+printing:+Computer-aided+jet-based+3D+tissue+engineering.">Organ printing: Computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering.</a> Trends in Biotechnology. 21 (4), 157-161 (2003).</li><li>Fischer, A. H., Jacobson, K. A., Rose, J., Zeller, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryosectioning+tissues.">Cryosectioning tissues.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 3 (8), (2008).</li><li>Viebahn, C., Luttenberg, H. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+anti-roll+plate+as+a+remedy+for+the+ill-effects+of+electrical+charge+during+cryosectioning.">A modified anti-roll plate as a remedy for the ill-effects of electrical charge during cryosectioning.</a> Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 37 (7), 1157-1160 (1989).</li><li>Onozato, M. L., Hammond, S., Merren, M., Yagi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+completely+automated+tissue-sectioning+machine+for+paraffin+blocks.">Evaluation of a completely automated tissue-sectioning machine for paraffin blocks.</a> Journal of Clinical Pathology. 66 (2), 151-154 (2013).</li><li>Sabaliauskas, N. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+zebrafish+histology.">High-throughput zebrafish histology.</a> Methods. 39 (3), 246-254 (2006).</li><li>Chen, T. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hybrid-Cut:+An+Improved+Sectioning+Method+for+Recalcitrant+Plant+Tissue+Samples.">Hybrid-Cut: An Improved Sectioning Method for Recalcitrant Plant Tissue Samples.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (117), e54754 (2016).</li><li>Kucherenko, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paraffin-Embedded+and+Frozen+Sections+of+Drosophila+Adult+Muscles.">Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 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저자는이 장치에 대 한 특허를가지고 하 고 아무 경쟁 관심사를 선언 합니다.

파라핀 섹션 형태를 개선 하 고 기존의 파라핀 단면 동안 시간을 낭비의 문제를 해결, 우리는 향상 된 파라핀 단면 절단 및 전개 방법을 만들었습니다. 이 향상 된 방법은 간단한 장비 섹션 채널, 물 목욕, 온도 감지 스위치 히터에 의존 합니다. 섹션 리본 섹션 채널을 통해 물 목욕을 입력 하 고 자동으로 절단 하는 동안 펼쳐져. 따라서,이 방법은 파라핀 품질과 효율성, 파라핀 성인 마우스 해 마, ?...

