Name: inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue (iswat) transplantation model of murine islets
Uploaded: 2020-02-16T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Inguinal Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue ISWAT Transplantation Model of Murine Islets at JoVE.com

This work was supported by grants from National Key R&#38;D Program of China (2017YFC1103704)Special Funds for the Construction of High Level Hospitals in Guangdong Province (2019), Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen (SZSM201412020), Fund for High Level Medical Discipline Construction of Shenzhen (2016031638), Shenzhen Foundation of Science and Technology (JCJY20160229204849975, GJHZ20170314171357556), Shenzhen Foundation of Health and Family Planning Commission (SZXJ2017021SZXJ2018059), Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province of China (A2019218), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2018M633218).

All procedures in this protocol followed the principles of animal welfare of the Ethics Review Committee of Shenzhen Second People&#39;s Hospital. Islet graft recipients and donors were 8- to 10-week-old C57BL/6 male mice purchased from the Medical Animal Center of Guangdong Province. The procedure of the harvesting, isolation, culture, or administration of the harvested cells were carried out in aseptic conditions.
1. Islet preparation
<ol>
	<li>Prepare a collagenase Type V working solution...

<ol>
	<li>Cho, N. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IDF+Diabetes+Atlas:+Global+estimates+of+diabetes+prevalence+for+2017+and+projections+for+2045.">IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045.</a> Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 138, 271-281 (2018).</li><li>Shapiro, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islet+transplantation+in+seven+patients+with+type+1+diabetes+mellitus+using+a+glucocorticoid-free+immunosuppressive+regimen.">Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 343 (4), 230-238 (2000).</li><li>McCall, M., Shapiro, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Update+on+islet+transplantation.">Update on islet transplantation.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2 (7), 007823 (2012).</li><li>Pathak, V., Pathak, N. M., O'Neill, C. L., Guduric-Fuchs, J., Medina, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapies+for+Type+1+Diabetes:+Current+Scenario+and+Future+Perspectives.">Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives.</a> Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes. 12, 1179551419844521 (2019).</li><li>Bottino, R., Knoll, M. F., Knoll, C. A., Bertera, S., Trucco, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Future+of+Islet+Transplantation+Is+Now.">The Future of Islet Transplantation Is Now.</a> Frontiers in Medicine (Lausanne). 5, 202 (2018).</li><li>Stokes, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+sites+for+human+and+murine+islets.">Transplantation sites for human and murine islets.</a> Diabetologia. 60 (10), 1961-1971 (2017).</li><li>van der Windt, D. J., Echeverri, G. J., Ijzermans, J. N., Cooper, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+choice+of+anatomical+site+for+islet+transplantation.">The choice of anatomical site for islet transplantation.</a> Cell Transplantation. 17 (9), 1005-1014 (2008).</li><li>Addison, P., Fatakhova, K., Rodriguez Rilo, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Considerations+for+an+Alternative+Site+of+Islet+Cell+Transplantation.">Considerations for an Alternative Site of Islet Cell Transplantation.</a> Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. , (2019).</li><li>Pepper, A. R., Bruni, A., Shapiro, A. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+islet+transplantation:+is+the+future+finally+now.">Clinical islet transplantation: is the future finally now.</a> Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation. 23 (4), 428-439 (2018).</li><li>Bellin, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Similar+islet+function+in+islet+allotransplant+and+autotransplant+recipients,+despite+lower+islet+mass+in+autotransplants.">Similar islet function in islet allotransplant and autotransplant recipients, despite lower islet mass in autotransplants.</a> Transplantation. 91 (3), 367-372 (2011).</li><li>Bruni, A., Gala-Lopez, B., Pepper, A. R., Abualhassan, N. S., Shapiro, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islet+cell+transplantation+for+the+treatment+of+type+1+diabetes:+recent+advances+and+future+challenges.">Islet cell transplantation for the treatment of type 1 diabetes: recent advances and future challenges.</a> Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 7, 211-223 (2014).</li><li>Smood, B., Bottino, R., Hara, H., Cooper, D. K. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+the+renal+subcapsular+space+the+preferred+site+for+clinical+porcine+islet+xenotransplantation?+Review+article.">Is the renal subcapsular space the preferred site for clinical porcine islet xenotransplantation? Review article.</a> International Journal of Surgery and Medicine. 69, 100-107 (2019).</li><li>Luan, N. M., Iwata, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+allogeneic+islet+graft+survival+in+prevascularized+subcutaneous+sites+without+immunosuppressive+treatment.">Long-term allogeneic islet graft survival in prevascularized subcutaneous sites without immunosuppressive treatment.</a> American Journal of Transplantation. 14 (7), 1533-1542 (2014).</li><li>Yasunami, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Subcutaneous+Site+of+Islet+Transplantation+Superior+to+the+Liver.">A Novel Subcutaneous Site of Islet Transplantation Superior to the Liver.</a> Transplantation. 102 (6), 945-952 (2018).</li><li>Rajab, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islet+transplantation:+alternative+sites.">Islet transplantation: alternative sites.</a> Current Diabetes Reports. 10 (5), 332-337 (2010).</li><li>Ekser, B., Vagefi, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Search+for+the+best+site+in+islet+xenotransplantation.">Search for the best site in islet xenotransplantation.</a> International Journal of Surgery and Medicine. 70, 106-107 (2019).</li><li>Lu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+for+Islet+Transplantation+to+the+Omentum+in+Mouse.">A Method for Islet Transplantation to the Omentum in Mouse.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (143), e57160 (2019).</li><li>Neuman, J. C., Truchan, N. A., Joseph, J. W., Kimple, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+mouse+pancreatic+islet+isolation+and+intracellular+cAMP+determination.">A method for mouse pancreatic islet isolation and intracellular cAMP determination.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (88), e50374 (2014).</li><li>Zmuda, E. J., Powell, C. A., Hai, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+murine+islet+isolation+and+subcapsular+kidney+transplantation.">A method for murine islet isolation and subcapsular kidney transplantation.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (50), e2096 (2011).</li><li>Khatri, R., Hussmann, B., Rawat, D., Gurol, A. O., Linn, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraportal+Transplantation+of+Pancreatic+Islets+in+Mouse+Model.">Intraportal Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets in Mouse Model.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (135), e57559 (2018).</li><li>Carter, J. D., Dula, S. B., Corbin, K. L., Wu, R., Nunemaker, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+practical+guide+to+rodent+islet+isolation+and+assessment.">A practical guide to rodent islet isolation and assessment.</a> Biological Procedures Online. 11, 3-31 (2009).</li></ol>

