This research was supported in part by a grant from Arminio and Lucyna Fraga and a grant from Mr. and Mrs. Durkovic.

Prior to performing this protocol, the required institutional approval and patient consent were obtained. All procedures were approved by Mount Sinai Hospital.
1. Inclusion Criteria
<ol>
	<li>Include patients who meet all of the following criteria: age &#62; 18 years old, baseline modified Rankin Scale (mRS) &#60; 4, presenting Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) &#62; 4, presenting NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) &#8805; 6, symptom onset &#60; 24 hours prior to initial CT scan (minimally invasive ICH evacuation can be performed within 72 hours of ictus), supratentorial location of ICH, ICH volume &#62; 20 cm3, stability in ICH volume measured on two CT scans 6 hours apart, systolic blood pressure controlled to &#60; 160 mmHg for at least 6 hours prior to surgery.</li>
</ol>
2. Exclusion Criteria
<ol>
	<li>Exclude patients who meet one or more of the following criteria: CT scan demonstrates expanding hemorrhage; spot sign on CTA imaging; underlying, unsecured lesion (e.g., arteriovenous malformation, aneurysm, tumor); hemorrhagic conversion of an acute ischemic stroke; infratentorial location of ICH; large intraventricular hemorrhage requiring treatment as a result of mass effect or shift; extension of hemorrhage into the midbrain; absolute requirement for long-term anticoagulation; coagulopathy; platelet count &#60; 100,000 cells/mm3; INR &#62; 1.4; elevated activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT); presenting GCS &#60; 4, high risk for ischemic stroke; emergent need for surgical decompression; inability to give consent for the procedure; is pregnant, breast-feeding, or displays a positive pregnancy test; evidence of active infection; or any comorbid disease or condition expected to compromise survival.</li>
</ol>
3. Positioning and Planning
<ol>
	<li>Administer general anesthesia to the patient using standard techniques.</li>
	<li>Maintain sterile conditions throughout the entire procedure by sterilely preparing the skin and draping the surgical area.</li>
	<li>Plan the trajectory of the evacuation by using preoperative volumetric imaging to draw a line along the long axis of the hematoma to the outer surface of the skull, so that the tip of the sheath will sit 1 to 2 cm from the distal end of the hematoma. 
	NOTE: Important things to keep in mind when planning the trajectory are to minimize disruption to brain tissue (especially eloquent structures) and avoid any vasculature visible on non-invasive imaging. Trajectory planning is performed on stereotactic navigation software, which varies by institution. A comparison of commonly used navigation systems in ICH evacuation is available in the medical literature14.</li>
	<li>Place the patient in the correct anatomical position depending on the location of the hematoma. 
	NOTE: Most cases (80%) are performed supine, and a minority are performed prone (15%) or supine with the head turned (5%).</li>
</ol>
4. Opening
<ol>
	<li>Make a 2 cm linear, horizontal incision along the skin within a natural skin crease.</li>
	<li>Open the skull with a 1- to 1.2 cm-diameter craniectomy using a high-speed drill with a 5 mm cutting burr. Attempt to align the craniectomy with the long axis of the hematoma, but avoid midline structures and eloquent brain territories. 
	NOTE: A perforator is larger than necessary, especially if the defect is on the forehead.</li>
	<li>If the trajectory is not perfectly perpendicular to the skull, drill a cylinder in the bone along the planned trajectory to ensure optimal mobility of the sheath and endoscope within the craniectomy, but be aware that the intersection with the dura will not be perpendicular.</li>
	<li>Use bone wax, gel foam in thrombin, and bipolar cautery to achieve hemostasis.</li>
	<li>Visualize the underlying hematoma using ultrasound to confirm its size and position. 
	NOTE: Ultrasound quality is highest using the burr hole transducer in a wet field prior to durotomy.</li>
	<li>Open the dura in a cruciate fashion and cauterize the dural leaves to within a millimeter of the bone edge. 
	NOTE: Avoid large veins or arteries.</li>
	<li>Incise the pia mater 1 cm with a #11 blade prior to cauterizing. If obtaining a brain biopsy, this is the ideal time. Use tumor forceps or the cup end of a Penfield 1 instrument. Avoid cautery until the biopsy is obtained.</li>
	<li>Cauterize the pial incision and underlying cortex with bipolar cautery.</li>
</ol>
5. Phase 1 Evacuation
<ol>
	<li>Insert the introducer sheath along the planned trajectory with a navigation stylet positioned within the sheath. The stylet provides live feedback on the location of the tip. 
	NOTE: Given the small size of the 1 cm craniectomy, a &#34;trans-sulcal&#34; approach is often not possible; therefore, the pia is incised and entered in a non-vascular space immediately below the craniectomy.</li>
	<li>If the clot is particularly fibrous and resistance is encountered, make a slight adjustment to the sheath to reach the target point.</li>
	<li>Remove the introducer and navigation probe once the target point is reached, 1-2 cm from the distal end of the hematoma. 
	NOTE: Some operators prefer to use stereotactic navigation registered to the endoscope rather than the sheath introducer for continuous navigation.</li>
	<li>Note the position of the sheath by marking it at the level of the skin. 
	NOTE: If the pressure within the hematoma is high, liquid may flow out of the sheath during this step.</li>
	<li>Prepare the endoscope by activating the preferred settings including white balance, brightness, filter, and light intensity.</li>
	<li>Attach the irrigation tubing from a 2 L saline bag at shoulder height to the left working port, and set the flow rate to approximately 25% on the endoscope. Open the right port of the endoscope all the way, allowing for egress of irrigation fluid.</li>
	<li>Insert the endoscope into the sheath. Insert the wand inside the working channel of the endoscope and hold the wand with the dominant hand. 