형태학 연구 생물학 연구에서 중요 하다입니다. 새로운 기술 얼룩 뒤에 그들의 목표는 전체 조직 또는 생물1,2,3, 얇은 섹션으로는 시료를 절단에서 직접 관찰 하는 연구를 허용 했다, 남아 있다 기본 메서드 fornot 유일한 조직 형태 뿐만 아니라 조직에서 직접 대상으로 하는 단백질. 가벼운 현미경 검사 법 사용 하 여 세 가지 섹션 유형: 파라핀, 냉동, 그리고 semithin. 비록 cryosectioning 조직 antigenicity을 보호 하는 것이 일반적 이며 견본 준비는 간단 하다, 가난 하 고 얇은 단면4,5에 대 한 부적 절 한 유지 조직 형태가 이다. 파라핀 단면 전시 잘 보존 된 형태에 대 한 가장 자주 사용 되는 방법입니다. 표본은 완전히 탈수 하 고 왁 스에 포함 된, 파라핀 블록 무기한으로 저장할 수 있습니다. 또한, 파라핀 단면 얇은 섹션 추가 실험에서 생물학 프로브 액세스를 개선 하 고 셀 레이어 오버레이 Z 방향으로 감소 생산 합니다.
그러나, 전통적인 파라핀 단면 지루한 이며 연산자 기술 요구. 파라핀 섹션에는 고정, 탈수, 포함, 절단, 그리고 떠 받 다. 중요 한 것은, 물 목욕을 칼 홀더에서 섹션 리본 전송은 필요 하지만 어려운 주니어 연산자에 대 한입니다. 건조 한 공기에 (서) 특히 섹션 리본 정전기 때문 트위스트 것과 따뜻한 물 표면에 전개 하기 어렵습니다. 섹션을 개선 하기 위해 품질, 얼음 물에 immersing 또는 톰 근처 가습기로 습도 올리는 왁 스 블록을 냉각 톰 블레이드 가공 패스 사이의 노출 된 조직 표면에 보습6,7 권장 . 파라핀 단면을 개선 하기 위한 새로운 방법 등 하이브리드 파라핀 포함, cryosectioning8, 상업 섹션 전송 시스템 지원9. 비록 이러한 방법을 부분적으로 파라핀을 개선 속도 품질, 단면 그들은 단면 훨씬 더 복잡 하 고, 만들고 상업 섹션 전송 시스템은 비싼.
이 프로토콜을 로타리 톰의 블레이드 홀더에 연결 될 수 있는, 저렴 한 간단 하 고 유연한 장비 단계를 만드는 방법을 보여 줍니다. 이 장비는 구성 섹션 채널, 물 목욕, 온도 감지 스위치 히터. 절단 후, 섹션의 수십 섹션 채널을 흘러 하 고 따라서 자동으로 펼쳐지고 직접 물 목욕을 입력 합니다. 이 파라핀 단면 효율을 향상 하 고이 기술을 더 편리 하 게. 이 방법, 더 성인 마우스 hippocampal 섹션, 성인 마우스 신장 섹션, 배아 15.5 일 된 (E15.5) 마우스 뇌 섹션, 및 섹션 짧은 시간에 수확 하 고 형태학 상으로 더 온전 하 게 남아 있었다 성인 zebrafish 눈을 사용 하 여. 이 메서드는 또한 가속된 파라핀 섹션 구별의 손실을 피하 면 서 단면 필요로 하는 다른 조직 샘플에 대 한 사용할 수 있습니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Boekel Scientific</td>
			<td>133000-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Lid</td>
			<td>64-17-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene&#160;</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Lid</td>
			<td>1330-20-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraplast</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>39601006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heated Paraffin Embedding Module</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Commercial acrylic board</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trichloromethane</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Lid</td>
			<td>67-66-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubular electric heating element(12V 200W)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperature controller(12v 120w)</td>
			<td>Mingsuo</td>
			<td>XH-W3002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary microtome&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neutral silicone sealant</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Link the water channel with the microtome knife holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Voltage transformer</td>
			<td>Dearll</td>
			<td>S-250-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable blade</td>
			<td>Accu-Edge</td>
			<td>4689</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin</td>
			<td>Baso Diagnostics Inc.</td>
			<td>BA-4025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin&#160;</td>
			<td>Baso Diagnostics Inc.</td>
			<td>BA-4025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microslide</td>
			<td>Sail Brand</td>
			<td>7105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neutral balsam</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.,Lid</td>
			<td>10004160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslip&#160;</td>
			<td>Citoglas</td>
			<td>10212424C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Xilong Chemical</td>
			<td>7647-01-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath for paraffin sections</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HistoCore Arcadia C&#160;- Cold Plate</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paraffin repellent spray&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>9990420</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the cutting and floating method for paraffin-embedded tissue for sectioning

파라핀 끼워 넣어진 조직의 단면 조직학 및 병 리에 널리 사용 됩니다. 그러나, 그것은 지루한입니다. 이 방법을 개선 하기 위해, 여러 상업 회사 유체 물을 사용 하 여 복잡 한 섹션 전송 시스템을 고안 했다. 단순화 하기 위해이 기술을, 우리가 만든 결합 절단 및 간단한 항 온 챔버; 내 부동 수 제 장비를 사용 하 여 간단한 방법 따라서, 섹션 자동으로 물 표면에 물 목욕을 입력합니다. 성인 쥐 두뇌, 성인 마우스 신장, 배아 마우스 두뇌, 및 성인 zebrafish 눈에서 해 마는 비교에 대 한 전통적인 파라핀 단면 및 제시 방법 모두를 사용 하 여 절단 했다. 통계 분석이 보여줍니다 우리의 개선된 방법 시간을 저장 하 고 높은 품질 섹션을 생산. 또한, 짧은 시간에 전체 견본의 파라핀 단면 주니어 연산자에 대 한 쉽습니다.

개선된 방법 그대로 파라핀 섹션의 수를 증가 했다. 성인 마우스 hippocampal 조직, 성인 마우스 신장, 배아 마우스 두뇌, 그리고 zebrafish 눈에이 새로운 방법을 테스트 했습니다. 물 탱크에 추가 되었다 그리고 40.0 ° c 38.0 ° C 사이 수 온 유지 되었다 순차적으로 준비 후 조직 샘플, 그들은 구분 하 고 기존의 단면에 비해 했다. 새로운 메서드는 섹션 손실을 피할 하 고 성인 마우...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Cutting and Floating Method for Paraffin-embedded Tissue for Sectioning at JoVE.com

The Cutting and Floating Method for Paraffin-embedded Tissue for Sectioning

절단 및 파라핀 끼워 넣어진 조직 단면에 대 한 부동 방법

여기, 선물이 파라핀 단면 개선 하는 프로토콜. 이 메서드는 절단 하 고 종래의 방법에 필요한 전송 프로세스를 피하기 위해 간단한 온도 챔버를 사용 하 여 부동을 결합 합니다. 그 결과, 효율과 그대로 파라핀 섹션 수가 크게 개선 했다.