Pancreas islet transplantation is a promising therapy to treat T1DM. The effect of this therapy is affected by many factors and choosing an optimal site for islet implantation is extremely important. The ideal anatomical site for islet transplantation should have the following characteristics: accessibility for simple transplantation, biopsy, and graft retrieval procedures; reduced complications; high success rate of blood glucose control; and long-term survival of the islet grafts15,<s...

The worldwide incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are quickly rising, according to the statistical data of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF)1. Islet transplantation is one of the most promising approaches for treating T1DM4. Since the great breakthrough made in clinical islet transplantation using the Edmonton protocol2 was reported, functioning islet graft survival in T1DM recipients after 5 years now reaches about 50%3.
In the past, several transplantation sites, such as the liver, kidney capsule, spleen, intramuscular region, subcutaneous space, bone marrow, and omental pouch were explored for experimental islet transplantation5,6,7. Some of the above sites have been tested in clinical settings8. Although islet transplantation into the liver remains the most widely used method in clinical application at present9, there are several important problems to address when using this site. For instance, how to reduce early loss of the transplanted islets caused by the instant blood mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) and poor oxygenation supply10,11 and how to retrieve the islet grafts if necessary, because they diffusely localize in the liver. The renal capsule may be an ideal site for rodent recipients. However, the tight kidney capsule limits the transplantation of sufficient allogeneic islets in humans, although it may be a better fit for islet xenotransplantation due to the highly purified porcine islet preparations used clinically5,12. Therefore, the search for a more suitable site for islet transplantation is in progress.
The subcutaneous space may be used as a clinically applicable site for islet transplantation due to its accessibility. However, the efficiency of islet transplantation into the subcutaneous space is extremely low, thus requiring a relatively large number of islets to reverse hyperglycemia13. Recently, a Japanese research team found the ISWAT, a novel subcutaneous site superior for islet transplantation in a murine model when compared to the liver14. The ISWAT contains the epigastric artery and vein, so the rich blood supply may ensure islet graft revascularization. In this manuscript, we propose an easy implantation method using a basement membrane matrix hydrogel to fix syngeneic murine islets in the ISWAT. This protocol proves effective for islet transplantation.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#956;m Syringe-driven Filter Unit</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>SLHV033RB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>MCT-150-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Pasteur pipette</td>
			<td>JingAn Biological, China</td>
			<td>J00085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL syringe</td>
			<td>Szboon, China</td>
			<td>20170829</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL conical tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430829</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-0 surgical suture</td>
			<td>sh-Jinhuan, China</td>
			<td>CR537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mL syringe</td>
			<td>Szboon, China</td>
			<td>20170623</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>75% Ethanol</td>
			<td>LIRCON, China</td>
			<td>9180527</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-mouse IgG(H+L)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21202</td>
			<td>Dilution (1:200)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-mouse Glucagon antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab10988</td>
			<td>Dilution (1:100)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-mouse insulin antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>3014s</td>
			<td>Dilution (1:100)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>blunt-pointed perfusion needle</td>
			<td>Oloey, China</td>
			<td>005</td>
			<td>32G, yellow</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Meilune, China</td>
			<td>MB4219</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6 Mice</td>
			<td>Medical Animal Center of Guangdong Province</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>8~10 weeks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cell culture dish</td>
			<td>BIOFIL, China</td>
			<td>TCD000100</td>
			<td>General,Non-treated,87.8 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>ST16R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cephalosporin</td>
			<td>Lukang medical, China</td>
			<td>150303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CMRL-1066</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C0422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Codos Pet Clipper</td>
			<td>Szcodos, China</td>
			<td>CP-8000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>collagenase Type V</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C9262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-hank&#39;s buffer</td>
			<td>Coolaber, China</td>
			<td>PM5140-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dithizone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dnase I</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D4263</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin staining media</td>
			<td>Beyotime Biotech, China</td>
			<td>C0109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td>SH30084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fluorescein diacetate (FDA)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>F1303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DMIL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gel-loading pipet tips</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS4884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Coolaber, China</td>
			<td>PM5150-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hematoxylin staining media</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>14166S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HISTOPAQUE-1077</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>RNBG0522</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HISTOPAQUE-1119</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>RNBG0536</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogel</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>356234</td>
			<td>Basement Membrane Matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodophor</td>
			<td>LIRCON, China</td>
			<td>5190313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>light-tight culture dish</td>
			<td>DVS, China</td>
			<td>AN-5058548</td>
			<td>self-made, glass dish sprayed with black paint</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td>Cofoe, China</td>
			<td>K12001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>non-invasive microtweezers</td>
			<td>RWD Life Science</td>
			<td>F11033-11 and F12016-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>One Touch ultraeasy Basic blood glucose monitoring system</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td>33391713</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ophthalmic scissors</td>
			<td>RWD Life Science</td>
			<td>S12012-12 and S11001-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P/S (penicillin / streptomycin)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pentobarbital sodium</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propidium iodide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4864</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STZ (streptozotocin)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S0130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Test Strip</td>
			<td>GenUltimate</td>
			<td>100-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRITC-conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L)</td>
			<td>proteintech</td>
			<td>SA00007-2</td>
			<td>Dilution (1:200)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vascular clamp</td>
			<td>RWD Life Science</td>
			<td>R31006-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue (iswat) transplantation model of murine islets

Pancreatic islet transplantation is a well-established therapeutic treatment for type 1 diabetes. The kidney capsule is the most commonly used site for islet transplantation in rodent models. However, the tight kidney capsule limits the transplantation of sufficient islets in large animals and humans. The inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue (ISWAT), a new subcutaneous space, was found to be a potentially valuable site for islet transplantation. This site has better blood supply than other subcutaneous spaces. Moreover, the ISWAT accommodates a larger islet mass than the kidney capsule, and transplantation into it is simple. This manuscript describes the procedure of mouse islet isolation and transplantation in the ISWAT site of syngeneic diabetic mouse recipients. Using this protocol, murine pancreatic islets were isolated by standard collagenase digestion and a basement membrane matrix hydrogel was used for fixing the purified islets in the ISWAT site. The blood glucose levels of the recipient mice were monitored for more than 100 days. Islet grafts were retrieved at day 100 after transplantation for histological analysis. The protocol for islet transplantation in the ISWAT site described in this manuscript is simple and effective.

