형광 dextrans의 염료의 꼬리 정맥 주사 <ol><li> 이미지 대뇌 vasculature하기 위해 동물은 형광 색소를 정맥 주입해야합니다. dextran의 잔기가 뇌 혈액 장벽을 횡단하여 혈관 밖으로 누출에서 염료를 방지하기 때문에 우리는 dextran - 복합 염료를 사용합니다. </li><li> 마우스 (유도 4 %, 사출 중 1.5-2 %) isoflurane과 anesthetized 있습니다. </li><li> 꼬리는 70 % 알코올로 소독합니다. </li><li> 26 게이지 바늘로, 호수에 녹아있는 rhodamine dextran의 5 % V / V 솔루션의 75-100 μl는 꼬리의 축을 따라 꼬리 정맥을 통해 주입 도중입니다. </li><li> 염료는 약 2 시간 rhodamine의 염료를 사용하는 경우 분홍색으로 바뀔 것이다 소변에 배설 때까지 동물은 즉시 꼬리 정맥 주사 후 몇 군데있을 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 두 광자 현미경을 사용하여 혈액 흐름의 이미징 (몇 군데 선박의 수에 따라 총 소요 시간 30-60 분 세션 당) <ol><li> 형광 염료 dextran 사출 다음, 마우스 (유도 4 %, 영상에 대한 1-1.5 %) isoflurane과 anesthetized 있습니다. </li><li> 마우스는 단단히 동물 보온 온도 조절 난방 패드가 들어있는 현미경 단계에 티타늄 막대를 사용하여 첨부되어 있습니다. 일부 눈 연고는 눈을 촉촉한 유지에 적용됩니다. </li><li> 두개골 창의 커버 유리는 70 % 알코올로 세척합니다. </li><li> 창이 초점 평면에 평행하게 위치하고 4X 목표 아래보기의 분야에서 중심이다. </li><li> 디지털 카메라와 함께 뇌 표면 선박의 사진을하는 것이 좋습니다. 이 사진은 하루 하루에서 반복적으로 몇 군데 지역을 찾을 수 이미징 세션을 아래에있는 참조 이미지로 사용됩니다. </li><li> 4X 목적은 무대를 이동하지 않고 물이 침수 40X 목적으로 바뀝니다. 보기의 분야의 디지털 사진을 다시 촬영합니다. 무대 조작하는 사람의 좌표는 제로에 설정됩니다. </li><li> 우리는 이미지 수집 소프트웨어로 ScanImage를 사용합니다. 이것은 카렐 스보보다 (Pologruto 외., 2003)의 실험실에서 톰 Pologruto와 베르나르도 사바 티니에 의해 MatLab로 작성되었습니다. 레이저, 전원 측정기, 사진 배율 튜브, 증폭기 등 : 우리는 다음 다른 모든 장비 설정 </li><li> 몇 군데로 적합한 창의 면적은 간단히 최상의 영역을 찾기 위해 낮은 배율에서 스캔합니다. 일단 이들은 이미지가 촬영입니다 선택한 지역의 낮은 배율 스택을 확인하며, XY 좌표는 주석입니다. </li><li> 작은 혈관이나 모세 혈관의 혈액 흐름 역학을 기록하기 위해 우리의 관심 선박의 최소한 40 μm의 라인을 따라 스캔을 사용합니다. 이 싱글 &quot;소탕&quot;지속적인 일초가 작은 레이저 가능한 능력과 스캔의 좌표와 각도를 아래로 쓰기로 사용하시면됩니다. </li><li> 이미지 세션이 끝난 후, 동물의 그것은 마취에서 복구할 수 있습니다 따뜻한 실내로 이동합니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kleinfeld, D., Mitra, P. P., Helmchen, F., Denk, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluctuations+and+stimulus-induced+changes+in+blood+flow+observed+in+individual+capillaries+in+layers+2+through+4+of+rat+neocortex.">Fluctuations and stimulus-induced changes in blood flow observed in individual capillaries in layers 2 through 4 of rat neocortex.</a> Proc Nat Acad Sci. 95, 15741-15746 (1998).</li><li>Pologruto, T. A., Sabatini, B. L., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ScanImage:+flexible+software+for+operating+laser+scanning+microscopes.">ScanImage: flexible software for operating laser scanning microscopes.</a> Biomed. Eng. Online. 17, 2-13 (2003).</li><li>Zhang, S., Murphy, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+the+impact+of+cortical+microcirculation+on+synaptic+structure+and+sensory-evoked+hemodynamic+responses+in+vivo.">Imaging the impact of cortical microcirculation on synaptic structure and sensory-evoked hemodynamic responses in vivo.</a> 5, (2007).</li><li>Nishimura, N., Schaffer, C. B., Friedman, B., Lyden, P. D., Kleinfeld, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Penetrating+arterioles+are+a+bottleneck+in+the+perfusion+of+neocortex.">Penetrating arterioles are a bottleneck in the perfusion of neocortex.</a> Proc Nat Acad Sci. 104, 365-370 (2007).</li></ol>