Sectioning of the paraffin-embedded tissue is widely used in histology and pathology. However, it is tedious. To improve this method, several commercial ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

18.2K 조회수.  Nanchang University. 여기, 선물이 파라핀 단면 개선 하는 프로토콜. 이 메서드는 절단 하 고 종래의 방법에 필요한 전송 프로세스를 피하기 위해 간단한 온도 챔버를 사용 하 여 부동을 결합 합니다. 그 결과, 효율과 그대로 파라핀 섹션 수가 크게 개선 했다.

비디오: The Cutting and Floating Method for Paraffin-embedded Tissue for Sectioning

Vibratome Sectioning for Enhanced Preservation of the Cytoarchitecture of the Mammalian Organ of Corti

The mammalian organ of Corti is a highly ordered cellular mosaic of mechanosensory hair and nonsensory supporting cells (reviewed in 1,2).Visualization of this cellular mosaic often requires that the organ of Corti is cross-sectioned. In particular, the nonsensory pillar and Deiters' cells, whose nuclei are located basally with respect to the hair cells, cannot be visualized without cross-sectioning the organ of Corti. However, the delicate cytoarchitecture of the mammalian organ of Corti, including the fine cytoplasmic processes of the pillar and Deiters' cells, is difficult to preserve by routine histological procedures such as paraffin and cryo-sectioning, which are compatible with standard immunohistochemical staining techniques.
Here I describe a simple and robust procedure consisting of vibratome sectioning of the cochlea, immunohistochemical staining of these vibratome sections in whole mount, followed by confocal microscopy. This procedure has been used widely for immunhistochemical analysis of multiple organs, including the mouse limb bud, zebrafish gut, liver, pancreas, and heart (see 3-6 for selected examples). In addition, this procedure was sucessful for both imaging and quantitificaton of pillar cell number in mutant and control organs of Corti in both embryos and adult mice 7. This method, however, is currently not widely used to examine the mammalian organ of Corti. The potential for this procedure to both provide enhanced preservation of the fine cytoarchitecture of the adult organ of Corti and allow for quantification of various cell types is described.

A simple procedure of vibratome sectioning the organ of Corti, followed by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy is described. This procedure allows for improved preservation of the fine cytoarchitecture of the mammalian organ of Corti, and consequently allows for accurate quantification of cell types.

Vibratome는 Corti의 포유 동물 조직의 Cytoarchitecture의 향상된 보존을위한 Sectioning

The mammalian organ of Corti is a highly ordered cellular mosaic of mechanosensory hair and nonsensory supporting cells (reviewed in 1,2).Visualization of ...

연구

신경과학

Immunohistochemical Analysis in the Rat Central Nervous System and Peripheral Lymph Node Tissue Sections

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides highly specific, reliable and attractive protein visualization. Correct performance and interpretation of an IHC-based multicolor labeling is challenging, especially when utilized for assessing interrelations between target proteins in the tissue with a high fat content such as the central nervous system (CNS).
Our protocol represents a refinement of the standard immunolabeling technique particularly adjusted for detection of both structural and soluble proteins in the rat CNS and peripheral lymph nodes (LN) affected by neuroinflammation. Nonetheless, with or without further modifications, our protocol could likely be used for detection of other related protein targets, even in other organs and species than here presented.

We here present an optimized, detailed protocol for double immunostaining in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded rat central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral lymph node (LN) tissue sections.

쥐 중추 신경계에서 면역 조직 화학 분석 및 주변 림프절 조직 섹션

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides highly specific, reliable and attractive protein visualization. Correct performance and interpretation of an IHC-based ...

