Name: in vitro assessment of myocardial protection following hypothermia-preconditioning in a human cardiac myocytes model
Uploaded: 2020-10-27T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vitro Assessment of Myocardial Protection following Hypothermia-Preconditioning in a Human Cardiac Myocytes Model at JoVE.com

This work was funded in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81970265, 81900281,81700288), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2019M651904); and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1101001, 2017YFC1308105).

Information regarding commercial reagents and instruments are listed in the Table of Materials.
The AC16 human cardiomyocyte cell line was derived from the fusion of primary cells from adult ventricular heart tissue with SV40-transformed human fibroblasts17, which were purchased from BLUEFBIO (Shanghai, China). The cell line develops many biochemical and morphological features characteristic of cardiomyocytes. In addition, the cell line is widely used t...

<ol>
	<li>Kim, B. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myocardial+Ischemia+Induces+SDF-1alpha+Release+in+Cardiac+Surgery+Patients.">Myocardial Ischemia Induces SDF-1alpha Release in Cardiac Surgery Patients.</a> Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research. 9 (3), 230-238 (2016).</li><li>Klein, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Less+invasive+ventricular+reconstruction+for+ischaemic+heart+failure.">Less invasive ventricular reconstruction for ischaemic heart failure.</a> EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEART FAILURE. 21 (12), 1638-1650 (2019).</li><li>Otto, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+hypothermia+applicable+to+cardiac+surgery.">Therapeutic hypothermia applicable to cardiac surgery.</a> VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA. 42 (6), 559-569 (2015).</li><li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+of+Hypothermic+Circulatory+Arrest+During+Unilateral+Antegrade+Cerebral+Perfusion+for+Aortic+Arch+Surgery.">Safety of Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest During Unilateral Antegrade Cerebral Perfusion for Aortic Arch Surgery.</a> CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY. 35 (11), 1483-1490 (2019).</li><li>Leshnower, B. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moderate+Versus+Deep+Hypothermia+With+Unilateral+Selective+Antegrade+Cerebral+Perfusion+for+Acute+Type+A+Dissection.">Moderate Versus Deep Hypothermia With Unilateral Selective Antegrade Cerebral Perfusion for Acute Type A Dissection.</a> ANNALS OF THORACIC SURGERY. 100 (5), 1563-1568 (2015).</li><li>Vallabhajosyula, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moderate+versus+deep+hypothermic+circulatory+arrest+for+elective+aortic+transverse+hemiarch+reconstruction.">Moderate versus deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for elective aortic transverse hemiarch reconstruction.</a> ANNALS OF THORACIC SURGERY. 99 (5), 1511-1517 (2015).</li><li>Keeling, W. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+of+Moderate+Hypothermia+With+Antegrade+Cerebral+Perfusion+in+Total+Aortic+Arch+Replacement.">Safety of Moderate Hypothermia With Antegrade Cerebral Perfusion in Total Aortic Arch Replacement.</a> ANNALS OF THORACIC SURGERY. 105 (1), 54-61 (2018).</li><li>Yan, T. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consensus+on+hypothermia+in+aortic+arch+surgery.">Consensus on hypothermia in aortic arch surgery.</a> Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 2 (2), 163-168 (2013).</li><li>Zhou, J., Empey, P. E., Bies, R. R., Kochanek, P. M., Poloyac, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+arrest+and+therapeutic+hypothermia+decrease+isoform-specific+cytochrome+P450+drug+metabolism.">Cardiac arrest and therapeutic hypothermia decrease isoform-specific cytochrome P450 drug metabolism.</a> DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION. 39 (12), 2209-2218 (2011).</li><li>Sharp, W. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+the+mitochondrial+fission+protein+dynamin-related+protein+1+improves+survival+in+a+murine+cardiac+arrest+model.">Inhibition of the mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 improves survival in a murine cardiac arrest model.