Name: implantation of human-sized coronary stents into rat abdominal aorta using a trans-femoral access
Uploaded: 2020-11-19T13:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Implantation of Human-Sized Coronary Stents into Rat Abdominal Aorta Using a Trans-Femoral Access at JoVE.com

안젤라 프룬드 부인에게 임베드 및 슬라이드 생산에 대한 귀중한 기술 적 지원에 감사드립니다. 우리는 또한 수의학 작업에 대한 그의 통찰력있는 도움에 대한 실험실 동물 과학 및 실험 수술 연구소에서 씨 Tadeusz Stopinski에게 감사드립니다.

이 실험은 과학적 목적으로 사용되는 동물의 보호와 관련된 독일 동물 복지법(TSchG) 및 지침 2010/63/EU에 따라 수행되었습니다. 이 연구에 대한 공식 승인은 정부 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 부여되었다 (의정서 번호: AZ 87-51.04.2010.A065; 란데삼트 퓌르 나투르, 움웰트 und 베르브라우체슈츠 노르드하인-웨스트팔렌, 레클링하우젠, 독일). 연구 프로토콜은 실험실 동물의 치료 및 사용을위한 가이드를 준수. 수술 후 통증 치료는 실험실 동물 과학에 대한 독일 사회의 권고에 따라 (GV-SOLAS) 뿐만 아니라 이니셔티브 수의 통증 치료.
1. 기본 기술과 일반적인 절차
<ol><li>동형 어 아포를 사용-/- 스프라그-Dawley 쥐. 표준방법(17)을사용하여 각 동물의 유전자형을 식별한다.</li>
	<li>동일한 조건(21°C ± 2°C, 습도 5% ± 60%, 12h 빛/암흑 주기)에서 동물을 유지하고 물과 음식에 대한 자유로운 접근을 보장합니다.</li>
	<li>깨끗하지만 비살균 조건에서 모든 절차를 수행하십시오.</li>
	<li>쥐가 마취되면, 16x의 배율에서 외과 현미경의 밑에 모든 절차를 수행하십시오.</li>
	<li>압축 hemostasis에 면 봉면을 사용합니다. 수유링거 용액에 담근 거즈 면봉(5cm x 5cm)은 사타구니를 촉촉하게 유지하는 데 도움이 됩니다.</li>
	<li>폐기물 처리 규정을 준수하여 중고 자재를 폐기하십시오.</li>
</ol>2. 수술 전 준비
<ol><li>수술을 시작하기 전에 수의학 약물을 준비합니다. 달리 명시되지 않는 한 모든 솔루션을 실온에서 유지하십시오.</li>
	<li>
시술 30분 전에 0.03-0.05 mg/kg 부프레노르핀을 피하한다.
</li>
	<li>쥐의 내회음 주사로 쥐를 마취 100 mg/kg 체중 (BW) (S)-케타민과 8 mg/kg BW 자일라진.</li>
	<li>계량 스케일을 사용하여 쥐의 무게를 평가합니다.</li>
	<li>가열 패드에 쥐를 놓고 의료 테이프를 사용하여 상체와 하반신을 고정합니다. 쥐를 왼쪽 뒷다리로 완전히 확장하고 가능한 한 척추에 맞춰 쥐를 배치하여 대퇴동맥과 대동맥 사이의 직선선을 만듭니다. 이렇게 하면 대동맥 분기를 통해 풍선 장착 스텐트를 진행할 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>2 L/min의 유량으로 97.5%의 산소로 1.5vol% 이소플루란을 흡입하여 마취를 유지한다. 참고: 쥐가 삽관 없이 자발적으로 호흡하도록 허용합니다.</li>
	<li>무의식 시 눈 손상을 방지하기 위해 눈 연고를 적용하십시오.</li>
	<li>쥐의 사타구니와 하복부 부위에서 털을 면도하고 포비도네 요오드 용액으로 해당 피부를 살균합니다.</li>
	<li>수술을 시작하기 전에 꼬리 끝과 디지털 간 조직을 꼬집어 마취의 적절한 깊이를 확인하십시오.</li>
</ol>3. 수술
<ol><li>피부와 기본 근막을 열기 위해 왼쪽 사타구니에 ~ 0.5\u20121 cm의 내향 절개를 합니다.</li>
	<li>맥동 왼쪽 대퇴 동맥이 식별 될 때까지 무뚝뚝하게 해부하고 깊이에서 프로브.</li>
	<li>매우 미세한 집게를 사용하여 주변 결합 조직을 부드럽게 제거하여 대퇴동맥을 준비합니다. 대퇴신경이나 대퇴정맥을 해칠 수 있도록 주의하십시오.</li>
	<li>대퇴동맥 약 1cm를 준비한다. 조심스럽게 부드럽게 들어 올리기 위해 용기 아래에 집게의 끝을 넣어.</li>
	<li>동맥의 단부 및 근근 부분 하에서 4-0 실크 봉합사의 실 조각과 포새를 형성합니다. 수술 클램프의 가지 사이에 두 개의 실 새총의 끝을 고정합니다. 동맥을 제어하기 위해 수술 클램프를 사용합니다. 일시적으로 혈류를 방해하기 위해 슬링을 부드럽게 스트레칭하고 들어 올립니다. 참고: 조직 손상으로 이어질 수 있는 장기간 지혈대를 피하기 위해 빨리 작업하십시오.</li>
	<li>날카로운 마이크로 가위를 사용하여 대퇴 동맥 한가운데에서 동맥 절제술을 수행합니다.</li>