Two procedures are introduced in this protocol: murine islet preparation and islet transplantation into the ISWAT site. In the first procedure, after perfusing and digesting with Type V collagenase solution, purifying with Histopaque-1119 and Histopaque-1077 and an additional hand-picking step, the isolated murine islets will be sufficiently pure for transplantation (as shown in Figure 1) and the isolated islets that have a high viability will be used for transplantation (as shown in <strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Inguinal Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue ISWAT Transplantation Model of Murine Islets at JoVE.com

Inguinal Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue ISWAT Transplantation Model of Murine Islets

In this protocol, a method of murine islet isolation and transplantation into the inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue is described. Isolated syngeneic murine islets are transplanted into a murine recipient using a basement membrane hydrogel. The blood glucose level of the recipients is monitored, and histology analysis of the islet grafts is performed.

Inguinal Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue (ISWAT) Transplantation Model of Murine Islets

Pancreatic islet transplantation is a well-established therapeutic treatment for type 1 diabetes. The kidney capsule is the most commonly used site for ...

Islet transplantation is one of the most promising approaches for treating Type I diabetes mellitus. And the search for a suitable site for islet transplantation is ongoing. Islet transplantation to the inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue is a simple yet effective method that may have clinical implications.Extrapolation of this procedure to the clinic may lead to the development of a cure for Type I diabetics. This method could provide insight into clinical islet transplantation as the lingual has been determined to not be an ideal site for islet engraftment. It is important to carefully follow every step of the procedure, especially key steps, such as the pancreas digestion.Visual demonstration will help researchers new to the technique to better determine how to perform the islet isolation and the transmutation. For islet harvest, first spray the fur of a 10 week old C57 black six mouse with 75%ethanol, and fill a five milliliter syringe with freshly prepared collagenase solution. Equip the syringe with a 32-gauge bending blunt pointed perfusion needle, and place the mouse in the supine position on an ice bag.Use straight pointed ophthalmic scissors to make a transverse opening in the skin of the pubic area, and extend the incision toward the head of the animal. Completely open the abdomen via a V-incision from the pubic region to the xiphoid process, and move the liver to expose the gall bladder and the entire length of the common bile duct. Then use a vascular clamp to close the duodenal opening of the common bile duct and cut a small opening in the gall bladder.Cannulate the common bile duct through the opening with the previously prepared perfusion needle, and inject approximately two milliliters of collagenase solution into the pancreas. When all the collagenase has been delivered, use two pairs of noninvasive micro tweezers to separate the perfused pancreas from the intestines, stomach, and spleen, and place the pancreas into a 50 milliliter conical tube on ice. When all of the samples have been collected, add 100 microliters of Dnase I per pancreas to the 50 milliliter tubes and vigorously shake each tube about 40 times over a period of 10 seconds before placing the tissues into a 37 degree Celsius water bath for three to five minutes with moderate shaking.At the end of the incubation, add up to a final volume of 50 milliliters of Stop Solution to arrest the digestion. And pulse centrifuge the tubes to a speed of 750 times G at four degrees Celsius before quickly stopping the centrifuge. After discarding the supernatants, wash the pellets two times in 15 to 25 milliliters of Stop Solution per wash under the same centrifugation conditions as just demonstrated.After the second wash, pool three pellets per tube into new 50 milliliter conical tubes. And resuspend the pancreatic cells in a total volume of ten milliliters of Histopaque 1119. Next carefully add five milliliters of Histopaque 1077 down the