대뇌 피질의 혈류 역학은 두 광자 현미경과 설치류 동물의 꼬리 정맥에 주입 이미징 형광 dextran의 염료에 의해 생체내에서 공부하실 수 있습니다. 이 비디오는 어떻게 유리 커버 두개골 윈도우 준비를 통해 마우스의 네크로 텍스의 이미지 혈류 역학에 대한 방법을 보여주었다.

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<td>Fluorescein isothio-cyanate-dextran</td>
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<td>Rhodamine B isothio-cyanate-dextran</td>
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a method for 2-photon imaging of blood flow in the neocortex through a cranial window

생활 설치류의 손상 두뇌에 이미지 대뇌 vasculature (모세 혈관에 대형 선박에서)와 기록 혈류 역학을하는 기능은 강력한 기술입니다. 두개골 창문을 통해 생체내에서 2 광자 현미경을 사용하여 정맥 주사 이미지를 형광 염료 수 있습니다. 이것은 혈액 흐름 측정을 얻기 위해 또한 이미지 외피 vasculature을 한을 허용합니다. 이 기술은 원래 데이비드 Kleinfeld 및 Winfried Denk에 의해 개발되었다. 방법은 neurodegenerative 장애로, 뇌 종양, 또는 정상적인 뇌 생리학에 뇌성 국소 빈혈 동안 또는 후에 혈류 역학을 연구하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 예를 들면, 그것은 경색과 주변 적혈구 세포 속도 또는 유동적 방법 뇌졸중 원인은 혈액의 흐름 방향으로 교대와 변화 연구에 사용되고 있습니다. 여기서 우리는 꼬리 정맥에 주입 형광 염료를 사용하여 생활 생쥐의 네크로 텍스의 이미지 혈류 역학에 2 광자 현미경을 사용하는 방법을 보여줍니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for 2-Photon Imaging of Blood Flow in the Neocortex through a Cranial Window at JoVE.com

A Method for 2-Photon Imaging of Blood Flow in the Neocortex through a Cranial Window

대뇌 피질의 혈류 역학은 2 광자 현미경과 설치류 동물의 꼬리 정맥에 주입 이미징 형광 dextran의 염료에 의해 생체내에서 공부하실 수 있습니다. 이 비디오는 어떻게 유리 커버 두개골 윈도우 준비를 통해 마우스의 네크로 텍스의 이미지 혈류 역학을 보여줍니다.

두개골의 창문을 통해 네크로 텍스의 혈류의 2 광자 이미징을위한 방법

The ability to image the cerebral vasculature (from large vessels to capillaries) and record blood flow dynamics in the intact brain of living rodents is ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

18.7K 조회수.  University of California, Los Angeles. 대뇌 피질의 혈류 역학은 2 광자 현미경과 설치류 동물의 꼬리 정맥에 주입 이미징 형광 dextran의 염료에 의해 생체내에서 공부하실 수 있습니다. 이 비디오는 어떻게 유리 커버 두개골 윈도우 준비를 통해 마우스의 네크로 텍스의 이미지 혈류 역학을 보여줍니다.

비디오: A Method for 2-Photon Imaging of Blood Flow in the Neocortex through a Cranial Window

Dissection and 2-Photon Imaging of Peripheral Lymph Nodes in Mice

Two-photon imaging has revealed an elegant choreography of motility and cellular interactions within the lymph node under basal conditions and at the initiation of an immune response 1. Here, we present methods for adoptive transfer of labeled T cells, isolation of lymph nodes, and imaging motility of CD4+ T cells in the explanted lymph node as first described in 2002 2. Two-photon imaging of immune cells requires that the cells are fluorescently labeled, either by staining with a cell tracker dye or by expressing a fluorescent protein. We demonstrate the adoptive transfer procedure of injecting cells derived from donor mice into the tail vein of a recipient animal, where they home to lymphoid organs within approximately 15-30 min. We illustrate the isolation of a lymph node and describe methods to ensure proper mounting of the excised lymph node. Other considerations such as proper oxygenation of perfused media, temperature, and laser power are discussed. Finally, we present 3D video images of naive CD4+ T cells exhibiting steady state motility at 37&deg;C.