	<li>동맥 절제술을 통해 가이드 와이어를 소개합니다. 근위실 새슬링에 도달하면 수술용 클램프를 이동하여 실의 장력을 방출하고 가이드 와이어를 복부 대어로 더 발전시보를 진행합니다. 참고: 와이어 커터를 사용하여 가이드 와이어를 잘라 처리를 용이하게 합니다.</li>
	<li>다이어프램과 신장 동맥 사이에 가이드 와이어의 근접 끝을 놓습니다. 참고: 가이드 와이어를 너무 멀리 진행하려면 대동맥 이나 심장 손상의 위험이 있습니다. 가이드 와이어와 스텐트의 적절한 위치를 보장하기 위해 복부를 여는 것이 좋습니다.</li>
	<li>가이드 와이어를 통해 2.25mm x 8mm(최대 2.5mm x 8mm)의 압착 및 풍선 장착 관상 동맥 스텐트를 대퇴동맥으로 전환하여 복부 대동맥으로 진행합니다.</li>
	<li>스텐트를 대동맥 분면 바로 위에 놓지만 신장 동맥 아래에 놓습니다. 팽창 주사기 시스템을 사용하여 풍선 카테터를 12 atm에 15s로 팽창시켜 스텐트를 배치합니다.</li>
	<li>풍선 카테터를 수축하고 사용 중 스텐트에 대한 제조업체의 권장 사항에 따라 음의 압력을 유지합니다.</li>
	<li>스텐트를 제자리에 두면서 수축된 카테터를 천천히 철회합니다.</li>
	<li>카테터를 꺼내기 직전에 수술 용 클램프로 절개 위의 스레드 루프에 긴장을 만들어 혈류를 다시 방해합니다. 그런 다음 풍선 카테터를 제거하고 직접 선박을 근교로 리게이트합니다.</li>
	<li>근위와 말단 실 루프를 묶어 대퇴동맥을 리로하고 동맥 절제술의 적절한 혈청을 확인합니다. 부수적 인 동맥은 사지에 더 관류를 보장합니다.</li>
	<li>10-0 비 반향 봉합사를 사용하여 동맥과 피부 절개를 과도하게 근육으로 닫습니다.</li>
</ol>4. 스텐트 이식 후 동물 관리
<ol><li>수술 직후, 쥐는 따뜻한 공기 (30\u201235 °C)와 산소 공급과 특수 중환자 실 케이지에서 60 분 동안 회복 할 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>완전히 회복 될 때까지 동물을주의 깊게 관찰하십시오. 그 후, 쥐를 일반 케이지로 옮킨다. 물과 음식에 대한 광고 리비도 액세스를 제공합니다.</li>
	<li>수술 후 진통을 0.03-0.05 mg/kg 부프레노르핀(s.c., 500μl NaCl에서 임상 평가하에서 총 72시간 동안 투여한다.</li>
	<li>이식된 스텐트의 혈전증을 피하기 위해 클로피도그렐(15 mg/kg)과 혼합된 식품을 먹습니다.</li>
	<li>콜레스테롤 과 플라크 형성을 강화하려면 출생 후 6 \u20128 주에서 서양 식단 을 시작하고 안락사 까지 계속하십시오. 원하는 경우, 일반 쥐 차우를 먹이동물의 집단은 제어 역할을 할 수 있습니다.</li>
</ol>5. 조직 수집 및 처리
<ol><li>지정된 시점에서 조직을 시작하기 전에 IACUC 지침에 따라 동물을 안락사시하십시오. 관찰 기간이 끝날 때 조직학적 분석을 위해 스텐트 대어타를 수확한다.</li>
	<li>중간선 절개에 의해 복부를 열고 대자의 스텐트 세그먼트뿐만 아니라 대자의 인접한 비 스텐트 부분을 제거하여 각각 0.5cm를 측정합니다.</li>
	<li>조직을 고정을 위해 24 시간 동안 4 % 완충 된 포르말린의 용액에 넣습니다.</li>
	<li>플라스틱에 스텐트 동맥 조직을 포함하고 표준프로토콜(18,19)에따른 조직학적 및 면역조직화학적 염색을 수행한다.</li>
</ol>6. 조직학적 분석
<ol><li>적절한 이미지 분석 소프트웨어가 있는 컴퓨터에 연결된 현미경을 통해 스텐트 대어의 근위, 중간 및 단면 부분의 순차적 섹션에 대한 조직학적 분석을 수행한다.</li>
	<li>외부 탄성 라미나 (EEL, 출현과 미디어 사이), 내부 탄성 라미나 (IEL, 미디어와 네오티마 사이), 그래픽 드로잉 태블릿루멘의 윤곽을 추적합니다. 이러한 값에서 소프트웨어로 EEL 영역, IEL 영역 및 루멘 영역을 계산합니다.</li>
	<li>스텐트 내 의 백분율 단면 영역(ISR)을 계산합니다. <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/61442/61442equ01.jpg">
</li>
	<li>총 신자극 영역(Ai)을계산합니다. <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/61442/61442equ02.jpg">
</li>
	<li>스트럿과 루멘 사이의 거리로 각 스텐트 스트럿에 네오인티알 두께(NIT)를 측정합니다. 이엘과 루멘 사이의 거리로 스텐트 스트럿 사이의 NIT를 측정합니다. 참고: 또는 NIT를 계산합니다. <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/61442/61442equ03.jpg"> 여기서 PL과 PIEL은 루멘과 내부 탄성 라미나 둘레, 각각20.</li>
	<li>연구의 요구 사항에 따라 추가 분석을 수행합니다.</li>
</ol>