side of each tube, followed by five milliliters of HBSS.Separate the cells by centrifugation and use a five milliliter Pasteur pipette to collect the islets from the HBSS Histopaque 1077 interface. Pool the islets in a new 50 milliliter conical tube in a final volume of 50 milliliters of Stop Solution for pulse centrifugation, and discard the supernatant. Resuspend the pellet in 30 milliliters of fresh Stop Solution for a one minute centrifugation, and resuspend the islets in 30 milliliters of culture medium.Decant the islets into one 10 centimeter light-tight culture dish per tube. And place the dish under the stereo microscope. Using 200 microliter gel-loading pipette tips, hand pick the white spheroidal islets from the solution.Placing the islets into an untreated cell culture dish containing 10 milliliters of culture medium as they are harvested. Check the purity of the hand picked islets by dithizone staining under a light microscope. And detect the viability of the islets by fluorescein diacetate propidium iodide staining under a florescent microscope.Then culture the isolated islets in fresh culture medium at 37 degrees Celsius in 95%air and 5%carbon dioxide until transplantation. Starting days three and four after diabetes induction, puncture the caudal vein of each streptozotocin-injected eight week old male C57 black six mouse around 10:00 a.m. to collect a blood sample from each recipient animal.Use a basic blood glucose monitoring instrument to determine the non-fasting blood glucose level of each mouse and then add the blood onto individual test strips. When an animal has demonstrated a blood glucose level of at least 20 millimoles per liter two days in a row, weigh and mark the recipient mouse and confirm a lack of response to pedal reflex in the anesthetized animals. Place an aliquot of hydrogel from minus 20 degrees Celsius storage on ice for thawing.And transfer 450 to 500 islet equivalents per recipient into a sterile 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tube containing 200 microliters of medium per tube on ice. Swab the left inguinal area of the recipient with 75%ethanol and place the mouse in the supine position. Fix the limbs with surgical tape, and use clippers to remove the hair around the surgical site.Swab the surgical area with iodophor and make a vertical incision in the disinfected skin. Identify the inferior epigastric artery and vein within the ISWAT and create a small pocket above the vessels. Sediment the islets by centrifugation and remove as much supernatant as possible.Add 20 microliters of thawed hydrogel to each tube, and gently resuspend the islets, taking care to avoid bubbles. When a homogenous suspension has been obtained, use a 200 microliter pipette tip to carefully deliver the entire islet hydrogel mixture from one tube into the pocket. When the hydrogel has completely solidified, add 20 microliters of cephalosporin to the transplantation site, and close the muscle and skin with a 5-0 continuous surgical suture.Then place the recipient into a clean cage on a thermal pad with monitoring until full recumbency. After murine islet processing as demonstrated, the isolated murine islets will be sufficiently pure for transplantation. Only isolated islets with a high viability should be used for transplantation.After thorough mixing of the islet grafts with hydrogel, the graft can be implanted into the ISWAT site. After about one month of transplantation into the ISWAT, the islet grafts reverse hyperglycemia while the body weight of the recipient mice gradually increases. At 100 days after transplantation, removal of the grafts results in an immediate increase in the 10:00 a.m.non-fasting blood glucose level. Histological analysis at this time point, reveals that the islet grafts have remained intact. And insulin and glucagon immunofluorescent staining indicate that the transplanted islets are also functional at 100 days post transplantation.Be careful not to shake the profused pancreas cells too robustly or else the ability of the obtained islets will be compromised. Isolated islets can be transplanted under the renal capsule as a control to compare the effects of the isolated transplantation into the inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue at site. The procedure will add initiation of clinical trials of islet transplantation to other sites besides the liver.