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have validated the utility of this method for enhancing neuronal preservation and overall brain slice viability. The implementation of this technique by early adopters has facilitated detailed investigations into brain function using diverse experimental applications and spanning a wide range of animal ages, brain regions, and cell types. Steps are outlined for carrying out the protective recovery brain slice technique using an optimized NMDG artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) media formulation and enhanced procedure to reliably obtain healthy brain slices for patch clamp electrophysiology. With this updated approach, a substantial improvement is observed in the speed and reliability of gigaohm seal formation during targeted patch clamp recording experiments while maintaining excellent neuronal preservation, thereby facilitating challenging experimental applications. Representative results are provided from multi-neuron patch clamp recording experiments to assay synaptic connectivity in neocortical brain slices prepared from young adult transgenic mice and mature adult human neurosurgical specimens. Furthermore, the optimized NMDG protective recovery method of brain slicing is compatible with both juvenile and adult animals, thus resolving a limitation of the original methodology. In summary, a single media formulation and brain slicing procedure can be implemented across various species and ages to achieve excellent viability and tissue preservation.

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

This protocol demonstrates the implementation of an optimized N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. A single media formulation is used to reliably obtain healthy brain slices from animals of any age and for diverse experimental applications.

최적화 된 N를 사용 하 여 급성 뇌 조각의 준비-메 틸-D-glucamine 보호 복구 방법

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have ...

Utilizing 3D Printing Technology to Merge MRI with Histology: A Protocol for Brain Sectioning

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for the delineation between normal and abnormal tissue on a macroscopic scale, sampling an entire tissue volume three-dimensionally. While MRI is an extremely sensitive tool for detecting tissue abnormalities, association of signal changes with an underlying pathological process is usually not straightforward. In the central nervous system, for example, inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage, gliosis, and neuronal death may all induce similar findings on MRI. As such, interpretation of MRI scans depends on the context, and radiological-histopathological correlation is therefore of the utmost importance. Unfortunately, traditional pathological sectioning of brain tissue is often imprecise and inconsistent, thus complicating the comparison between histology sections and MRI. This article presents novel methodology for accurately sectioning primate brain tissues and thus allowing precise matching between histology and MRI. The detailed protocol described in this article will assist investigators in applying this method, which relies on the creation of 3D printed brain slicers. Slightly modified, it can be easily implemented for brains of other species, including humans.

The overall goal of this protocol is to accurately align magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image volumes with histology sections via the creation of customized 3D-printed brain holders and slicer boxes.

3D 인쇄 기술을 활용하여 조직학과 MRI를 병합하기 : 두뇌를위한 프로토콜 단면

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for the delineation between normal and abnormal tissue on a macroscopic scale, sampling an entire tissue volume ...

Sublimation of DAN Matrix for the Detection and Visualization of Gangliosides in Rat Brain Tissue for MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry

Sample preparation is key for optimal detection and visualization of analytes in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS) experiments. Determining the appropriate protocol to follow throughout the sample preparation process can be difficult as each step must be optimized to comply with the unique characteristics of the analytes of interest. This process involves not only finding a compatible matrix that can desorb and ionize the molecules of interest efficiently, but also selecting the appropriate matrix deposition technique. For example, a wet matrix deposition technique, which entails dissolving a matrix in solvent, is superior for desorption of most proteins and peptides, whereas dry matrix deposition techniques are particularly effective for ionization of lipids. Sublimation has been reported as a highly efficient method of dry matrix deposition for the detection of lipids in tissue by MALDI IMS due to the homogeneity of matrix crystal deposition and minimal analyte delocalization as compared to many wet deposition methods 1,2. Broadly, it involves placing a sample and powdered matrix in a vacuum-sealed chamber with the samples pressed against a cold surface. The apparatus is then lowered into a heated bath (sand or oil), resulting in sublimation of the powdered matrix onto the cooled tissue sample surface. Here we describe a sublimation protocol using 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) matrix for the detection and visualization of gangliosides in the rat brain using MALDI IMS.

A protocol for the sublimation of DAN matrix onto rat brain tissue for the detection of gangliosides using MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry is presented.

MALDI 이미징 질량 분석에 대한 쥐 뇌 조직에 강글리오사이드의 감지 및 시각화를위한 DAN 매트릭스의 승화

Sample preparation is key for optimal detection and visualization of analytes in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Imaging Mass ...