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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+genotyping+method+to+detect+small+CRISPR-Cas9+induced+indels+by+agarose+gel+electrophoresis.">A simple genotyping method to detect small CRISPR-Cas9 induced indels by agarose gel electrophoresis.</a> Scientific Reports. 9 (1), 39950 (2019).</li><li>Malik, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravascular+stents:+a+new+technique+for+tissue+processing+for+histology,+immunohistochemistry,+and+transmission+electron+microscopy.">Intravascular stents: a new technique for tissue processing for histology, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy.</a> Heart. 80 (5), 509-516 (1998).</li><li>Kumar, A. H., McCauley, S. D., Hynes, B. G., O'Dea, J., Caplice, N. 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G. T., Jensen, T. L., Mikkelsen, L. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Laboratory Mouse (Second Edition). , 567-599 (2012).</li><li>Rune, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+Western+diet+fed+apolipoprotein+E-deficient+rats+exhibit+only+modest+early+atherosclerotic+characteristics.">Long-term Western diet fed apolipoprotein E-deficient rats exhibit only modest early atherosclerotic characteristics.</a> Scientific Reports. 8 (1), 23835 (2018).</li><li>Daemen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+and+late+coronary+stent+thrombosis+of+sirolimus-eluting+and+paclitaxel-eluting+stents+in+routine+clinical+practice:+data+from+a+large+two-institutional+cohort+study.">Early and late coronary stent thrombosis of sirolimus-eluting and paclitaxel-eluting stents in routine clinical practice: data from a large two-institutional cohort study.</a> Lancet. 369 (9562), 667-678 (2007).</li><li>Cornelissen, A., Vogt, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+stenting+on+coronary+endothelium+from+a+molecular+biological+view:+Time+for+improvement.">The effects of stenting on coronary endothelium from a molecular biological view: Time for improvement.</a> Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 23 (1), 39-46 (2019).</li><li>Mori, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathological+mechanisms+of+left+main+stent+failure.">Pathological mechanisms of left main stent failure.</a> International Journal of Cardiology. 263, 9-16 (2018).</li><li>Wolinsky, H., Glagov, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+abdominal+and+thoracic+aortic+medial+structure+in+mammals.+Deviation+of+man+from+the+usual+pattern.">Comparison of abdominal and thoracic aortic medial structure in mammals. Deviation of man from the usual pattern.</a> Circulation Research. 25 (6), 677-686 (1969).</li><li>Lowe, H. C., James, B., Khachigian, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+model+of+in-stent+restenosis:+rat+aortic+stenting.">A novel model of in-stent restenosis: rat aortic stenting.</a> Heart. 91 (3), 393-395 (2005).</li><li>Unthank, J. L., Nixon, J. C., Lash, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+adaptations+in+collateral+and+microvascular+resistances+after+ligation+of+the+rat+femoral+artery.">Early adaptations in collateral and microvascular resistances after ligation of the rat femoral artery.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 79 (1), 73-82 (1985).</li><li>Nevzati, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biodegradable+Magnesium+Stent+Treatment+of+Saccular+Aneurysms+in+a+Rat+Model+-+Introduction+of+the+Surgical+Technique.">Biodegradable Magnesium Stent Treatment of Saccular Aneurysms in a Rat Model - Introduction of the Surgical Technique.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (128), e56359 (2017).</li><li>Aquarius, R., Smits, D., Gounis, M. J., Leenders, W. P. J., de Vries, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+diverter+implantation+in+a+rat+model+of+sidewall+aneurysm:+a+feasibility+study.">Flow diverter implantation in a rat model of sidewall aneurysm: a feasibility study.</a> Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery. 10 (1), 88-92 (2018).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

이 프로토콜은 apoE-/-쥐의 복부 대동맥에 인간 크기의 관상 동맥 스텐트의 이식을 설명합니다. 몇 가지 기술적 인 점은 강조 가치가있다. 첫째, 스텐트 크기와 대자의 크기 사이의 불일치는 피해야 합니다. 스텐트를 너무 작게 두면 스텐트 말라프포지션으로 이어질 수 있지만 대마에 비해 너무 큰 스텐트를 이식하면 혈관의 오버스트레치, 찢어짐 및 부상을 유발할 수 있습니다. 따라서 직경...