	NOTE: For this phase of the procedure, maintain the endoscope and wand within the end of the sheath, approximately 0.5 to 2 cm from the end of the sheath.</li>
	<li>Use the pointer finger to buffer the distance between endoscope and the wand&#39;s handle to maintain constant awareness of the location of the tip of the device within the sheath.</li>
	<li>Set the suction strength of the aspiration system to 100% and set the irrigation flow rate to low (~25%).</li>
	<li>Aspirate any liquid hematoma that presents itself at the end of the sheath while keeping the wand within the distal 1 cm of the sheath. 
	NOTE: As the hematoma is aspirated, the cavity will collapse inward due to the reduced mass effect. Constant irrigation maintains the structure of the cavity during phase 2 of the evacuation.</li>
	<li>If a solid clot is encountered that does not aspirate with suction alone, activate the bident within the wand to digest the clot.</li>
	<li>If a piece of clot is too large or fibrous for suction and adheres to the tip of the wand, withdraw the entire endoscope and wand together with the clot, taking care not to dislodge the clot from the wand. 
	NOTE: This is called the ADAPT (A Direct Aspiration First Pass Technique) technique, referencing the practice of removing intravascular thrombus during thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke15.</li>
	<li>If the piece of clot is particularly large with a fibrous capsule and the prior two techniques do not work, use the working channel of the endoscope as an additional suction.
	<ol>
		<li>To accomplish this, attach a conventional surgical suction to the second endoscope port (usually the irrigation outflow pathway) with the valve closed but ready for activation. Draw the large piece of clot into the end of the sheath using the wand. Close the irrigation inflow port and open the outflow port to activate maximal surgical suction. The clot is now stuck on the tip of the wand, endoscope, and sheath. Remove the wand, endoscope, sheath, and clot together. 
		NOTE: This is called the double ADAPT technique.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>If the clot has a fibrous capsule and is difficult to separate from the brain tissue, use the tip of the sheath as a blunt dissector. 
	NOTE: This is called the sheath dissection technique.</li>
	<li>After aspirating, explore the cavity at the same depth by gently pivoting the sheath laterally until no residual clot remains at that depth.</li>
	<li>Withdraw the sheath 1 cm and repeat the aspiration steps of Phase 1 until the sheath reaches the proximal wall of the cavity.</li>
</ol>
6. Phase 2 Evacuation
<ol>
	<li>Decrease the suction of the wand to 25% and increase the irrigation to 100% to improve visibility in the cavity. Explore for residual hematoma and identify bleeding arteries. 
	NOTE: During this phase, it is critical to minimize suction forces on the pericavity brain tissue.</li>
	<li>Aspirate any residual hematoma in a targeted fashion with low aspiration power, taking care to not damage surrounding brain matter which can incur additional bleeding or cause trauma to the cavity wall. 
	&#8203;NOTE: Blood products may initially interfere with optimal visualization but the cavity will clear with patient, continuous irrigation. If the cavity does not clear, identify and cauterize the bleeding vessels.</li>
	<li>Monitor for any bleeding vessels and address them accordingly with the following steps:
	<ol>
		<li>If small bleeding vessels are challenging to visualize, direct a consistent flow of irrigation towards the vessel by hovering immediately over the bleeding site with the sheath and pulling the scope back from the tip. Once the vessel is better visualized, cauterize the vessel. 
		NOTE: This is called the sheath hover technique.</li>
		<li>Irrigate the cavity until hemostasis is achieved</li>
		<li>Apply pressure using the end of the sheath if pure irrigation does not work.</li>
		<li>Utilize bipolar cautery if the previous two methods do not work.</li>
		<li>Aspirate any residual hematoma along the sides or in the crevices of the cavity. 
		NOTE: This step becomes easier once the bleeding vessels are addressed, permitting clear visualization.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Ensure that the cavity is cleared of all visible hematomas and bleeding vessels. 
	NOTE: If there is a thin layer of fresh clot from intraoperative bleeding, beware of causing more bleeding in the attempted aspiration of this thin coating of fresh blood. Aspirate gently or leave the fresh blood in place. Differentiating clots from the cavity wall is a major challenge in the procedure.</li>
</ol>
7. Assessment and Closure
<ol>
	<li>Withdraw the endoscope and sheath slowly, with the endoscope at the tip of the sheath to examine the tract walls upon exiting to monitor for additional bleeding. 
	NOTE: Some operators have advocated for infusing thrombin into the cavity at this point, either by adding thrombin directly to the irrigation fluid or by injecting gelatin mixed with thrombin through the endoscope. This is a reasonable option, but injecting gelatin mixed with thrombin will make ultrasound imaging impossible.</li>
	<li>Use burr hole ultrasound to assess for residual hematoma or active bleeding. 
	NOTE: Ultrasound is useful for settling doubt about any questionable regions as well as detecting any large areas of residual hematoma that may have been missed under direct visualization.</li>
	<li>Perform an intraoperative Dyna-CT scan if available to evaluate the degree of evacuation. 
	NOTE: The goal of the procedure is to obtain at least 80% evacuation. If there is more than 20% of the hematoma remaining, restart Phase 2 of the evacuation before proceeding to the following steps.</li>
	<li>Apply hemostatic gel foam in the burr hole over the surface of the brain.</li>
	<li>Cover the craniectomy using a titanium plate and secure it using titanium screws.</li>
	<li>Close the galea and subcutaneous layers using 3-0 polyglactin 910 sutures.</li>
	<li>Close the skin using 4-0 poliglycaprone 25 subcuticular stitches, followed by skin closure surgical tape strips.</li>
</ol>