Prolonged Incubation of Acute Neuronal Tissue for Electrophysiology and Calcium-imaging

Acute neuronal tissue preparations, brain slices and retinal wholemount, can usually only be maintained for 6 - 8 h following dissection. This limits the experimental time, and increases the number of animals that are utilized per study. This limitation specifically impacts protocols such as calcium imaging that require prolonged pre-incubation with bath-applied dyes. Exponential bacterial growth within 3 - 4 h after slicing is tightly correlated with a decrease in tissue health. This study describes a method for&#160;limiting the proliferation of bacteria in acute preparations to maintain viable neuronal tissue for prolonged periods of time (&#62;24 h) without the need for antibiotics, sterile procedures, or tissue culture media containing growth factors. By cycling the extracellular fluid through UV irradiation and keeping the tissue in a custom holding chamber at 15 - 16 &#176;C, the tissue shows no difference in electrophysiological properties, or calcium signaling through intracellular calcium dyes at &#62;24 h postdissection. These methods will not only extend experimental time for those using acute neuronal tissue, but will reduce the number of animals required to complete experimental goals, and will set a gold standard for acute neuronal tissue incubation.

Once removed from the body, neuronal tissue is greatly affected by environmental conditions, leading to eventual degradation of the tissue after 6 - 8 h. Using a unique incubation method, which closely monitors and regulates the extracellular environment of the tissue, tissue viability can be significantly extended for &#62;24 h.

전기 생리학 및 칼슘 이미징에 대한 급성 신경 조직의 장기간 배양

Acute neuronal tissue preparations, brain slices and retinal wholemount, can usually only be maintained for 6 - 8 h following dissection. This limits the ...

Electrophysiological Method for Whole-cell Voltage Clamp Recordings from Drosophila Photoreceptors

Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors have revolutionized the field of invertebrate visual transduction, enabling the use of D. melanogaster molecular genetics to study inositol-lipid signaling and Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels at the single-molecule level. A handful of labs have mastered this powerful technique, which enables the analysis of the physiological responses to light under highly controlled conditions. This technique allows control over the intracellular and extracellular media; the membrane voltage; and the fast application of pharmacological compounds, such as a variety of ionic or pH indicators, to the intra- and extracellular media. With an exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio, this method enables the measurement of dark spontaneous and light-induced unitary currents (i.e.&#160;spontaneous and quantum bumps) and macroscopic Light-induced Currents (LIC) from single D. melanogaster photoreceptors. This protocol outlines, in great detail, all the key steps necessary to perform this technique, which includes both electrophysiological and optical recordings. The fly retina dissection procedure for the attainment of intact and viable ex vivo isolated ommatidia in the bath chamber is described. The equipment needed to perform whole-cell and fluorescence imaging measurements are also detailed. Finally, the pitfalls in using this delicate preparation during extended experiments are explained.

Electrophysiological Method for Whole-cell Voltage Clamp Recordings from Drosophila Photoreceptors

Whole-cell recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors enable the measurement of spontaneous dark bumps, quantum bumps, macroscopic responses to light, and current-voltage relationships under various conditions. In combination with D. melanogaster genetic manipulation tools, this method enables the study of the ubiquitous inositol-lipid signaling pathway and its target, the TRP channel.

전 세포 전압 클램프 기록을위한 전기 생리 학적 방법<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 광 수용체

Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors have revolutionized the field of invertebrate visual transduction, ...

Targeting Alpha Synuclein Aggregates in Cutaneous Peripheral Nerve Fibers by Free-floating Immunofluorescence Assay

To date, for most neurodegenerative diseases only a post-mortem histopathological definitive diagnosis is available. For Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), the diagnosis still relies only on clinical signs of motor involvement that appear later on in the disease course, when most of the dopaminergic neurons are already lost. Hence, there is a strong need for a biomarker that can identify patients at the beginning of disease or at the risk of developing it. Over the last few years, skin biopsy has proved to be an excellent research and diagnostic tool for peripheral nerve diseases such as small fiber neuropathy. Interestingly, a small fiber neuropathy and alpha synuclein (&#945;Syn) neural deposits have been shown by skin biopsy in PD patients. Indeed, skin biopsy has the great advantage of being an easily accessible, minimally invasive and painless procedure that allows the analysis of peripheral nervous tissue prone to the pathology. Moreover, the possibility of repeating the skin biopsy in the course of the follow-up of the same patient allows studying the longitudinal correlation with the disease progression. We set up a standardized reliable protocol to investigate the presence of &#945;Syn aggregates in skin nerve fibers of the PD patient. This protocol involves few short fixation steps, a cryotome sectioning and then a free-floating immunofluorescence double-staining with two specific antibodies: anti Protein Gene Product 9.5 (PGP9.5) to mark the cutaneous nerve fibers and anti 5G4 for detecting &#945;Syn aggregates. It is a versatile, sensitive and easy to perform protocol that can also be applied for targeting other proteins of interest in skin nerves. The ability to mark &#945;Syn aggregates is another step forward to the use of skin biopsy as a tool for establishing a pre-mortem histopathological diagnosis of PD.