관상 동맥 스텐트의 배치와 결합된 경피 관상 동맥 개입(PCI)은 관상 동맥 질환1의중재 적 치료에 있는 금본위제(gold standard)를 나타낸다. 그러나 스텐트의 장기적인 성공은 스텐트2,3내의 신자극 조직의 과도한 증식에 의해 결정되는 스텐트 내 레스테노시스(ISR)의 발생에 의해 제한될 수 있다. ISR은 관상 동맥 우회 또는 재PCI로 재개입을 요구할 수 있습니다. ISR의 연구를 위해 다양한 동물 모델이 제안되었으며, 각각은 장점과 단점을 특징으로합니다. 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 돼지 관상 동맥 및 토끼 일강 동맥 모델의 주요 단점은 스텐트 이식후인간과 현저하게 유사한 병변을 개발하지만4,5,특히 장기 연구에서 물류 어려움을 초래하는 큰 동물 및 주거 비용뿐만 아니라 취급 및 장비의 한계입니다. 또한 돼지와 토끼의 세포 단백질에 대한 항체의 가용성은 제한적입니다. 한편, 뮤린 모델은 높은 처리량과 재현성의 주요 장점뿐만 아니라 취급, 하우징 및 비용 효율성의 용이성을 제공합니다. 더욱이, 항체의 더 많은 수를 사용할 수 있습니다. 그러나, 아포포단백질 E-결핍(apoE-/-) 마우스는 죽상경화증6,7,8의연구에 광범위하게 사용되어 왔지만, 스텐트가 마우스로 이식되기 위해 소형화되어야 하기 때문에 ISR 연구에 적합하지 않아 스텐트의 기계적 특성을 잠재적으로 변화시킬 수 있다. 더욱이, 마우스의 대동맥벽은 젊은 마우스에서 50 μm,구생9에서85 μm 사이를 측정하고, 스텐트는 스텐트10의malapposition로 이어질 수 있는 2 atm의 낮은 압력 수준을 사용하여 배치되어야 한다. 그러나 쥐는 시판되는 인간 관상 동맥 스텐트의 이식을 허용하고, 대동맥 스텐트 이식 후 더 큰 동물과 유사한 혈관 치유 과정을 시연하고, 랑베벨드 외11에의해 처음 보고되었다. 이 기술은 원래 혈액 흐름의 일시적인 중단을 달성하기 위해 대자의 물리적 수축을 필요로 트랜스 복부 액세스를 필요로했다. 잠재적으로 연관된 혈관 상해 및 염증 반응을 피하기 위하여는, 기술은 나중에 동물 의 더 높은 생존율 귀착되는 trans-iliac 접근의 도입에 의해 정제되었다12.
야생형 쥐는 죽상 경화성병변(13)을개발하지 않기 때문에, 아포-/-랫트는 전사 활성제-이펙터-이펙터 뉴클레아제(TALEN)14,군집이 정기적으로 짧은 팔린드로믹 반복(CRISPR/Cas9)15,아연 핑거(ZF)16등의핵활성 기술을 사용하여 생성되었다. ApoE-/-쥐는 2011년부터 상용화되어 왔습니다. 아포겐성 배경을 제공하는apoE-/-랫은 특히 ISR과 관련하여 인간 크기의 관상 동맥 스텐트의 보다 현실적인 평가를 허용합니다.
본원에서, 당사는 트랜스페모랄 접근 경로를 통해 서판적으로 이용 가능한 얇은 스트럿 코발트 크롬 약물 용출 스텐트(DES)를 사용하여 방법을 설명하지만, 베어 메탈 스텐트(BMS) 또는 생분해성 스텐트와 같은 다른 스텐트 유형의 연구에도 적용될 수 있다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Diet&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SNIFF High Fat diet + Clopidogrel (15 mg/kg)</td><td>SNIFF Spezialdi&amp;auml;ten GmbH, Soest</td><td>custom prepared</td><td>Western Diet</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Drugs and Anesthetics&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Buprenorphine</td><td>Essex Pharma</td><td>997.00.00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ISOFLO (Isoflurane Vapor) vaporiser</td><td>Eickemeyer</td><td>4802885</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Forene Abbott</td><td>B 506</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isotonic (0.9%) NaCl solution</td><td>DeltaSelect GmbH</td><td>PZN 00765145</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ringer&#039;s lactate solution</td><td>Baxter Deutschland GmbH</td><td>3775380</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>(S)-ketamine</td><td>CEVA Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylazine</td><td>Medistar Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Consumable supplies&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10 mL syringes</td><td>BD Plastipak</td><td>4606108V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 mL syringes</td><td>BD Plastipak</td><td>4606027V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6-0 prolene suture</td><td>ETHICON</td><td>N-2719K</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-0 silk suture</td><td>Seraflex</td><td>IC 158000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bepanthen Eye and Nose Ointment</td><td>Bayer Vital GmbH</td><td>6029009.00.00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cotton Gauze swabs</td><td>Fuhrmann GmbH</td><td>32014</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Durapore silk tape</td><td>3M</td><td>1538-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-Alcohol Skin Desinfection Solution</td><td>Antiseptica GmbH</td><td>72PAH200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterican needle 18 G</td><td>B. Braun</td><td>304622</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterican needle 27 3/4 G</td><td>B.Braun</td><td>4657705</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue Paper</td><td>commercially available</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Surgical instruments&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Graefe forceps curved x1</td><td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td><td>11151-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Graefe forceps straight</td><td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td><td>11050-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Needle holder Mathieu</td><td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td><td>12010-14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td><td>14074-11</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Semken forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td><td>11008-13</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small surgical scissors curved</td><td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td><td>14029-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small surgical scissors straight</td><td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td><td>14028-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Standard pattern forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td><td>11000-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vannas spring scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td><td>15000-08</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting microscope</td><td>Leica MZ9</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature controlled heating pad</td><td>Sygonix</td><td>26857617</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment for stent implantation&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drug-eluting stent Xience 2,25mm x 8mm</td><td>Abbott Vascular USA</td><td>1009544-18</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Guide wire Fielder XT PTCA guide wire: 0.014&quot; x 300cm</td><td>ASAHI INTECC CO., LTD Japan</td><td>AGP140302</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inflation syringe system</td><td>Abbott 20/30 Priority Pack</td><td>1000186</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Tissue processing and analysis&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>30% H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Roth</td><td>9681</td><td>Histology</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Roth</td><td>K928.1</td><td>Histology</td></tr><tr><td>Giemsas Azur-Eosin-Methylenblau</td><td>Merck</td><td>109204</td><td>Histology</td></tr><tr><td>Graphic Drawing Tablet</td><td>WACOM Europe GmbH</td><td>CTL-6100WLK-S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Roti Histofix, Formaldehyd 4% buffered</td><td>Roth</td><td>P087</td><td>Histology</td></tr><tr><td>Technovit 9100</td><td>Morphisto</td><td>12225.K1000</td><td>Histology</td></tr></tbody></table>