inguinal-subcutaneous-white-adipose-tissue-iswat-transplantation

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Mouse Model of Surgically-induced Endometriosis by Auto-transplantation of Uterine Tissue

Endometriosis is a chronic, painful disease whose etiology remains unknown. Furthermore, treatment of endometriosis can require laparoscopic removal of lesions, and/or chronic pharmaceutical management of pain and infertility symptoms. The cost associated with endometriosis has been estimated at 22 billion dollars per year in the United States1. To further our understanding of mechanisms underlying this enigmatic disease, animal models have been employed. Primates spontaneously develop endometriosis and therefore primate models most closely resemble the disease in women. Rodent models, however, are more cost effective and readily available2. The model that we describe here involves an autologous transfer of uterine tissue to the intestinal mesentery (Figure 1) and was first developed in the rat3 and later transferred to the mouse4. The goal of the autologous rodent model of surgically-induced endometriosis is to mimic the disease in women. We and others have previously shown that the altered gene expression pattern observed in endometriotic lesions from mice or rats mirrors that observed in women with the disease5,6. One advantage of performing the surgery in the mouse is that the abundance of transgenic mouse strains available can aid researchers in determining the role of specific components important in the establishment and growth of endometriosis. An alternative model in which excised human endometrial fragments are introduced to the peritoneum of immunocompromised mice is also widely used but is limited by the lack of a normal immune system which is thought to be important in endometriosis2,7. Importantly, the mouse model of surgically induced endometriosis is a versatile model that has been used to study how the immune system8, hormones9,10 and environmental factors11,12 affect endometriosis as well as the effects of endometriosis on fertility13 and pain14.

A description of the surgical induction of endometriosis in mice and rats by auto-transplantation of uterine tissue to the arterial cascade of the intestinal mesentery.

Endometriosis is a chronic, painful disease whose etiology remains unknown. Furthermore, treatment of endometriosis can require laparoscopic removal of ...