Here, we present a protocol for a free-floating indirect immunofluorescence assay on skin biopsy sections that allows for the identification of disease specific conformation variants of alpha synuclein involved in Parkinson disease and multiple proteins of the peripheral nervous system.

자유 부동 면역 형광 분석에 의하여 절단 말초 신경 섬유에 있는 알파 Synuclein 응집체를 표적으로 하는

To date, for most neurodegenerative diseases only a post-mortem histopathological definitive diagnosis is available. For Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), the ...

A Hydrophobic Tissue Clearing Method for Rat Brain Tissue

Hydrophobic tissue clearing methods are easily adjustable, fast, and low-cost procedures that allows for the study of a molecule of interest in unaltered tissue samples. Traditional immunolabeling procedures require cutting the sample into thin sections, which restricts the ability to label and examine intact structures. However, if brain tissue can remain intact during processing, structures and circuits can remain intact for the analysis. Previously established clearing methods take significant time to completely clear the tissue, and the harsh chemicals can often damage sensitive antibodies. The iDISCO method quickly and completely clears tissue, is compatible with many antibodies, and requires no special lab equipment. This technique was initially validated for the use in mice tissue, but the current protocol adapts this method to image hemispheres of control and transgenic rat brains. In addition to this, the present protocol also makes several adjustments to preexisting protocol to provide clearer images with less background staining. Antibodies for Iba-1 and tyrosine hydroxylase were validated in the HIV-1 transgenic rat and in F344/N control rats using the present hydrophobic tissue clearing method. The brain is an interwoven network, where structures work together more often than separately of one another. Analyzing the brain as a whole system as opposed to a combination of individual pieces is the greatest benefit of this whole brain clearing method.

Here we present a hydrophobic tissue clearing method that allows for the viewing of target molecules as part of intact brain structures. This technique has now been validated for F344/N control and HIV-1 transgenic rats of both sexes.

쥐 뇌 조직을 위한 소수성 조직 청산 방법

Hydrophobic tissue clearing methods are easily adjustable, fast, and low-cost procedures that allows for the study of a molecule of interest in unaltered ...

Automated Gait Analysis to Assess Functional Recovery in Rodents with Peripheral Nerve or Spinal Cord Contusion Injury

Peripheral and central nerve injuries are mostly studied in rodents, especially rats, given the fact that these animal models are both cost-effective and a lot of comparative data has been published in the literature. This includes a multitude of assessment methods to study functional recovery following nerve injury and repair. Besides evaluation of nerve regeneration by means of histology, electrophysiology, and other in vivo and in vitro assessment techniques, functional recovery is the most important criterion to determine the degree of neural regeneration. Automated gait analysis allows recording of a vast quantity of gait-related parameters such as Paw Print Area and Paw Swing Speed as well as measures of inter-limb coordination. Additionally, the method provides digital data of the rats&#8217; paws after neuronal damage and during nerve regeneration, adding to our understanding of how peripheral and central nervous injuries affect their locomotor behavior. Besides the predominantly used sciatic nerve injury model, other models of peripheral nerve injury such as the femoral nerve can be studied by means of this method. In addition to injuries of the peripheral nervous systems, lesions of the central nervous system, e.g., spinal cord contusion can be evaluated. Valid and reproducible data assessment is strongly dependent on meticulous adjustment of the hard- and software settings prior to data acquisition. Additionally, proper training of the experimental animals is of crucial importance. This work aims to illustrate the use of computerized automated gait analysis to assess functional recovery in different animal models of peripheral nerve injury as well as spinal cord contusion injury. It also emphasizes the method&#8217;s limitations, e.g., evaluation of nerve regeneration in rats with sciatic nerve neurotmesis due to limited functional recovery. Therefore, this protocol is thought to help researchers interested in peripheral and central nervous injuries to assess functional recovery in rodent models.

Automated gait analysis is a feasible tool to evaluate functional recovery in rodent models of peripheral nerve injury and spinal cord contusion injury. While it requires only one setup to assess locomotor function in various experimental models, meticulous hard- and soft-ware adjustment and training of the animals is highly important.

주변 신경 또는 척수 타박상 부상으로 설치류의 기능적 회복을 평가하기 위한 자동 걸음걸이 분석

Peripheral and central nerve injuries are mostly studied in rodents, especially rats, given the fact that these animal models are both cost-effective and ...