implantation of human-sized coronary stents into rat abdominal aorta using a trans-femoral access

관상 동맥 스텐트의 배치와 결합된 경피 관상 동맥 개입 (PCI)은 관상 동맥 질환의 중재 적 치료에 금 본위제입니다. 스텐트 내 레스테노스(ISR)는 스텐트 내의 신자극 조직의 과도한 증식에 의해 결정되며 스텐트의 장기적인 성공을 제한한다. 다양한 동물 모델이 스텐트 내 레스텐소증(ISR)의 기초병리학적 과정을 해명하는 데 사용되었으며, 돼지 관상 동맥 및 토끼 일강 동맥 모델이 가장 빈번하게 사용되고 있다. Murine 모델은 높은 처리량, 취급 및 하우징의 용이성, 재현성 및 분자 마커의 광범위한 가용성의 이점을 제공합니다. 아포포포프로틴 E결핍(apoE-/-) 마우스 모델은 심혈관 질환을 연구하는 데 널리 사용되고 있다. 그러나, 스텐트는 그들의 기계및 (잠재적으로) 생물학 속성의 중요한 변경을 관련시키는 마우스로 이식되기 위하여 소형화되어야 합니다. apoE-/--쥐의 사용은 apoE-/-쥐가 인간 크기의 관상 동맥 스텐트의 평가를 동시에 허용하는 동시에 아포로겐성 표현형을 제공하는 이러한 단점을 극복할 수 있다. 이것은 스텐트 이식 후 ISR을 조사하는 우수하고 신뢰할 수있는 모델입니다. 여기에서, 우리는, 상세히, 트랜스 대퇴접근을 사용하여 apoE-/- 배경을 가진 쥐의 복부 대동맥으로 상업적으로 이용 가능한 인간 관상 동맥 스텐트의 이식을 기술합니다.

이 프로토콜은 트랜스 대퇴 접근 경로를 사용하여 쥐의 복부 대어타에서 스텐트 이식을 설명합니다(도1). 이 동물 모델의 첫 번째 핵심포인트는 인간 크기의 관상 동맥 스텐트를 배치할 수 있다는 것입니다. 상업적으로 이용 가능한 압착 및 풍선 장착 관상 동맥 스텐트는 쥐의 복부 대동맥에 배치 할 수 있습니다. 따라서, 또한, 인간과 동일한 스텐트 배치 원칙을 적용할 수 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Implantation of Human-Sized Coronary Stents into Rat Abdominal Aorta Using a Trans-Femoral Access at JoVE.com

Implantation of Human-Sized Coronary Stents into Rat Abdominal Aorta Using a Trans-Femoral Access

이 프로토콜은 트랜스 대퇴 액세스를 사용하여 apoE-/- 배경을 가진 쥐의 복부 대동맥에 인간 관상 동맥 스텐트를 이식하는 것을 설명합니다. 다른 동물 모델과 비교하여 뮤린 모델은 높은 처리량, 재현성, 취급 및 하우징의 용이성 및 광범위한 분자 마커의 장점을 가지고 있습니다.

대퇴동맥 접근을 이용한 쥐 복부 대동맥에 인간 크기의 관상 동맥 스텐트를 이식

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), combined with the deployment of a coronary stent, represents the gold standard in interventional treatment of ...

implantation-human-sized-coronary-stents-into-rat-abdominal-aorta

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

4.2K 조회수.  University Hospital RWTH Aachen. 이 프로토콜은 트랜스 대퇴 액세스를 사용하여 apoE-/- 배경을 가진 쥐의 복부 대동맥에 인간 관상 동맥 스텐트를 이식하는 것을 설명합니다. 다른 동물 모델과 비교하여 뮤린 모델은 높은 처리량, 재현성, 취급 및 하우징의 용이성 및 광범위한 분자 마커의 장점을 가지고 있습니다.