Development of Obliterative Bronchiolitis in a Murine Model of Orthotopic Lung Transplantation

Orthotopic lung transplantation in rats was first reported by Asimacopoulos and colleagues in 1971 1. Currently, this method is well accepted and standardized not only for the study of allo-rejection but also between syngeneic strains for examining mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury after lung transplantation. Although the application of the rat and other large animal model 2 contributed significantly to the elucidation of these studies, the scope of those investigations is limited by the scarcity of knockout and transgenic rats. Due to no effective therapies for obliterative bronchiolitis, the leading cause of death in lung transplant patients, there has been an intensive search for pre-clinical models that replicate obliterative bronchiolitis. The tracheal allograft model is the most widely used and may reproduce some of the histopathologic features of obliterative bronchiolitis 3. However, the lack of an intact vasculature with no connection to the recipient's conducting airways, and incomplete pathologic features of obliterative bronchiolitis limit the utility of this model 4. Unlike transplantation of other solid organs, vascularized mouse lung transplants have only recently been reported by Okazaki and colleagues for the first time in 2007 5. Applying the basic principles of the rat lung transplant, our lab initiated the obliterative bronchiolitis model using minor histoincompatible antigen murine orthotopic single-left lung transplants which allows the further study of obliterative bronchiolitis immunopathogenesis6.

Obliterative bronchiolitis is the key impediment to the long-term survival of lung transplant recipients and the lack of a robust preclinical model precludes examining obliterative bronchiolitis immunopathogenesis. Unlike other solid organ transplants, vascularized mouse lung transplantation has only recently been developed. Here we show our independently developed obliterative bronchiolitis model after murine orthotopic single-lung transplantation.

Orthotopic lung transplantation in rats was first reported by Asimacopoulos and colleagues in 1971 1. Currently, this method is well accepted and ...

Murine Cervical Heart Transplantation Model Using a Modified Cuff Technique

Mouse models are of special interest in research since a wide variety of monoclonal antibodies and commercially defined inbred and knockout strains are available to perform mechanistic in vivo studies. While heart transplantation models using a suture technique were first successfully developed in rats, the translation into an equally widespread used murine equivalent was never achieved due the technical complexity of the microsurgical procedure. In contrast, non-suture cuff techniques, also developed initially in rats, were successfully adapted for use in mice1-3. This technique for revascularization involves two major steps I) everting the recipient vessel over a polyethylene cuff; II) pulling the donor vessel over the formerly everted recipient vessel and holding it in place with a circumferential tie. This ensures a continuity of the endothelial layer, short operating time and very high patency rates4.
Using this technique for vascular anastomosis we performed more than 1,000 cervical heart transplants with an overall success rate of 95%. For arterial inflow the common carotid artery and the proximal aortic arch were anastomosed resulting in a retrograde perfusion of the transplanted heart. For venous drainage the pulmonary artery of the graft was anastomosed with the external jugular vein of the recipient5.
Herein, we provide additional details of this technique to supplement the video.

The murine cervical heart transplantation model is well suited for immunological as well as ischemia reperfusion injury studies. We modified the procedure using a non-suture cuff technique and performed more than 1,000 successful transplants with this approach.
Herein, we provide additional details of this technique to supplement the video.

Mouse models are of special interest in research since a wide variety of monoclonal antibodies and commercially defined inbred and knockout strains are ...

Transplantation of Pulmonary Valve Using a Mouse Model of Heterotopic Heart Transplantation

Tissue engineered heart valves, especially decellularized valves, are starting to gain momentum in clinical use of reconstructive surgery with mixed results. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the neotissue development, valve thickening, and stenosis development are not researched extensively. To answer the above questions, we developed a murine heterotopic heart valve transplantation model. A heart valve was harvested from a valve donor mouse and transplanted to a heart donor mouse. The heart with a new valve was transplanted heterotopically to a recipient mouse. The transplanted heart showed its own heartbeat, independent of the recipient&#8217;s heartbeat. The blood flow was quantified using a high frequency ultrasound system with a pulsed wave Doppler. The flow through the implanted pulmonary valve showed forward flow with minimal regurgitation and the peak flow was close to 100 mm/sec. This murine model of heart valve transplantation is highly versatile, so it can be modified and adapted to provide different hemodynamic environments and/or can be used with various transgenic mice to study neotissue development in a tissue engineered heart valve.