</a> CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE. 43 (2), 38-47 (2015).</li><li>Zhu, W. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hsp90aa1:+a+novel+target+gene+of+miR-1+in+cardiac+ischemia/reperfusion+injury.">Hsp90aa1: a novel target gene of miR-1 in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 24498 (2016).</li><li>Castedo, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+hypothermia+on+right+atrial+cardiomyocyte+apoptosis+in+patients+undergoing+aortic+valve+replacement.">Influence of hypothermia on right atrial cardiomyocyte apoptosis in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement.</a> Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 2, 7 (2007).</li><li>Krech, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moderate+therapeutic+hypothermia+induces+multimodal+protective+effects+in+oxygen-glucose+deprivation/reperfusion+injured+cardiomyocytes.">Moderate therapeutic hypothermia induces multimodal protective effects in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion injured cardiomyocytes.</a> Mitochondrion. 35, 1-10 (2017).</li><li>Cooper, W. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypothermic+circulatory+arrest+causes+multisystem+vascular+endothelial+dysfunction+and+apoptosis.">Hypothermic circulatory arrest causes multisystem vascular endothelial dysfunction and apoptosis.</a> ANNALS OF THORACIC SURGERY. 69 (3), 696-702 (2000).</li><li>Kajimoto, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+cerebral+perfusion+prevents+abnormalities+in+glutamate+cycling+and+neuronal+apoptosis+in+a+model+of+infant+deep+hypothermic+circulatory+arrest+and+reperfusion.">Selective cerebral perfusion prevents abnormalities in glutamate cycling and neuronal apoptosis in a model of infant deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and reperfusion.</a> JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM. 36 (11), 1992-2004 (2016).</li><li>Liu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+Hypothermic+Circulatory+Arrest+Does+Not+Show+Better+Protection+for+Vital+Organs+Compared+with+Moderate+Hypothermic+Circulatory+Arrest+in+Pig+Model.">Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest Does Not Show Better Protection for Vital Organs Compared with Moderate Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest in Pig Model.</a> Biomed Research International. 2019, 1420216 (2019).</li><li>Davidson, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+cell+lines+derived+from+adult+human+ventricular+cardiomyocytes.">Novel cell lines derived from adult human ventricular cardiomyocytes.</a> JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR CARDIOLOGY. 39 (1), 133-147 (2005).</li><li>Khan, K., Makhoul, G., Yu, B., Schwertani, A., Cecere, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cytoprotective+impact+of+yes-associated+protein+1+after+ischemia-reperfusion+injury+in+AC16+human+cardiomyocytes.">The cytoprotective impact of yes-associated protein 1 after ischemia-reperfusion injury in AC16 human cardiomyocytes.</a> EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. 244 (10), 802-812 (2019).</li><li>Pan, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-146a+attenuates+apoptosis+and+modulates+autophagy+by+targeting+TAF9b/P53+pathway+in+doxorubicin-induced+cardiotoxicity.">miR-146a attenuates apoptosis and modulates autophagy by targeting TAF9b/P53 pathway in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.</a> Cell Death Discovery. 10 (9), 668 (2019).</li><li>Schmitt, K. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=S100B+modulates+IL-6+release+and+cytotoxicity+from+hypothermic+brain+cells+and+inhibits+hypothermia-induced+axonal+outgrowth.">S100B modulates IL-6 release and cytotoxicity from hypothermic brain cells and inhibits hypothermia-induced axonal outgrowth.</a> NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH. 59 (1), 68-73 (2007).</li><li>Tong, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+hypothermia+therapy+attenuates+LPS-induced+microglia+neuroinflammation+via+the+STAT3+pathway.">Deep hypothermia therapy attenuates LPS-induced microglia neuroinflammation via the STAT3 pathway.