Two-photon imaging has uncovered lymphocyte motility and cellular interactions within the lymph node under basal conditions and durring an immune response 1. Here, we demonstrate adoptive transfer of T cells, isolation of lymph nodes, and imaging motility of CD4+ T cells in the explanted lymph node.

해부와 마우스에서 주변 림프절의 2 광자 이미징

Two-photon imaging has revealed an elegant choreography of motility and cellular interactions within the lymph node under basal conditions and at the ...

연구

생물학

Pyrosequencing: A Simple Method for Accurate Genotyping

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a tremendous amount of data available comes an explosion of genotyping methods. Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. It also has the ability to identify tri-allelic, indels, short-repeat polymorphisms, along with determining allele percentages for methylation or pooled sample assessment. In addition, there is a standardized control sequence that provides internal quality control. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.


Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.

Pyrosequencing : 정확한 Genotyping을위한 간단한 방법

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a ...

In situ Imaging of the Mouse Thymus Using 2-Photon Microscopy

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) enables us to image deep into the thymus and document the events that are important for thymocyte development. To follow the migration of individuals in a crowd of thymocytes , we generate neonatal chimeras where less than one percent of the thymocytes are derived from a donor that is transgenic for a ubiquitously express fluorescent protein. To generate these partial hematopoetic chimeras, neonatal recipients are injected with bone marrow between 3-7 days of age. After 4-6 weeks, the mouse is sacrificed and the thymus is carefully dissected and bissected preserving the architecture of the tissue that will be imaged. The thymus is glued onto a coverslip in preparation for ex vivo imaging by TPM. During imaging the thymus is kept in DMEM without phenol red that is perfused with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide and warmed to 37&deg;C. Using this approach, we can study the events required for the generation of a diverse T cell repertoire.

We present step-by-step instructions for the generation of neonatal chimeras as well as the dissection and preparation of the thymus for ex vivo imaging by 2-Photon Microscopy.

2 광자 현미경을 사용하여 마우스 Thymus의 현장 영상에서

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) enables us to image deep into the thymus and document the events that are important for thymocyte development.  To follow the ...

In Vivo 2-Photon Calcium Imaging in Layer 2/3 of Mice

To understand network dynamics of microcircuits in the neocortex, it is essential to simultaneously record the activity of a large number of neurons . In-vivo two-photon calcium imaging is the only method that allows one to record the activity of a dense neuronal population with single-cell resolution . The method consists in implanting a cranial imaging window, injecting a fluorescent calcium indicator dye that can be taken up by large numbers of neurons and finally recording the activity of neurons with time lapse calcium imaging using an in-vivo two photon microscope. Co-injection of astrocyte-specific dyes allows one to differentiate neurons from astrocytes. The technique can be performed in mice expressing fluorescent molecules in specific subpopulations of neurons to better understand the network interactions of different groups of cells.

To understand network dynamics of microcircuits in the neocortex, it is essential to simultaneously record the activity of a large number of neurons . In-vivo two-photon calcium imaging is the only method that allows one to record the activity of a dense neuronal population with single-cell resolution .

레이어의 VIVO에서 2 광자 칼슘 이미징 마우스의 2 / 3

To understand network dynamics of microcircuits in the neocortex, it is essential to simultaneously record the activity of a large number of neurons .  ...

Generation of Bone Marrow Derived Murine Dendritic Cells for Use in 2-photon Imaging

Several methods for the preparation of murine dendritic cells can be found in the literature. Here, we present a method that produces greater than 85% CD11c high dendritic cells in culture that home to the draining lymph node after subcutaneous injection and present antigen to antigen specific T cells (see video). Additionally, we use Essen Instruments Incucyte to track dendritic cell maturation, where, at day 10, the morphology of the cultured cells is typical of a mature dendritic cell and &lt;85% of cells are CD11chigh. The study of antigen presentation in peripheral lymph nodes by 2-photon imaging revealed that there are three distinct phases of dendritic cell and T cell interaction1, 2. Phase I consists of brief serial contacts between highly motile antigen specific T cells and antigen carrying dendritic cells1, 2. Phase two is marked by prolonged contacts between antigen-specific T cell and antigen bearing dendritic cells1, 2. Finally, phase III is characterized by T cells detaching from dendritic cells, regaining motility and beginning to divide1, 2. This is one example of the type of antigen-specific interactions that can be analyzed by two-photon imaging of antigen-loaded cell tracker dye-labeled dendritic cells.