In order to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neotissue formation and stenosis development in tissue engineered heart valves, a murine model of heterotopic heart valve transplantation was developed. A pulmonary heart valve was transplanted to recipient using the heterotopic heart transplantation technique.

Tissue engineered heart valves, especially decellularized valves, are starting to gain momentum in clinical use of reconstructive surgery with mixed ...

Murine Corneal Transplantation: A Model to Study the Most Common Form of Solid Organ Transplantation

Corneal transplantation is the most common form of organ transplantation in the United States with between 45,000 and 55,000 procedures performed each year. While several animal models exist for this procedure and mice are the species that is most commonly used. The reasons for using mice are the relative cost of using this species, the existence of many genetically defined strains that allow for the study of immune responses, and the existence of an extensive array of reagents that can be used to further define responses in this species. This model has been used to define factors in the cornea that are responsible for the relative immune privilege status of this tissue that enables corneal allografts to survive acute rejection in the absence of immunosuppressive therapy. It has also been used to define those factors that are most important in rejection of such allografts. Consequently, much of what we know concerning mechanisms of both corneal allograft acceptance and rejection are due to studies using a murine model of corneal transplantation. In addition to describing a model for acute corneal allograft rejection, we also present for the first time a model of late-term corneal allograft rejection.

Mice have been used as a model for studying many forms of transplantation, including corneal transplantation. We describe in this report a murine model for both acute and late-term corneal transplantation.

Corneal transplantation is the most common form of organ transplantation in the United States with between 45,000 and 55,000 procedures performed each ...

Encapsulation Thermogenic Preadipocytes for Transplantation into Adipose Tissue Depots

Cell encapsulation was developed to entrap viable cells within semi-permeable membranes. The engrafted encapsulated cells can exchange low molecular weight metabolites in tissues of the treated host to achieve long-term survival. The semipermeable membrane allows engrafted encapsulated cells to avoid rejection by the immune system. The encapsulation procedure was designed to enable a controlled release of bioactive compounds, such as insulin, other hormones, and cytokines. Here we describe a method for encapsulation of catabolic cells, which consume lipids for heat production and energy dissipation (thermogenesis) in the intra-abdominal adipose tissue of obese mice. Encapsulation of thermogenic catabolic cells may be potentially applicable to the prevention and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Another potential application of catabolic cells may include detoxification from alcohols or other toxic metabolites and environmental pollutants.

Here, we present a protocol for encapsulation of catabolic cells, which consume lipids for heat production in intra-abdominal adipose tissue and increase energy dissipation in obese mice.

Cell encapsulation was developed to entrap viable cells within semi-permeable membranes. The engrafted encapsulated cells can exchange low molecular ...

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and contributes significantly to the development of vascular dementia. Few models of focal white matter stroke exist and this lack of appropriate models has hampered understanding of the neurobiologic mechanisms involved in injury response and repair after this type of stroke. The main limitation of other subcortical stroke models is that they do not focally restrict the infarct to the white matter or have primarily been validated in non-murine species. This limits the ability to apply the wide variety of murine research tools to study the neurobiology of white matter stroke. Here we present a methodology for the reliable production of a focal stroke in murine white matter using a local injection of an irreversible eNOS inhibitor. We also present several variations on the general protocol including two unique stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, as well as fresh tissue labeling and dissection that greatly expand the potential applications of this technique. These variations allow for multiple approaches to analyze the neurobiologic effects of this common and understudied form of stroke.

Here we present methodology for the production of a focal stroke in murine white matter by local injection of an irreversible endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor (L-Nio). Presented are two stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, and fresh tissue labeling and dissection that expand the potential applications of this technique.

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and ...

Creation and Transplantation of an Adipose-derived Stem Cell (ASC) Sheet in a Diabetic Wound-healing Model