비디오: Implantation of Human-Sized Coronary Stents into Rat Abdominal Aorta Using a Trans-Femoral Access

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation: A Rat Model to Study the Development of Chronic Vasculopathy

Research models of chronic rejection are essential to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during the development of transplant vasculopathy (TVP).
The commonly used animal model for cardiovascular chronic rejection studies is the heterotopic heart transplant model performed in laboratory rodents. This model is used widely in experiments since Ono and Lindsey (3) published their technique. To analyze the findings in the blood vessels, the heart has to be sectioned and all vessels have to be measured.
Another method to investigate chronic rejection in cardiovascular questionings is the aortic transplant model (1, 2). In the orthotopic aortic transplant model, the aorta can easily be histologically evaluated (2). The PVG-to-ACI model is especially useful for CAV studies, since acute vascular rejection is not a major confounding factor and Cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment does not prevent the development of CAV, similar to what we find in the clinical setting (4). A7-day period of CsA is required in this model to prevent acute rejection and to achieve long-term survival with the development of TVP.
This model can also be used to investigate acute cellular rejection and media necrosis in xenogeneic models (5).

This video demonstrates the orthotopic aortic transplant model as a simple model to study the development of transplant vasculopathy (TVP) in rats.

Orthotopic 대동맥 이식 : 만성 Vasculopathy의 개발 연구에 생쥐 모델

Research models of chronic rejection are essential to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during the development of transplant ...

연구

의학

Human Internal Mammary Artery (IMA) Transplantation and Stenting: A Human Model to Study the Development of In-Stent Restenosis

Preclinical in vivo research models to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes in the development of intimal hyperplasia after vessel stenting are crucial for translational approaches1,2.
The commonly used animal models include mice, rats, rabbits, and pigs3-5. However, the translation of these models into clinical settings remains difficult, since those biological processes are already studied in animal vessels but never performed before in human research models6,7. In this video we demonstrate a new humanized model to overcome this translational gap. The shown procedure is reproducible, easy, and fast to perform and is suitable to study the development of intimal hyperplasia and the applicability of diverse stents.
This video shows how to perform the stent technique in human vessels followed by transplantation into immunodeficient rats, and identifies the origin of proliferating cells as human.

Human Internal Mammary Artery IMA Transplantation and Stenting: A Human Model to Study the Development of In-Stent Restenosis

This video shows a model to study the development of intimal hyperplasia after stent deployment using a human vessel (IMA) in an immunodeficient rat model.

인간 내유 동맥 (IMA) 이식과 Stenting : 인 Restenosis 스텐 트의 개발을 공부하는 인간 모델

Preclinical in vivo research models to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes in the development of intimal hyperplasia after vessel ...

Implantation of Engineered Tissue in the Rat Heart

Rodent surgery is often an important component in assessing the utility of engineered tissues. A wide variety of surgical procedures can be performed in common laboratory rats or mice and these quite frequently serve as an intermediate step between bench-top experiments and large animal testing or human trials. Given that rodents provide an established, cost-effective, and physiologically-relevant model system in which to test novel combinations of scaffolding materials and cells, they are particularly well-suited for cardiovascular tissue engineering studies. Presently, we describe an open-heart surgical procedure to implant engineered tissue containing myogenic progenitor cells in the atrioventricular (AV) groove of a rat heart. These implants are intended to create an electrical conduit between the right atrium and right ventricle with the ultimate goal of providing an alternative treatment to conventional pacemaker implantation in pediatric patients with complete heart block[1]. The engineered tissue is implanted in the AV-groove by means of a thoracotomy. For our purposes, Lewis rats are anesthetized and invasively ventilated to maintain positive airway pressure during the sterile surgical procedure. The approach to the heart is performed by a right thoracotomy through an antero-lateral incision at the 5th intercostal space. The tissue construct is fixed in the AV groove using a single 7-0 Prolene suture and positioned between the right ventricle and atrium at the ventral portion of the heart. The epicardium is partially removed to allow direct contact between the recipient myocardial cells and those contained in the engineered tissue. Following implantation, the chest wall is closed in layers, any pneumothorax is evacuated, and the animal is extubated and treated with analgesic.

Here, we describe a cardiac surgical procedure to implant engineered tissue in the atrioventricular (AV)-groove of an adult Lewis rat.

랫 중심에 엔지니어링된 조직의 주입

Rodent surgery is often an important component in assessing the utility of engineered tissues. A wide variety of surgical procedures can be performed in ...

생물학

A Murine Model of Stent Implantation in the Carotid Artery for the Study of Restenosis

Despite the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades, cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western countries. Beside the benefits offered by the development of different drug-eluting stents, the coronary revascularization bears also the life-threatening risks of in-stent thrombosis and restenosis. Research on new therapeutic strategies is impaired by the lack of appropriate methods to study stent implantation and restenosis processes. Here, we describe a rapid and accessible procedure of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery, which offers the possibility to study in a convenient way the molecular mechanisms of vessel remodeling and the effects of different drug coatings.

A model of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery is described. Compared to other similar methods, this procedure is very rapid, simple and accessible, offering the possibility to study in a convenient way the vascular wall reaction to different drug-eluting stents and the molecular mechanisms of restenosis.

재 협착의 연구에 대한 경동맥 스텐트 시술의 쥐과 모형

Despite  the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades,  cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western ...