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Christopher Kellner received an educational grant from Penumbra for a CME course to teach endoscopic minimally invasive intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation. J Mocco is a co-principal investigator on the INVEST trial, which is a feasibility study to evaluate endoscopic minimally invasive intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation funded by Penumbra. J Mocco is an investor and consultant for Rebound Therapeutics.

There are several operative best practices to learn and implement during endoscopic ICH evacuation. First and foremost, it is critical to minimize disruption to brain tissue whenever possible. Accomplishing this starts with optimizing the surgical trajectory so that the sheath traverses the shortest possible course while avoiding eloquent structures. For supratentorial ICH, eloquent structures include the supplementary motor area, primary motor and sensory cortices, left superior temporal and angular gyri, and primary visual cortex. In addition, the trajectory should align with the longitudinal axis of the hematoma. The benefits of this strategy include maximizing visualization of the cavity, minimizing torque force on the brain adjacent to the access tract, increasing the likelihood of being able to view the extremes of the cavity, and creating the shortest possible trajectory to the clot, thus minimizing brain trauma.
In addition to minimizing brain tissue disruption, it is also important to minimize distortion of the hematoma cavity. Aspiration in an enclosed cavity can distort elastic brain matter as much as compressive forces with equal damage. To avoid this, suction strength should be at the minimal possible level necessary for effective blood clot aspiration. This is especially important if the tip of the wand is advanced beyond the tip of the sheath. The only time the suction strength should be on high is during Phase 1, when the tip is in direct contact with the clot. The suction strength should decrease as the procedure progresses.
Unfavorable outcomes have been reported when irrigation during an endoscopic intraventricular hematoma evacuation leads to increased intracranial pressure16. The SCUBA procedure avoids this by evacuating the hematoma in Phase 1, which decreases pressure within the cavity, and subsequently irrigating in Phase 2. In Phase 2, the endoscope has a second access port that allows for irrigation outflow, thus avoiding over-distension of the hematoma cavity and elevated intracavitary pressure. In addition, the sheath and tract do not form a watertight seal and irrigation fluid is lost around the sheath. 
Achieving and maintaining hemostasis during Phase 2 is a crucial requirement for a successful SCUBA evacuation. It is important to meticulously monitor every wall of the cavity for bleeding vessels and address them accordingly with continuous irrigation or bipolar cautery. Achieving perfect hemostasis ensures that there is minimal risk of postoperative re-bleeding.
Since clear, direct visualization of the residual hematoma within the cavity may not always be possible during the procedure, it is a best practice to check the evacuation with intraoperative imaging after Phase 2. There have been several cases in which direct endoscopic examination suggested that the cavity was clear but residual hematoma was detected on either intraoperative ultrasound or DYNA CT, leading to another pass with the sheath into the cavity and additional hematoma evacuation.
At this early stage in the development of this procedure, there is strong enough evidence to suggest what the lower limit of evacuation percentage of residual clot volume should be. Though there are currently no studies evaluating outcomes for endoscopic procedure evacuation percentages, animal models and the MISTIE trial suggest that increased evacuation is preferred9. In ICH-induced mice, molecules in the blood such as iron had a toxic effect on the surrounding brain tissue, while iron chelators reduced the damage17. The MISTIE II trial found that perihematomal edema volume was smallest when evacuation percentage exceeded 65%, larger when evacuation percentage ranged from 20-65%, and largest when evacuation percentage was less than 20%18. This data also suggest that outcome may improve with higher evacuation percentage, but the study was not powered to assess this feature. The MISTIE phase III, ENRICH, INVEST, and/or MIND trials may shed light on this question.
One area that remains to be resolved is the timeframe of the procedure. Many protocols advocate evacuation within 72 hours and after a 6-hour stability scan to ensure that the hematoma is stable. Many physicians choose this course of action, as a small study from 2004 reported complications, re-bleeding, and poor outcomes in a small series of patients who underwent craniotomy for ultra-early surgery19. More recent studies on minimally invasive endoscopic evacuation have reported good outcomes with ultra-early evacuation20,21. Manuscripts reporting endoscopic evacuation suggest that bleeding is identifiable and controllable in ultra-early evacuations. The ENRICH study protocol requires evacuation within 24 hours of ictus and does not mandate a stability scan. Ultra-early surgery may be an option in the future, but additional studies are necessary to assess the risks and benefits of ultra-early evacuation.
The SCUBA procedure is a minimally invasive intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation technique that involves an endoscope using an aspiration system. Preliminary evidence suggests that the SCUBA technique can be performed safely and reliably results in a high evacuation percentage. Further studies are necessary to assess the impact of this procedure on functional outcomes.

