Name: focal laser ablation of prostate cancer: an office procedure
Uploaded: 2021-03-30T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 7 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Focal Laser Ablation of Prostate Cancer: An Office Procedure at JoVE.com

NOTE: The methods described here are those used at UCLA for performing FLA of the prostate. The research project, including the protocol, were approved by the UCLA institutional review board (IRB). All patients have had targeted biopsy of the prostate, in which the MRI has been interpreted by an experienced uro-radiologist. Lesions visible on MRI were biopsied within the region of interest (ROI) and outside the ROI using a systematic template. The positive biopsies and MRI region of interest are used to plan treatment with laser ablation in order to treat the index lesion and create a margin of treated tissue around the tumor, given that MRI underestimates the size of the tumor.21 Only patients with intermediate risk prostate cancer (GG2-3 PSA &#60; 20, Stage &#60; T2), a single index ROI and no contralateral clinically significant prostate cancer are considered eligible for treatment. Patients with bleeding diathesis or inability to tolerate treatment without sedation are considered ineligible.
1. Treatment Planning
<ol>
	<li>Prior to treatment, plan ablations targets using input from the MRI and biopsy coordinates.</li>
	<li>Perform treatment planning with the provided software.</li>
</ol>
2. Procedural Room Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Display a laser warning sign outside of the procedure room.</li>
	<li>Position the workstation for comfortable access.</li>
	<li>Power on the workstation, fusion device and transrectal ultrasound.</li>
	<li>Enter login credential and select the desired patient from the default work list containing unexecuted plans. 
	&#8203;NOTE: New treatment plans can be added via a USB or internet connection as detailed in the user manual.</li>
	<li>Hang a bag of saline from the designated hook on the workstation; a waste saline return bag is also attached.</li>
	<li>Prime the saline tubing by allowing gravity flow of fluid prior to locking the tubing. The saline is then connected to the peristaltic pump and hung for later use during the procedure.</li>
</ol>
3. TRUS probe preparation
<ol>
	<li>Apply ultrasound jelly directly to a clean TRUS probe. 
	NOTE: At UCLA, all TRUS probes are disinfected via an automated system with vaporized hydrogen peroxide solution.</li>
	<li>Fit a condom over the ultrasound jelly onto the TRUS probe and secure it at the base using a rubber band. 
	NOTE: Per standard practice attempt to remove air bubbles trapped under the condom.</li>
	<li>Place a multi-channel guide over the condom and lock it in place using the metal clamp. A second condom with internal ultrasound jelly can be placed over the multi-channel guide to augment patient comfort.</li>
</ol>
4. Patient preparation
<ol>
	<li>Direct the patient to cleanse their rectal vault with and enema on the morning of the biopsy.</li>
	<li>Ensure that the patient has obtained prophylactic antibiotics 60 minutes prior to the procedure22. 
	NOTE: At UCLA, 1 g of Ertapenem is administered intramuscularly 60 minutes prior to the procedure. This decision was made based on the UCLA antibiogram and had prevented post-biopsy septic episodes over the last 1500 transrectal biopsies.23 Given this success, we elected to also use it for transrectal laser ablation.</li>
	<li>Provide patients with Acetaminophen 1000 mg PO, Ketorolac 30 mg IM, and optionally but recommended Diazepam 10 mg PO, 60 minutes prior to the procedure. 
	NOTE: Patients may experience a moderate desire to void or pressure in the penis during the procedure. In our experience, no narcotics are beneficial.</li>
	<li>Patients may find it useful to bring personal music and headphones as an additional anxiolytic.</li>
	<li>Place the patient in the left lateral decubitus position as for transrectal biopsy.</li>
	<li>Record patient vital signs prior to beginning the procedure and at 30-minute intervals.</li>
</ol>
5. Administration of prostatic nerve block
<ol>
	<li>Insert the lubricated TRUS probe until the center of the prostate is clearly visible.</li>
	<li>Optimize the ultrasound gain, time gain compensation (TGC sliders on the right of most ultrasounds), depth and focus so that the prostate is centered within the ultrasound viewing monitor. 
	NOTE: The optimal gain results in a medium-gray image within the peripheral zone. The TGC sliders are best set at a gradually sloping angle to compensate for wave attenuation of distant tissues. The ultrasound depth and focus will depend on prostate size. The focus should be set to the peripheral zone to optimize visualization of acoustic markers on the laser catheter.</li>
	<li>Activate the on-screen biopsy guide and place a 22 gauge spinal needle through the center of the multichannel guide to anesthetize the prostate. 
	&#8203;NOTE: At UCLA we anesthetize the prostate in the sagittal plane by placing 10-20 mL of Lidocaine/Marcaine at the junction of the prostate and seminal vesicles. Correct infiltration will cause a separation of the seminal vesicles and prostate from the rectal wall.</li>
</ol>
6. MRI-US fusion
<ol>
	<li>Position the imaging fusion system and workstation close enough to the patient in order to visualize the workstation screens while also observing the patient.</li>
	<li>If using the Artemis, use a technique for docking and image registration previously described.24</li>
</ol>
7. Target acquisition
<ol>
	<li>Navigate the ultrasound to the center of the first ablation site using digital targets supplied by the fusion device. This process is similar to guiding the ultrasound to a MRI region of interest during fusion biopsy. 