A New Murine Model of Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Endovascular aneurysm exclusion is a validated technique to prevent aneurysm rupture. Long-term results highlight technique limitations and new aspects of Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) pathophysiology. There is no abdominal aortic aneurysm endograft exclusion model cheap and reproducible, which would allow deep investigations of AAA before and after treatment. We hereby describe how to induce, and then to exclude with a covered coronary stentgraft an abdominal aortic aneurysm in a rat. The well known elastase induced AAA model was first reported in 19901 in a rat, then described in mice2. Elastin degradation leads to dilation of the aorta with inflammatory infiltration of the abdominal wall and intra luminal thrombus, matching with human AAA. Endovascular exclusion with small covered stentgraft is then performed, excluding any interactions between circulating blood and the aneurysm thrombus. Appropriate exclusion and stentgraft patency is confirmed before euthanasia by an angiography thought the left carotid artery. Partial control of elastase diffusion makes aneurysm shape different for each animal. It is difficult to create an aneurysm, which will allow an appropriate length of aorta below the aneurysm for an easy stentgraft introduction, and with adequate proximal and distal neck to prevent endoleaks. Lots of failure can result to stentgraft introduction which sometimes lead to aorta tear with pain and troubles to stitch it, and endothelial damage with post op aorta thrombosis. Giving aspirin to rats before stentgraft implantation decreases failure rate without major hemorrhage. Clamping time activates neutrophils, endothelium and platelets, and may interfere with biological analysis.

Histological and biochemical modifications after aneurysm endograft exclusion are still unclear. We describe a new model of endograft implantation on a murine aneurysm. Through thrombus analysis with and without persistant circulating blood stream interface, and new endovascular biomaterials evaluation, this model will help to better understand endovascular aneurysm exclusion pathobiology.

혈관 동맥류 수리의 새로운 쥐과 모델

Endovascular aneurysm exclusion is a validated technique to prevent aneurysm rupture. Long-term results highlight technique limitations and new aspects of ...

Imaging In-Stent Restenosis: An Inexpensive, Reliable, and Rapid Preclinical Model

Preclinical models of restenosis are essential to unravel the pathophysiological processes that lead to in-stent restenosis and to optimize existing and future drug-eluting stents.
A variety of antibodies and transgenic and knockout strains are available in rats. Consequently, a model for in-stent restenosis in the rat would be convenient for pathobiological and pathophysiological studies. 
In this video, we present the full procedure and pit-falls of a rat stent model suitable for high throughput stent research. We will show the surgical procedure of stent deployment, and the assessment of in-stent restenosis using the most elegant technique of OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography). This technique provides high accuracy in assessing plaque CSAs (cross section areas) and correlates well with histological sections, which require special and time consuming embedding and sectioning techniques. OCT imaging further allows longitudinal monitoring of the development of in-stent restenosis within the same animal compared to one-time snapshots using histology.

This video demonstrates how to use a preclinical inexpensive and reliable model to study pathobiological and pathophysiological processes of in-stent restenosis development. Longitudinal in vivo monitoring using OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) and analysis of OCT images are also demonstrated.

이미징에서 스텐트 - Restenosis : 저렴한, 신뢰성 및 빠른 잠복기 모델

Preclinical models of restenosis are essential to unravel the pathophysiological processes that lead to in-stent restenosis and to optimize existing and ...

Biodegradable Magnesium Stent Treatment of Saccular Aneurysms in a Rat Model - Introduction of the Surgical Technique

The steady progess in the armamentarium of techniques available for endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms requires affordable and reproducable experimental animal models to test novel embolization materials such as stents and flow diverters. The aim of the present project was to design a safe, fast, and standardized surgical technique for stent assisted embolization of saccular aneurysms in a rat animal model.
Saccular aneurysms were created from an arterial graft from the descending aorta.The aneurysms were microsurgically transplanted through end-to-side anastomosis to the infrarenal abdominal aorta of a syngenic male Wistar rat weighing &#62;500 g. Following aneurysm anastomosis, aneurysm embolization was performed using balloon expandable magnesium stents (2.5 mm x 6 mm). The stent system was retrograde introduced from the lower abdominal aorta using a modified Seldinger technique.
Following a pilot series of 6 animals, a total of 67 rats were operated according to established standard operating procedures. Mean surgery time, mean anastomosis time, and mean suturing time of the artery puncture site were 167 &#177; 22 min, 26 &#177; 6 min and 11 &#177; 5 min, respectively. The mortality rate was 6% (n=4). The morbidity rate was 7.5% (n=5), and in-stent thrombosis was found in 4 cases (n=2 early, n=2 late in stent thrombosis).
The results demonstrate the feasibility of standardized stent occlusion of saccular sidewall aneurysms in rats - with low rates of morbidity and mortality. This stent embolization procedure combines the opportunity to study novel concepts of stent or flow diverter based devices as well as the molecular aspects of healing.

Reproducable experimental animal models are needed for the testing of novel embolization materials, which have been designed to treat endovascular occlusion of intracranial aneurysms (IA). The present study aims to develop a safe and standardized surgical technique for stent assisted embolization of saccular aneurysms in a rat animal model.

쥐 모델-수술 방법의 소개에에서 Saccular 동맥 류의 생 분해성 마그네슘 스 텐트 치료

The steady progess in the armamentarium of techniques available for endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms requires affordable and reproducable ...