</a> Neuroscience. 358, 201-210 (2017).</li><li>Yu, Z. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Troxerutin+attenuates+oxygenglucose+deprivation+and+reoxygenationinduced+oxidative+stress+and+inflammation+by+enhancing+the+PI3K/AKT/HIF1alpha+signaling+pathway+in+H9C2+cardiomyocytes.">Troxerutin attenuates oxygenglucose deprivation and reoxygenationinduced oxidative stress and inflammation by enhancing the PI3K/AKT/HIF1alpha signaling pathway in H9C2 cardiomyocytes.</a> Molecular Medicine Reports. 22 (2), 1351-1361 (2020).</li><li>Drescher, C., Diestel, A., Wollersheim, S., Berger, F., Schmitt, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+does+hypothermia+protect+cardiomyocytes+during+cardioplegic+ischemia.">How does hypothermia protect cardiomyocytes during cardioplegic ischemia.</a> European journal of cardiothoracic surgery. 40 (2), 352-359 (2011).</li><li>Diestel, A., Drescher, C., Miera, O., Berger, F., Schmitt, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypothermia+protects+H9c2+cardiomyocytes+from+H2O2+induced+apoptosis.">Hypothermia protects H9c2 cardiomyocytes from H2O2 induced apoptosis.</a> Cryobiology. 62 (1), 53-61 (2011).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIF-1alpha/BNIP3+signaling+pathway-induced-autophagy+plays+protective+role+during+myocardial+ischemia-reperfusion+injury.">HIF-1alpha/BNIP3 signaling pathway-induced-autophagy plays protective role during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.</a> BIOMEDICINE &amp; PHARMACOTHERAPY. 120, 109464 (2019).</li><li>An, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exogenous+IL-19+attenuates+acute+ischaemic+injury+and+improves+survival+in+male+mice+with+myocardial+infarction.">Exogenous IL-19 attenuates acute ischaemic injury and improves survival in male mice with myocardial infarction.</a> BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY. 176 (5), 699-710 (2019).</li><li>Han, Y. S., Schaible, N., Tveita, T., Sieck, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discontinued+stimulation+of+cardiomyocytes+provides+protection+against+hypothermia-rewarming-induced+disruption+of+excitation-contraction+coupling.">Discontinued stimulation of cardiomyocytes provides protection against hypothermia-rewarming-induced disruption of excitation-contraction coupling.</a> EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY. 103 (6), 819-826 (2018).</li><li>Yarbrough, W. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caspase+inhibition+attenuates+contractile+dysfunction+following+cardioplegic+arrest+and+rewarming+in+the+setting+of+left+ventricular+failure.">Caspase inhibition attenuates contractile dysfunction following cardioplegic arrest and rewarming in the setting of left ventricular failure.</a> Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology. 44 (6), 645-650 (2004).</li><li>Egorov, Y. V., Glukhov, A. V., Efimov, I. R., Rosenshtraukh, L. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypothermia-induced+spatially+discordant+action+potential+duration+alternans+and+arrhythmogenesis+in+nonhibernating+versus+hibernating+mammals.">Hypothermia-induced spatially discordant action potential duration alternans and arrhythmogenesis in nonhibernating versus hibernating mammals.</a> AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY. 303 (8), 1035-1046 (2012).</li><li>Bobi, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moderate+Hypothermia+Modifies+Coronary+Hemodynamics+and+Endothelium-Dependent+Vasodilation+in+a+Porcine+Model+of+Temperature+Management.">Moderate Hypothermia Modifies Coronary Hemodynamics and Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in a Porcine Model of Temperature Management.</a> Journal of the American Heart Association. 9 (3), 014035 (2020).</li><li>Dietrichs, E. S., Tveita, T., Myles, R., Smith, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+ECG-biomarker+for+cardiac+arrest+during+hypothermia.">A novel ECG-biomarker for cardiac arrest during hypothermia.</a> Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation &amp; Emergency Medicine. 28 (1), 27 (2020).</li></ol>