Artificial skin has achieved considerable therapeutic results in clinical practice. However, artificial skin treatments for wounds in diabetic patients with impeded blood flow or with large wounds might be prolonged. Cell-based therapies have appeared as a new technique for the treatment of diabetic ulcers, and cell-sheet engineering has improved the efficacy of cell transplantation. A number of reports have suggested that adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), a type of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC), exhibit therapeutic potential due to their relative abundance in adipose tissue and their accessibility for collection when compared to MSCs from other tissues. Therefore, ASCs appear to be a good source of stem cells for therapeutic use. In this study, ASC sheets from the epididymal adipose fat of normal Lewis rats were successfully created using temperature-responsive culture dishes and normal culture medium containing ascorbic acid. The ASC sheets were transplanted into Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, a rat model of type 2 diabetes and obesity, that exhibit diminished wound healing. A wound was created on the posterior cranial surface, ASC sheets were transplanted into the wound, and a bilayer artificial skin was used to cover the sheets. ZDF rats that received ASC sheets had better wound healing than ZDF rats without the transplantation of ASC sheets. This approach was limited because ASC sheets are sensitive to dry conditions, requiring the maintenance of a moist wound environment. Therefore, artificial skin was used to cover the ASC sheet to prevent drying. The allogenic transplantation of ASC sheets in combination with artificial skin might also be applicable to other intractable ulcers or burns, such as those observed with peripheral arterial disease and collagen disease, and might be administered to patients who are undernourished or are using steroids. Thus, this treatment might be the first step towards improving the therapeutic options for diabetic wound healing.

Creation and Transplantation of an Adipose-derived Stem Cell ASC Sheet in a Diabetic Wound-healing Model

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are easily isolated and harvested from the fat of normal rats. ASC sheets can be created using cell-sheet engineering and can be transplanted into Zucker diabetic fatty rats exhibiting full-thickness skin defects with exposed bone and then covered with a bilayer of artificial skin.

Artificial skin has achieved considerable therapeutic results in clinical practice. However, artificial skin treatments for wounds in diabetic patients ...

A Technique for Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue Biopsy via a Non-diathermy Method

Adipose tissue biopsies offer tissue samples that, upon analysis, may provide insightful overviews of mechanisms relating to metabolism and disease. To obtain subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies in the abdominal area, researchers and physicians use either a surgical or a needle-based technique. However, surgical subcutaneous fat biopsies can offer tissue samples that may provide a more comprehensive overview of the complexities of biological indices in white adipose tissue. Usually, a surgical adipose tissue biopsy includes a diathermy treatment for cauterizing blood vessels to prevent excessive bleeding. Nevertheless, side effects, such as flash fires and skin lesions in the tissue, have been reported after diathermy. Therefore, we aimed to standardize a surgical abdominal adipose tissue biopsy performed under local anesthesia using a non-diathermy method. We conducted 115 subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies in healthy men using a non-diathermy abdominal surgical biopsy method. Our results showed three cases of excessive post-operation bleeding out of 115 operations (2.61%).In conclusion, our standardized subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue surgical biopsy using a non-diathermy method can be safely applied to healthy men at the bedside, with minimal side effects.

We standardized an abdominal adipose tissue biopsy using a non-diathermy method performed under local anesthesia. Three cases of excessive post-operation bleeding out of 115 operations (2.61%) occurred.We conclude that an abdominal adipose tissue surgical biopsy using a non-diathermy method can be safely applied to healthy men.

Adipose tissue biopsies offer tissue samples that, upon analysis, may provide insightful overviews of mechanisms relating to metabolism and disease. To ...

Transplantation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cell Sheet to Reduce Leakage After Partial Colectomy in A Rat Model

Anastomotic leakage is a disastrous complication after colorectal surgery. Although current methods for leakage prevention have different levels of clinical efficacy, they are until now imperfect solutions. Stem cell therapy using ASC sheets could provide a solution to this problem. ASCs are considered as promising candidates for promoting tissue healing because of their trophic and immunomodulatory properties. Here, we provide methods to produce high-density ASC sheets, that are transplanted onto a colorectal anastomosis in a rat model to reduce the leakage. ASCs formed cell sheets in thermo-responsive culture dishes that could be easily detached. On the day of the transplantation, a partial colectomy with a 5-suture colorectal anastomosis was performed. Animals were immediately transplanted with 1 ASC sheet per rat. ASC sheets adhered spontaneously to the anastomosis without any glue, suture, or any biomaterial. Animal groups were sacrificed 3 and 7 days postoperatively. Compared to transplanted animals, the incidence of anastomotic abscesses and leakage was higher in control animals. In our model, the transplantation of ASC sheets after colorectal anastomosis was successful and associated with a lower leakage rate.

The preparation and transplantation of adipose tissue derived stem cell (ASC) sheets onto insufficiently sutured colorectal anastomoses in a rat model is presented. This novel application shows that ASC sheets can reduce colorectal anastomosis leakage.

Anastomotic leakage is a disastrous complication after colorectal surgery. Although current methods for leakage prevention have different levels of ...