Intracerebral hemorrhage is a bleed that occurs in the brain parenchyma and is the most devastating subtype of stroke in terms of mortality and disability. The worldwide incidence of ICH is approximately 24.6 per 100,000 individuals, with 40,000 to 67,000 cases occurring every year in the US1,2. Intracerebral hemorrhage is a medical emergency requiring fast diagnosis and management. Historically, outcomes have been bleak, with mortality rates of 40% at 1 month, 51-54% at 1 year, and 71% at 5 years3,4,5,6. A key reason for such a poor prognosis is that there are no evidence-based treatments for this disease process. Previous clinical trials (STICH I and II) did not demonstrate improved outcomes for surgery compared to conservative medical management7,8. A proposed hypothesis for the failure of craniotomies is that any benefit gained from evacuating the clot is outweighed by the extensive brain trauma inflicted by the invasive nature of the procedure. As a result, in the past decade, a number of minimally invasive techniques have been developed to attempt to solve this problem, each with advantages and disadvantages. The techniques can be grouped into two categories: stereotactic aspiration with thrombolysis and active evacuation. The former involves aspirating the clot through a burr hole, administering a thrombolytic agent, and draining the residual clot through a catheter over the period of several days. This technique is currently being tested in the MISTIE clinical trial and is used by clinicians in China with the YL-1 craniopuncture needle9,10. Active evacuation, on the other hand, involves aspirating the entire clot in a single procedure without the need for a draining catheter.
A number of clinical trials are also underway for this technique, including ENRICH, which utilizes the NICO BrainPath system for endoport-assisted trans-sulcal evacuation; the INVEST trial11, which is a single arm feasibility study using the Penumbra Apollo or Artemis Systems for endoscopic evacuation; and the MIND trial, which is a multicenter randomized clinical trial evaluating endoscopic evacuation using the Artemis device. Endoscopic evacuation is a promising technique because it has the lowest profile working channel to minimize brain trauma12. This paper outlines a specific endoscopic technique described as Stereotactic ICH Underwater Blood Aspiration (SCUBA)13. The first phase focuses on debulking the hematoma using maximal aspiration while working within the end of the sheath. The second phase utilizes a high irrigation rate to aspirate residual clots and cauterize any bleeding vessels in a highly targeted manner.
There are three devices used in the SCUBA procedure: a sheath (6.33 mm), endoscope, and aspiration system. The aspiration system consists of a surgical wand (2.6 mm) designed to fit inside the working channel of an endoscope, which is inserted into the sheath. The wand is capable of aspiration and, with the press of a button on the handle, morcellation. The morcellation component of the device is a spinning bident at the tip of the suction tube that spins upon activation. Suction is activated by covering the hole at the thumb on the handle, and the bident is activated by pressing firmly on the button. Suction activation in this regard is similar to common neurosurgical suction instruments.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Artemis Device 2.8mm</td><td>Penumbra Inc.</td><td>AP28</td><td>Cannula Outer Diameter: 2.8mm. Cannula Length: 27cm. Aspiration Tubing Length: 9.5ft; The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the Apollo System in 2014 for use in intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) evacuation but its indication now includes ICH and the Artemis System was approved for the same IVH and ICH evacuation in 2017.</td></tr><tr><td>Artemis Device 2.1mm</td><td>Penumbra Inc.</td><td>AP21</td><td>Cannula Outer Diameter: 2.1mm. Cannula Length: 26cm. Aspiration Tubing Length: 9.5ft</td></tr><tr><td>Artemis Device 1.5mm</td><td>Penumbra Inc.</td><td>AP15</td><td>Cannula Outer Diameter: 1.5mm. Cannula Length: 27cm. Aspiration Tubing Length: 9.5ft</td></tr><tr><td>MAX Canister</td><td>Penumbra Inc.</td><td>APCAN2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pump MAX 110V</td><td>Penumbra Inc.</td><td>PMX110</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19-French Sheath</td><td>Aesculap USA</td><td>FH604SU</td><td>Outer Diameter: 6.33mm</td></tr><tr><td>Storz Lotta 3-port Endoscope</td><td>Karl Stortz</td><td>28164 LA / 28164 LS</td><td>Outer Diameter: 6.1mm. Two ports for irrigation/suction (1.6mm). One working channel (2.9mm)</td></tr><tr><td>Medtronic AxiEM</td><td>Medtronic</td><td>UC201403939&amp;nbsp;</td><td>An advantage of the Medtronic AxiEM system is it does not require pinning or line-of-site navigation.</td></tr><tr><td>High-speed drill with 5-mm cutting burr</td><td>Medtronic</td><td>9BA60</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bone Wax</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>W31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hemostatic Gel Foam with Thrombin</td><td>J&amp;amp;J Healthcare</td><td>2994</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bipolar Cautery</td><td>State of the Art</td><td>401102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aloka burr hole ultrasound transducer</td><td>Aloka</td><td>UST-52114P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>11-blade</td><td>Bard Parker</td><td>372611</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penfield 1 instrument</td><td>Sklar Corp</td><td>47-2255</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AxiEM stylet</td><td>Medtronic</td><td>9735428</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Titanium plate</td><td>Depuy Synthes</td><td>04503023/04503024</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Titanium screws</td><td>Depuy Synthes</td><td>0450310301/0450310401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DYNA CT on the Artis Q</td><td>Siemens Healthineers</td><td>A91AX-01343-33C1-7600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3-0 Vicryl sutures</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>J416</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-0 monocryl subcuticular stitches</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>Y426</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Steri-Strips</td><td>3M</td><td>R1547</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