The complexities of intact animals, including the interactions between different types of cells, often prevent detailed studies of specific components of I/R injury. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an in vitro cell model that can accurately reflect the molecular changes after ischemia in vivo. Research on OGD models has been previously reported13,22, and many sophisticated methods have been established23,<sup class="xref...

Ischemia/reperfusion-derived myocardial dysfunction is a common clinical scenario in patients after cardiac surgery1,2. During nonpulsatile low flow perfusion and periods of total circulatory arrest, damage involving all types of heart cells still occurs. In particular, the sensitivity of cardiomyocytes to ischemic injury is higher than that of other cell populations. At present, therapeutic hypothermia (TH) affords substantial protection against an expected ischemic insult in patients undergoing cardiac surgery3,4. TH is defined as a core body temperature of 14-34 &#176;C, although no consensus exists regarding a definition of cooling during cardiac surgery5,6,7. In 2013, an international panel of experts proposed a standardized reporting system to classify various temperature ranges of systemic hypothermic circulatory arrest8. Based on electroencephalography and metabolism studies of the brain, they divided hypothermia into four levels: profound hypothermia (&#8804; 14 &#176;C), deep hypothermia (14.1-20 &#176;C), moderate hypothermia (20.1-28 &#176;C), and mild hypothermia (28.1-34 &#176;C). The expert consensus provided a clear and uniform classification, allowing studies to be more comparable and provide more clinically relevant outcomes. This protection afforded by TH is based on its capacity to reduce the metabolic activity of cells, further limiting their rate of high-energy phosphates consumption9,10. However, the role of TH in myocardial protection is controversial and may have multiple effects depending on the degree of hypothermia.
Myocardial I/R is well known to be accompanied by increased cell apoptisis11. Recent reports have observed that programmed cardiomyocyte death increases during open-heart surgery, and may coincide with necrosis, thereby increasing the number of dead myocardial cells12. Therefore, reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis is a useful therapeutic approach in clinical practice. In the mouse atrial HL-1 cardiomyocyte model, therapeutic hypothermia was shown to reduce the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) during reperfusion13. However, the effect of temperature in regulating apoptosis is controversial and appears to depend on the degree of hypothermia. Cooper and colleagues observed that compared to a normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass control group, the apoptosis rate of myocardial tissue from pigs with the deep hypothermic circulatory arrest was increased14. In addition, the results of some studies have suggested that deep hypothermia may activate the apoptosis pathway, while less aggressive hypothermia appears to inhibit the pathway12,15,16. The reason for this result may be due to confounding effects associated with ischemic injury and a lack of understanding of the mechanisms by which temperature affects myocardial tissue. Therefore, the temperature limits at which apoptosis is enhanced or attenuated should be accurately defined.
To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms associated with the efficacy of hypothermia and provide a rational basis for its implementation in humans, it is essential to identify a culture condition similar to in vivo conditions that can produce damage similar to that observed for the clinical condition in a reproducible manner. An essential step towards achieving this goal is to establish the optimal conditions for inducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Accordingly, in the present study, we explored the methodological details regarding oxygen-glucose deprivation experiments with cultured cells, a facile in vitro model of ischemia-reperfusion. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of different hypoxic-ischemic times on cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and verified our hypothesis regarding the effect of different temperature conditions on cell apoptosis in vitro.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Annexin V-FITC cell apoptosis detection kit</td>
			<td>Bio-Technology,China</td>
			<td>C1062M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cardiac myocyte growth supplement</td>
			<td>Sciencell,USA</td>
			<td>6252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caspase 3 activity assay kit</td>
			<td>Bio-Technology,China</td>
			<td>C1115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caspase 8 activity assay kit</td>
			<td>Bio-Technology,China</td>
			<td>C1151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM, no glucose</td>
			<td>Gibco,USA</td>
			<td>11966025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s modified eagle medium</td>
			<td>Gibco,USA</td>
			<td>11960044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Gibco,USA</td>
			<td>16140071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometry</td>
			<td>CytoFLEX,USA</td>
			<td>B49007AF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human myocardial cells</td>
			<td>BLUEFBIO,China</td>
			<td>BFN60808678</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mitochondrial membrane potential assay kit with JC-1</td>
			<td>Bio-Technology,China</td>
			<td>C2006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin solution</td>
			<td>Gibco,USA</td>
			<td>10378016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reactive oxygen species assay kit</td>
			<td>Bio-Technology,China</td>
			<td>S0033S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Three-gas incubator</td>
			<td>Memmert,Germany</td>
			<td>ICO50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)</td>
			<td>Gibco,USA</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro assessment of myocardial protection following hypothermia-preconditioning in a human cardiac myocytes model