Antigen presentation in secondary lymphoid organs by dendritic cells is crucial for the initiation of the T cell mediated adaptive immune response. Here we demonstrate the culture of bone marrow derived murine dendritic cells, activation, and labeling for 2-photon imaging.

골수의 생성은 2 광자 영상에서 사용하기 위해 Murine 돌기 세포를 유래

Several methods for the preparation of murine dendritic cells can be found in the literature. Here, we present a method that produces greater than 85% ...

Use of Rotorod as a Method for the Qualitative Analysis of Walking in Rat

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a rotorod, animals remain in approximately the same place making repetitive movements of stepping. Thus the task provides a rich source of information on the details of foot stepping movements. Subjects were hemi-Parkinson analogue rats, produced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right nigrostriatal bundle to deplete nigrostriatal dopamine (DA). The present report provides a video analysis illustration of animals previously were filmed from frontal, lateral, and posterior views as they walked (15). Rating scales and frame-by-frame replay of the video records of stepping behavior indicated that the hemi-Parkinson rats were chronically impaired in posture and limb use contralateral to the DA-depletion. The contralateral limbs participated less in initiating and sustaining propulsion than the ipsilateral limbs. These deficits secondary to unilateral DA-depletion show that the rotorod provides a use task for the analysis of stepping movements.

The rotorod test is used to assess motor status in the walking movement of hemi-Parkinson analogue rats.

쥐에서 도보의 질적 분석 방법으로 Rotorod의 사용

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a ...

Dendra2 Photoswitching through the Mammary Imaging Window

In the last decade, intravital microscopy of breast tumors in mice and rats at single-cell resolution1-4 has resulted in important insights into mechanisms of metastatic behavior such as migration, invasion and intravasation of tumor cells5, 6, angiogenesis3 and immune cells response7-9. We have recently reported a technique to image orthotopic mammary carcinomas over multiple intravital imaging sessions in living mice10. For this, we have developed a Mammary Imaging Window (MIW) and optimized imaging parameters for Dendra211 photoswitching and imaging in vivo. Here, we describe the protocol for the manufacturing of MIW, insertion of the MIW on top of a tumor and imaging of the Dendra2- labeled tumor cells using a custom built imaging box. This protocol can be used to image the metastatic behavior of tumor cells in distinct microenvironments in tumors and allows for long term imaging of blood vessels, tumor cells and host cells.

Intravital photoswitching and tracking of Dendra2-labeled tumor cells through the Mammary Imaging Window is a technique which allows us to image the metastatic behavior of tumor cells in chosen tumor microenvironments over a timescale of days.

내유 이미징 창문 Dendra2 Photoswitching

In the last decade, intravital microscopy of breast tumors in mice and rats at single-cell resolution1-4  has resulted in important insights into ...

A Simple Method for Imaging Arabidopsis Leaves Using Perfluorodecalin as an Infiltrative Imaging Medium

The problem of acquiring high-resolution images deep into biological samples is widely acknowledged1. In air-filled tissue such as the spongy mesophyll of plant leaves or vertebrate lungs further difficulties arise from multiple transitions in refractive index between cellular components, between cells and airspaces and between the biological tissue and the rest of the optical system. Moreover, refractive index mismatches lead to attenuation of fluorophore excitation and signal emission in fluorescence microscopy. We describe here the application of the perfluorocarbon, perfluorodecalin (PFD), as an infiltrative imaging medium which optically improves laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) sample imaging at depth, without resorting to damaging increases in laser power and has minimal physiological impact2. We describe the protocol for use of PFD with Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue, which is optically complex as a result of its structure (Figure 1). PFD has a number of attributes that make it suitable for this use3. The refractive index of PFD (1.313) is comparable with that of water (1.333) and is closer to that of cytosol (approx. 1.4) than air (1.000). In addition, PFD is readily available, non-fluorescent and is non-toxic. The low surface tension of PFD (19 dynes cm-1) is lower than that of water (72 dynes cm-1) and also below the limit (25 - 30 dyne cm-1) for stomatal penetration4, which allows it to flood the spongy mesophyll airspaces without the application of a potentially destructive vacuum or surfactant. Finally and crucially, PFD has a great capacity for dissolving CO2 and O2, which allows gas exchange to be maintained in the flooded tissue, thus minimizing the physiological impact on the sample. These properties have been used in various applications which include partial liquid breathing and lung inflation5,6, surgery7, artificial blood8, oxygenation of growth media9, and studies of ice crystal formation in plants10. Currently, it is common to mount tissue in water or aqueous buffer for live confocal imaging. We consider that the use of PFD as a mounting medium represents an improvement on existing practice and allows the simple preparation of live whole leaf samples for imaging.