minimally invasive endoscopic intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke with high mortality and poor functional outcomes, largely because there are no evidence-based treatment options for this devastating disease process. In the past decade, a number of minimally invasive surgeries have emerged to address this issue, one of which is endoscopic evacuation. Stereotactic ICH Underwater Blood Aspiration (SCUBA) is a novel endoscopic evacuation technique performed in a fluid-filled cavity using an aspiration system to provide an additional degree of freedom during the procedure. The SCUBA procedure utilizes a suction device, endoscope, and sheath and is divided into two phases. The first phase involves maximal aspiration and minimal irrigation to decrease clot burden. The second phase involves increasing irrigation for visibility, decreasing aspiration strength for targeted aspiration without disturbing the cavity wall, and cauterizing any bleeding vessels. Using the endoscope and aspiration wand, this technique aims to maximize hematoma evacuation while minimizing collateral damage to the surrounding brain. Advantages of the SCUBA technique include the use of a low-profile endoscopic sheath minimizing brain disruption and improved visualization with a fluid-filled cavity rather than an air-filled one.

The SCUBA evacuation technique has been described in 47 patients undergoing endoscopic ICH evacuation between December 2015 and September 2017. The mean pre-operative ICH volume was reported as 42.6 cm3 (standard deviation = 29.7 cm3; mean post-operative ICH volume = 4.2 cm3, SD 6.6 cm3), resulting in a mean evacuation rate of 88.2% (SD 20.8%) (Table 1). An example of pre-operative and post-operative CT scans is shown in Figure 1. In 23 (48.9%) cases, active bleeding vessels were detected, and in 12 (52.2%) of these cases, bleeding emanated from more than one vessel (Table 2). Bleeding was addressed using irrigation alone in 5 cases (10.6%) and electrocautery in 18 cases (38.3%) (Table 2).Post-operative bleeding was isolated to only a single case (2.1%) in which the routine head CT performed on post-operative day 1 demonstrated that the evacuation cavity had refilled with hemorrhage that appeared to originate from a superficial galeal vessel bleeding into the access tract and cavity (Table 2). This patient&#39;s examination did not worsen, and he did not require additional surgery.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58217/58217fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: CT scans. (A) Pre-operative CT head image demonstrates a large right basal ganglia hemorrhage. (B) CT head image performed on post-operative day 1 demonstrates near-complete evacuation of the hematoma. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/58217/58217fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<table fo:keep-together.within-page="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Variable</td>
			<td>Mean</td>
			<td>Standard Deviation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Preoperative Volume</td>
			<td>42.6</td>
			<td>29.7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Postoperative Volume</td>
			<td>4.2</td>
			<td>6.6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Evacuation Percentage</td>
			<td>88.2%</td>
			<td>20.8%</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1: Evacuation details. ICH volumes and evacuation rates for the SCUBA procedure.
<table fo:keep-together.within-page="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Variable</td>
			<td>Number</td>
			<td>Percent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Total Patients</td>
			<td>47</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Active Bleeding Identified</td>
			<td>23</td>
			<td>48.9%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single Vessels</td>
			<td>11</td>
			<td>23.4%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multiple Vessels</td>
			<td>12</td>
			<td>25.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Irrigation</td>
			<td>5</td>
			<td>10.6%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrocautery</td>
			<td>18</td>
			<td>38.3%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Postoperative Bleeding</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>2.1%</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 2: Operative details. Operative details (specifically bleeding vessels) encountered during the SCUBA procedure.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation at JoVE.com