신경과학

Novel Percutaneous Approach for Deployment of 3D Printed Coronary Stenosis Implants in Swine Models of Ischemic Heart Disease

Minimally invasive methods for creating models of focal coronary narrowing in large animals are challenging. Rapid prototyping using three-dimensionally (3D) printed coronary implants can be employed to percutaneously create a focal coronary stenosis. However, reliable delivery of the implants can be difficult without the use of ancillary equipment. We describe the use of a mother-and-child coronary guide catheter for stabilization of the implant and for effective delivery of the 3D printed implant to any desired location along the length of the coronary vessel. The focal coronary narrowing was confirmed under coronary cineangiography and the functional significance of the coronary stenosis was assessed using gadolinium-enhanced first-pass cardiac perfusion MRI. We showed that reliable delivery of 3D printed coronary implants in swine models (n = 11) of ischemic heart disease can be achieved through repurposing mother-and-child coronary guide catheters. Our technique simplifies the percutaneous delivery of coronary implants to create closed-chest swine models of focal coronary artery stenosis and can be performed expeditiously, with a low procedural failure rate.

We describe a novel, cost-effective, and efficient technique for percutaneous delivery of three-dimensionally printed coronary implants to create closed-chest swine models of ischemic heart disease. The implants were fixed in place using a mother-and-child extension catheter with high success rate.

허혈성 심장 질환의 돼지 모델에 3D 인쇄 관상 동맥 협착 임플란트의 배포를위한 새로운 경피적 인 접근 방식

Minimally invasive methods for creating models of focal coronary narrowing in large animals are challenging. Rapid prototyping using three-dimensionally ...

Using a Cell-Tracer Injection to Investigate the Origin of Neointima-Forming Cells in a Rat Saccular Side Wall Model

Microsurgical clipping creates a subsequent barrier of blood flow into intracranial aneurysms, whereas endovascular treatment relies on neointima and thrombus formation. The source of endothelial cells covering the endoluminal layer of the neointima remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the origin of neointima-forming cells after cell-tracer injection in the already well-established Helsinki rat microsurgical sidewall aneurysm model.
Sidewall aneurysms were created by suturing decellularized or vital arterial pouches end-to-side to the aorta in male Lewis rats. Before arteriotomy with aneurysm suture, a cell-tracer injection containing CM-Dil dye was performed into the clamped aorta to label endothelial cells in the adjacent vessel and track their proliferation during follow-up (FU). Treatment followed by coiling (n = 16) or stenting (n = 15). At FU (7 days or 21 days), all rats underwent fluorescence angiography, followed by aneurysm harvesting and macroscopic and histological evaluation with immunohistological cell counts for specific regions of interest. 
None of the 31 aneurysms had ruptured upon follow-up. Four animals died prematurely. Macroscopically residual perfusion was observed in 75.0% coiled and 7.0% of stented rats. The amount of cell-tracer-positive cells was significantly elevated in decellularized stented compared to coiled aneurysms with respect to thrombus on day 7 (p = 0.01) and neointima on day 21 (p = 0.04). No significant differences were found in thrombus or neointima in vital aneurysms. 
These findings confirm worse healing patterns in coiled compared to stented aneurysms. Neointima formation seems particularly dependent on the parent artery in decellularized aneurysms, whereas it is supported by the recruitment from aneurysm wall cells in vital cell-rich walls. In terms of translation, stent treatment might be more appropriate for highly degenerated aneurysms, whereas coiling alone might be adequate for aneurysms with mostly healthy vessel walls.

We performed a one-point, lipophilic cell-tracer injection to track endothelial cells, followed by an arteriotomy and suturing of sidewall aneurysms on the abdominal rat aorta. Neointima formation seemed dependent on the parent artery in decellularized aneurysms and was promoted by the recruitment from aneurysm wall cells in vital cell-rich walls.

세포 추적기 주입을 사용하여 쥐 saccular 측벽 모델에서 Neointima-Forming Cells의 기원을 조사합니다.

Microsurgical clipping creates a subsequent barrier of blood flow into intracranial aneurysms, whereas endovascular treatment relies on neointima and ...

Implantation of Electrospun Vascular Grafts with Optimized Structure in a Rat Model

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate macroporous PCL vascular graft and describe an evaluation protocol by using a rat model of abdominal aorta replacement. The electrospun vascular grafts often possess relatively small pores, which limit cell infiltration into the grafts and hinder the regeneration and remodeling of the neo-arteries. In this study, PCL vascular grafts with thicker fibers (5 - 6 &#181;m) and larger pores (~30 &#181;m) were fabricated by using a modified processing technique. The long-term performance of the graft was evaluated by implantation in a rat abdominal aorta model. Ultrasound analysis showed that the grafts remained patent without aneurysm or stenosis occurring even after 12 months of implantation. Macroporous structure improved the cell ingrowth and thus promoted tissue regenerated at 3 months. More importantly, there was no sign of adverse remodeling, such as calcification within the graft wall after 12 months. Therefore, electrospun PCL vascular grafts with modified macroporous processing hold potential to be an artery substitute for long-term implantation.

Here, we present a modified electrospinning method to fabricate PCL vascular grafts with thick fibers and large pores, and describe a protocol to evaluate the in vivo performance in a rat model of abdominal aorta replacement.

쥐 모델에 최적화 된 구조를 가진 Electrospun 혈관 이식 술의 이식

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate macroporous PCL vascular graft and describe an evaluation protocol by using a rat model of abdominal aorta ...