A Simple Method for Imaging Arabidopsis Leaves Using Perfluorodecalin as an Infiltrative Imaging Medium

We describe the use of perfluorodecalin as an infiltrative mounting medium. This is a simple method for improving depth of imaging in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue with minimal physiological impact.

이미징을위한 간단한 방법 Arabidopsis는 Infiltrative 영상 매체로 Perfluorodecalin를 사용하여 잎

The problem of acquiring high-resolution images deep into biological samples is widely acknowledged1. In air-filled tissue such as the spongy mesophyll of ...

An Explant Assay for Assessing Cellular Behavior of the Cranial Mesenchyme

The central nervous system is derived from the neural plate that undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic movements resulting in formation of the neural tube in a process known as neurulation. During neurulation, morphogenesis of the mesenchyme that underlies the neural plate is believed to drive neural fold elevation. The cranial mesenchyme is comprised of the paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells. The cells of the cranial mesenchyme form a pourous meshwork composed of stellate shaped cells and intermingling extracellular matrix (ECM) strands that support the neural folds. During neurulation, the cranial mesenchyme undergoes stereotypical rearrangements resulting in its expansion and these movements are believed to provide a driving force for neural fold elevation. However, the pathways and cellular behaviors that drive cranial mesenchyme morphogenesis remain poorly studied. Interactions between the ECM and the cells of the cranial mesenchyme underly these cell behaviors. Here we describe a simple ex vivo explant assay devised to characterize the behaviors of these cells. This assay is amendable to pharmacological manipulations to dissect the signaling pathways involved and live imaging analyses to further characterize the behavior of these cells. We present a representative experiment demonstrating the utility of this assay in characterizing the migratory properties of the cranial mesenchyme on a variety of ECM components.

The cranial mesenchyme undergoes dramatic morphogenic movements that likely provides a driving force for elevation of the neural folds1,2. Here we describe a simple ex vivo explant assay to characterize the cellular behaviors of the cranial mesenchyme during neurulation. This assay has numerous applications including being amenable to pharmacological manipulations and live imaging analyses.

두개골 Mesenchyme의 셀룰러 행동을 평가하기위한 Explant 분석

The central nervous system is derived from the neural plate that undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic movements resulting in formation of the ...

Identification of a Murine Erythroblast Subpopulation  Enriched in Enucleating Events by Multi-spectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

Erythropoiesis in mammals concludes with the dramatic process of enucleation that results in reticulocyte formation. The mechanism of enucleation has not yet been fully elucidated. A common problem encountered when studying the localization of key proteins and structures within enucleating erythroblasts by microscopy is the difficulty to observe a sufficient number of cells undergoing enucleation.&#160;We have developed a novel analysis protocol using multiparameter high-speed cell imaging in flow (Multi-Spectral Imaging Flow Cytometry), a method that combines immunofluorescent microscopy with flow cytometry, in order to identify efficiently a significant number of enucleating events, that allows to obtain measurements and perform statistical analysis.
We first describe here two in vitro erythropoiesis culture methods used in order to synchronize murine erythroblasts and increase the probability of capturing enucleation at the time of evaluation.&#160;Then, we describe in detail the staining of erythroblasts after fixation and permeabilization in order to study the localization of intracellular proteins or lipid rafts during enucleation by multi-spectral imaging flow cytometry.&#160;Along with size and DNA/Ter119 staining which are used to identify the orthochromatic erythroblasts, we utilize the parameters &#8220;aspect ratio&#8221; of a cell in the bright-field channel that aids in the recognition of elongated cells and &#8220;delta centroid XY Ter119/Draq5&#8221; that allows the identification of cellular events in which the center of Ter119 staining (nascent reticulocyte) is far apart from the center of Draq5 staining (nucleus undergoing extrusion), thus indicating a cell about to enucleate.&#160;The subset of the orthochromatic erythroblast population with high delta centroid and low aspect ratio is highly enriched in enucleating cells.

The present protocol describes a novel method of identifying a population of enucleating orthochromatic erythroblasts by multi-spectral imaging flow cytometry, providing a visualization of the erythroblast enucleation process.

멀티 스펙트럼 이미징 유동 세포 계측법에 의한 탈핵 이벤트에 쥐의 적혈구 모세포 모집단 인리 치드의 확인

Erythropoiesis in mammals concludes with the dramatic process of enucleation that results in reticulocyte formation. The mechanism of enucleation has not ...