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation

This paper details the surgical protocol for minimally invasive endoscopic intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation using the SCUBA technique.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke with high mortality and poor functional outcomes, largely because there are no evidence-based ...

minimally-invasive-endoscopic-intracerebral-hemorrhage-evacuation

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

7.5K Views.  Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Deze methodologie zal aantonen hoe een intracerebrale bloeding kan worden verwijderd met behulp van een minimaal invasieve endoscopische techniek. Het belangrijkste voordeel van deze techniek is dat het een consistente bijna volledige hematoomevacuatie mogelijk maakt, terwijl de kans op postoperatieve herbloeding wordt geminimaliseerd, omdat het intraoperatieve visualisatie van bloedende vaten voor cauterisatie mogelijk maakt. Deze techniek is een chirurgische optie voor geselecteerde patiën...

Video: Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation

Modeling Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice: Injection of Autologous Blood or Bacterial Collagenase 

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) defines a potentially life-threatening neurological malady that accounts for 10-15% of all stroke-related hospitalizations and for which no effective treatments are available to date1,2. Because of the heterogeneity of ICH in humans, various preclinical models are needed to thoroughly explore prospective therapeutic strategies3. Experimental ICH is commonly induced in rodents by intraparenchymal injection of either autologous blood or bacterial collagenase4. The appropriate model is selected based on the pathophysiology of hemorrhage induction and injury progression. The blood injection model mimics a rapidly progressing hemorrhage. Alternatively, bacterial collagenase enzymatically disrupts the basal lamina of brain capillaries, causing an active bleed that generally evolves over several hours5. Resultant perihematomal edema and neurofunctional deficits can be quantified from both models. In this study, we described and evaluated a modified double injection model of autologous whole blood6 as well as an ICH injection model of bacterial collagenase7, both of which target the basal ganglia (corpus striatum) of male CD-1 mice. We assessed neurofunctional deficits and brain edema at 24 and 72 hr after ICH induction. Intrastriatal injection of autologous blood (30 &mu;l) or bacterial collagenase (0.075U) caused reproducible neurofunctional deficits in mice and significantly increased brain edema at 24 and 72 hr after surgery (p&lt;0.05). In conclusion, both models yield consistent hemorrhagic infarcts and represent basic methods for preclinical ICH research.

Modeling Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice: Injection of Autologous Blood or Bacterial Collagenase

Clinically relevant animal models of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are needed to extend our knowledge of hemorrhagic stroke and to examine novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, we describe and evaluate two ICH models that implement unilateral injections of either autologous whole blood or bacterial collagenase into the basal ganglia (corpus striatum) of mice.

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) defines a potentially life-threatening neurological malady that accounts for 10-15% of all stroke-related ...

Medicine

Minimally Invasive Thumb-sized Pterional Craniotomy for Surgical Clip Ligation of Unruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysms

Less invasive surgical approaches for intracranial aneurysm clipping may reduce length of hospital stay, surgical morbidity, treatment cost, and improve patient outcomes. We present our experience with a minimally invasive pterional approach for anterior circulation aneurysms performed in a major tertiary cerebrovascular center and compare the results with an aged matched dataset from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). From August 2008 to December 2012, 22 elective aneurysm clippings on patients &#8804;55 years of age were performed by the same dual fellowship-trained cerebrovascular/endovascular neurosurgeon. One patient (4.5%) experienced transient post-operative complications. 18 of 22 patients returned for follow-up imaging and there were no recurrences through an average duration of 22 months. A search in the NIS database from 2008 to 2010, also for patients aged &#8804;55 years of age, yielded 1,341 hospitalizations for surgical clip ligation of unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Inpatient length of stay and hospital charges at our institution using the minimally invasive thumb-sized pterional technique were nearly half that of NIS (length of stay: 3.2 vs 5.7 days; hospital charges: $52,779 vs. $101,882). The minimally invasive thumb-sized pterional craniotomy allows good exposure of unruptured small and medium-sized supraclinoid anterior circulation aneurysms. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage from key subarachnoid cisterns and constant bimanual microsurgical techniques avoid the need for retractors which can cause contusions, localized venous infarctions, and post-operative cerebral edema at the retractor sites. Utilizing this set of techniques has afforded our patients with a shorter hospital stay at a lower cost compared to the national average.

Minimally invasive thumb-sized pterional craniotomy for aneurysm clipping has afforded our patients with a shorter hospital stay at a lower cost compared to the national average.

Less invasive surgical approaches for intracranial aneurysm clipping may reduce length of hospital stay, surgical morbidity, treatment cost, and improve ...

Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery

Animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and, consequently, blood-brain barrier disruption diseases, require the delivery of exogenous substances into the brain. These exogenous substances may induce injurious impact or constitute therapeutic strategy. The most common delivery methods of exogenous substances into the brain are based on systemic deliveries, such as subcutaneous or intravenous routes. Although commonly used, these approaches have several limitations, including low delivery efficacy into the brain. In contrast, surgical methods that locally deliver substances into the CNS are more specific and prevent the uptake of the exogenous substances by other organs. Several surgical methods for CNS delivery are available; however, they tend to be very traumatic. Here, we describe a mouse infusion microsurgery technique, which effectively delivers substances into the brain via the internal carotid artery, with minimal trauma and no interference with normal CNS functionality.

Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery

The present protocol describes a mouse microsurgery infusion technique, which effectively delivers substances directly into the brain via the internal carotid artery.

Animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and, consequently, blood-brain barrier disruption diseases, require the delivery of exogenous ...

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Arteriovenious malformations (AVMs) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and have a rupture risk of ~3% per year. Treatment of AVMs must be tailored specifically to the lesion, with surgical resection being the gold standard for small, accessible lesions. Pre-operative embolization of AVMs can reduce nidal blood flow and remove high-risk AVM features such as intranidal or venous aneurysms, thereby simplifying a challenging neurosurgical procedure. Herein, we describe our approach for the staged endovascular embolization and open resection of AVMs, and highlight the advantages of having a comprehensively trained neurovascular surgeon leading a multi-disciplinary clinical team. This includes planning the craniotomy and resection to immediately follow the final embolization stage, thereby using a single session of anesthesia for aggressive embolization, and rapid resection. Finally, we provide a representative case of a 22-year-old female with an unruptured right frontal AVM diagnosed during a seizure workup, who was successfully treated via staged embolizations followed by open surgical resection.

Surgery is the gold standard for accessible arteriovenious malformations (AVMs), and pre-operative embolization can simplify this procedure. We describe our approach for staged endovascular embolization and open resection of AVMs, and provide a representative clinical example highlighting the advantages of a comprehensively trained neurovascular surgeon leading a multi-disciplinary clinical team.

Arteriovenious malformations (AVMs) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and have a rupture risk of ~3% per year. Treatment of AVMs ...

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal surgery has become the gold standard for the surgical treatment of pituitary adenomas and many other pituitary lesions. Refinements in surgical techniques, technological advancements, and incorporation of neuronavigation have rendered this surgery minimally invasive. The complication rates of this surgery are very low while excellent results are consistently obtained through this approach.
This paper focuses on the step-by-step surgical approach to pituitary adenomas, which is based on personal experience, and details the results obtained with this minimally invasive surgery.

The aim of this paper is to describe the different steps of the endoscopic endonasal approach to the sella turcica.

Endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal surgery has become the gold standard for the surgical treatment of pituitary adenomas and many other pituitary ...

Optimized Management of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke

This manuscript describes a streamlined protocol for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke, which aims at the minimization of time from hospital admission to reperfusion. Rapid restoration of cerebral blood flow is essential for the outcomes of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Endovascular treatment (EVT) has become the standard of care to accomplish this in patients with acute stroke due to large vessel occlusion (LVO). To achieve reperfusion of ischemic brain regions as fast as possible, all in-hospital time delays have to be carefully avoided. Therefore, management of patients with acute ischemic stroke was optimized with an interdisciplinary standard operating procedure (SOP). Stroke neurologists, diagnostic as well as interventional neuroradiologists, and anesthesiologists streamlined all necessary processes from patient admission and diagnosis to EVT of eligible patients. Target times for every step were established. Actually achieved times were prospectively recorded along with clinical data and imaging scores for all endovascularly treated stroke patients. These data were regularly analyzed and discussed in interdisciplinary team meetings. Potential issues were evaluated and all staff involved was trained to adhere to the SOP. This streamlined patient management approach and enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration reduced time from patient admission to reperfusion significantly and was accompanied by a beneficial effect on clinical outcomes.

The outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke depends on swift restoration of cerebral blood flow. This protocol aims at optimizing the management of such patients by minimizing peri-procedural timings and rendering the time from hospital admission to reperfusion as short as possible.

This manuscript describes a streamlined protocol for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke, which aims at the minimization of time from ...

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Endoscopic endonasal surgery has gained a prominent role in the management of complex skull base tumors. It allows the resection of a large group of benign and malignant lesions through a natural anatomical extra-cranial pathway, represented by the nasal cavities, avoiding brain retraction and neurovascular manipulation. This is reflected by the patients' prompt clinical recovery and the low risk of permanent neurological sequelae, representing the main caveat of conventional skull base surgery. This surgery must be tailored to each specific case, considering its features and relationship with surrounding neural structures, mostly based on preoperative neuroimaging. Advanced MRI techniques, such as tractography, have been rarely adopted in skull base surgery due to technical issues: lengthy and complicated processes to generate reliable reconstructions for inclusion in the neuronavigation system. 
This paper aims to present the protocol implemented in the institution and highlights the synergistic collaboration and teamwork between neurosurgeons and the neuroimaging team (neurologists, neuroradiologists, neuropsychologists, physicists, and bioengineers) with the final goal of selecting the optimal treatment for each patient, improving the surgical results and pursuing the advancement of personalized medicine in this field.