Ischemia/reperfusion-derived myocardial dysfunction is a common clinical scenario in patients after cardiac surgery. In particular, the sensitivity of cardiomyocytes to ischemic injury is higher than that of other cell populations. At present, hypothermia affords considerable protection against an expected ischemic insult. However, investigations into complex hypothermia-induced molecular changes remain limited. Therefore, it is essential to identify a culture condition similar to in vivo conditions that can induce damage similar to that observed in the clinical condition in a reproducible manner. To mimic ischemia-like conditions in vitro, the cells in these models were treated by oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD). In addition, we applied a standard time-temperature protocol used during cardiac surgery. Furthermore, we propose an approach to use a simple but comprehensive method for the quantitative analysis of myocardial injury. Apoptosis and expression levels of apoptosis-associated proteins were assessed by flow cytometry and using an ELISA kit. In this model, we tested a hypothesis regarding the effects of different temperature conditions on cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vitro. The reliability of this model depends on strict temperature control, controllable experimental procedures, and stable experimental results. Additionally, this model can be used to study the molecular mechanism of hypothermic cardioprotection, which may have important implications for the development of complementary therapies for use with hypothermia.

The effect of OGD exposure on the viability of HCMs was determined by CCK-8 assay. Compared with that observed in the control group, cell viability was significantly decreased in a time-dependent manner (Figure 2A). The apoptosis rates of HCMs at different times after reperfusion showed a specific trend, where from 0 to 16 h, the apoptosis rates gradually increased and reached the maximum rate at the 16 h time point (Figure 2B). As OGD for 12 h reduced cell acti...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vitro Assessment of Myocardial Protection following Hypothermia-Preconditioning in a Human Cardiac Myocytes Model at JoVE.com

In vitro Assessment of Myocardial Protection following Hypothermia-Preconditioning in a Human Cardiac Myocytes Model

The distinct effects of different degrees of hypothermia on myocardial protection have not been thoroughly evaluated. The goal of the present study was to quantify the levels of cell death following different hypothermia treatments in a human cardiomyocyte-based model, laying the foundation for future in-depth molecular research.

Ischemia/reperfusion-derived myocardial dysfunction is a common clinical scenario in patients after cardiac surgery. In particular, the sensitivity of ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Stem Cell Transplantation in an in vitro Simulated Ischemia/Reperfusion Model

Stem Cell Transplantation in an in vitro Simulated Ischemia/Reperfusion Model

Stem cell transplantation protocols are finding their way into clinical practice1,2,3. Getting better results, making the protocols more robust, and ...

Assessment of Cardiac Function and Myocardial Morphology Using Small Animal Look-locker Inversion Recovery (SALLI) MRI in Rats

Assessment of Cardiac Function and Myocardial Morphology Using Small Animal Look-locker Inversion Recovery SALLI MRI in Rats

Small animal magnetic resonance  imaging is an important tool to study cardiac function and changes in myocardial  tissue. The high heart rates of small ...

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs

Introduction of newly discovered cardiovascular therapeutics into first-in-man trials depends on a strictly regulated ethical and legal roadmap. One ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

Quantification of Neurovascular Protection Following Repetitive Hypoxic Preconditioning and Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

Experimental animal models of stroke are invaluable tools for understanding stroke pathology and developing more effective treatment strategies. A 2 week ...

Primary Outcome Assessment in a Pig Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Mortality after acute myocardial infarction remains substantial and is associated with significant morbidity, like heart failure. Novel therapeutics are ...

Myocardial Infarction in Neonatal Mice, A Model of Cardiac Regeneration

Myocardial infarction induced by coronary artery ligation has been used in many animal models as a tool to study the mechanisms of cardiac repair and ...

A Flow Cytometry-based Assay for Measuring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cardiac Myocytes After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation

Timely and efficient reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery is the best strategy for decreasing myocardial infarct size in patients with a ST-segment ...

Implantation of hiPSC-derived Cardiac-muscle Patches after Myocardial Injury in a Guinea Pig Model

Due to the limited regeneration capacity of the heart in adult mammals, myocardial infarction results in an irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes. This loss ...