We present a protocol to integrate diffusion MRI tractography in patient work-up to endoscopic endonasal surgery for a skull base tumor. The methods for adopting these neuroimaging studies in the pre- and intra-operative phases are described.

Endoscopic endonasal surgery has gained a prominent role in the management of complex skull base tumors. It allows the resection of a large group of ...

Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection

Hypothalamic hamartomas (HH) are rare developmental anomalies of the inferior hypothalamus that often cause refractory epilepsy, including gelastic seizures. Surgical resection is an effective method to treat drug-resistant epilepsy and endocrinopathy in a suitable patient group. Open surgery, endoscopic surgery, ablative procedures, and stereotactic radiosurgery can be utilized. In this study, we aimed to describe the full-endoscopic approach for HH resection. The technique involves the use of an intraoperative ultrasonography (USG) system, a 30&#176; rigid endoscope system that has an outside diameter of 2.7 mm with two working channels, a stylet that has an outer diameter of 3.8 mm, a monopolar coagulation electrode, a fiberoptic light guide, and the endovision system. Microforceps and monopolar electrocautery are the two main surgical instruments for HH removal. The protocol is easy to apply after a particular learning curve has been passed and shorter than open surgical approaches. It leads to less blood loss. Full-endoscopic surgery for HH is a minimally invasive technique that can be applied safely and effectively with good seizure and endocrinological outcomes. It provides low surgical site pain and early mobilization.

Hypothalamic hamartomas are rare, non-neoplastic congenital malformations mainly arising from the inferior hypothalamus or tuber cinereum. Surgical treatment is one of the most effective options, and the surgical approach must be precisely determined for each patient. Here, we describe the full-endoscopic technique for resecting hypothalamic hamartomas.

Hypothalamic hamartomas (HH) are rare developmental anomalies of the inferior hypothalamus that often cause refractory epilepsy, including gelastic ...

Full-Endoscopic Interlaminar Approach for Decompression of Lateral Recess Stenosis

For lateral recess stenosis, extensive decompression with laminectomy is still performed in most centers. However, tissue-sparing surgeries are becoming more common. Full-endoscopic spinal surgeries have the advantages of being less invasive and offering a shorter recovery time. Here, we describe the technique of the full-endoscopic interlaminar approach for the decompression of lateral recess stenosis. The full-endoscopic interlaminar approach for the lateral recess stenosis procedure took approximately 51 min (range of 39-66 min). Blood loss could not be measured due to continuous irrigation. However, no drainage was required. There were no dura mater injuries reported in our institution. Furthermore, there were no injuries to the nerves, no cauda equine syndrome, and no hematoma formation. The patients were mobilized on the same day as surgery and discharged the next day. Therefore, the full-endoscopic technique for lateral recess stenosis decompression is a feasible procedure that lowers the operational time, complications, traumatization, and rehabilitation duration.

Technical advances and increased experience in full-endoscopic spinal surgeries enable these procedures to be performed with minimal incision, muscle retraction, and bone removal.

For lateral recess stenosis, extensive decompression with laminectomy is still performed in most centers. However, tissue-sparing surgeries are becoming ...

Endoscopy from Kocher&#39;s Point Enabling Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy

Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point

Pineal neoplasms have a significant impact on children although they are relatively uncommon. They account for approximately 3-11% of all childhood brain tumors, which is considerably higher than the &lt;1% seen in adult brain tumors. These tumors can be divided into three main categories: germ cell tumors, parenchymal pineal tumors, and tumors arising from related anatomical structures. Obtaining an accurate and minimally invasive tissue diagnosis is crucial for selecting the most appropriate treatment regimen for patients with pineal gland tumors. This is due to the diverse treatment options available and the potential risks associated with complete resection. In cases where patients present with acute obstructive hydrocephalus caused by a pineal gland tumor, immediate treatment of the hydrocephalus is necessary. The urgency stems from the potential complications of hydrocephalus, including increased intracranial pressure and neurological deficits. To address these challenges, a minimally invasive endoscopic approach provides a valuable opportunity. This technique allows clinicians to promptly relieve hydrocephalus and obtain a histological diagnosis simultaneously. This dual benefit enables a more comprehensive understanding of the tumor and assists in determining the most effective treatment strategy for the patient.

Author Spotlight: A Single-Entry Point Endoscopic Intraventricular Approach for Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy

Pineal neoplasms frequently cause obstructive hydrocephalus and require histopathological diagnosis to decide the treatment regimen. They might be treated by surgical resection or chemoradiotherapy according to the pathological diagnosis. As a minimally invasive initial treatment, an endoscopic approach from Kocher's point enables both third ventriculostomy and biopsy.

Pineal neoplasms have a significant impact on children although they are relatively uncommon. They account for approximately 3-11% of all childhood brain ...

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation

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