	NOTE: Each ablation site is determined from the MRI region of interest and positive biopsy cores (Figure 1). The patient&#39;s treatment plan should be transferred to the workstation and fusion device during procedure room preparation described above.</li>
	<li>Select the current ablation zone.</li>
</ol>
8. Placement of laser catheter and temperature probe
<ol>
	<li>Place the 14-gauge laser catheter into the center chamber of the multichannel guide. 
	NOTE: The multichannel guide is curved to provide slight friction thus preventing treatment elements from slipping backwards during ablation. Overcome this friction by rotating back and forth while advancing the laser catheter into the prostate.</li>
	<li>Advance the laser catheter until four echogenic bands are visualized and aligned with the on-screen depth marker. For a peripheral zone ablation, the markers will be several mm outside the prostate capsule (Figure 2). 
	NOTE: In the case of a fibrous posterior capsule, the laser catheter may deflect rather than traversing the prostate capsule. Any deflection will be visible on the ultrasound during the insertion. Should deflection occur, remove the laser catheter and insert a leader, such as the sturdy thermal probe, to create a pilot opening in the capsule. The laser catheter can then be advanced as planned.</li>
	<li>Insert the thermal probe to the left or right of the laser catheter depending on the treatment plan. At the correct depth, the thermal probe interlocks with the laser catheter handle, allowing it align in the correct orientation. 
	NOTE: After placement, check that the slot on the thermal probe seated into the handle of the laser catheter. The thermal probe will magnetically lock in place and prevent rotation during treatment.</li>
	<li>Connect primed intravenous tubing from the saline bag to the proximal inflow port on the laser catheter.</li>
	<li>Connect the returning saline from the distal outflow port to a clear drainage bag so that returning fluid can be visualized. 
	&#8203;NOTE: Circulating saline around the laser catheter will cool the fiber during treatment</li>
</ol>
9. Perform the Safety Checklist
<ol>
	<li>While on the treatment monitoring screen, select the desired ablation site. Once the appropriate ablation is selected, press &#39;CONFIRM SELECTION.&#39; A safety checklist will now occupy the left side of the workstation monitor. 
	NOTE: This step will begin circulating saline through the laser catheter. Small bubbles introduced when connecting the intravenous tubes are initially visible on ultrasound around the laser. This can act as an additional check for the laser catheter position.</li>
	<li>Follow the safety checklist, ticking off the boxes once complete.</li>
	<li>Ensure that all individuals in the room don laser safety goggles including the patient.</li>
	<li>The workstation computer system will automatically check the thermal probe to ensure that all thermocouples are reading uniform body temperatures between 30 - 40 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Confirm that the laser catheters&#39; four echogenic bands are located at the prostate capsule, as placement of the thermal probe may push the prostate away from the laser catheter. 
	&#8203;NOTE: The ablation zone begins 5 mm distal to the echogenic markers and extends another 27 mm in length and 18 mm in diameter (maximal).</li>
</ol>
10. Performing the Laser Tissue Ablation
<ol>
	<li>Once the safety checklist is complete press &#39;START LASER&#39; to begin the ablation.</li>
	<li>Monitor treatment progress in real-time using temperature readings, timer, and damage map. 
	NOTE: Evaluate tissue temperature utilizing the multi-line graph to the left of the prostate model. The rectal temperature is marked in white and should not exceed 42&#160;&#176;C. Temperature at the tip of the laser catheter is marked in blue (Figure 3). The laser will automatically shut off if the laser tip exceeds 75&#160;&#176;C or the rectal wall exceeds 42&#176;C. 
	NOTE: Once the laser is active, monitor treatment time at each ablation site using the red bar at the top of the screen. A damage map gives a 3D representation of treated tissue based on temperature and time. 
	NOTE: Note changes on B-mode ultrasound. Prostate tissue usually does not change in appearance during laser ablation. With serial treatments the tissue may take on a hypoechoic appearance, but US visualization primarily serves for positioning of the laser. 
	NOTE: Monitor for concerning ultrasound features as follows:
	<ol>
		<li>Swirling micro bubbles forming beyond the echogenic laser catheter bands may indicate a leak in circulating saline due to super-heating. While this has no safety impact, treatment progress may be slowed.</li>
		<li>An increase in hyperechoic nature or &#39;whitening&#39; of the rectal fat may occur if the laser catheter is inadvertently pulled back, causing heating of the perirectal fat.</li>
		<li>If either of these ultrasound findings are observed laser treatment should be stopped.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>The laser automatically stops once the timer runs out, but a practitioner can elect to end the ablation manually by pressing &#39;STOP THE LASER.&#39; Saline will continue to flow, cooling the laser tip. 
	NOTE: Consider stopping the ablation early if temperatures plateau above 55 &#176;C for greater than 60 seconds.</li>
	<li>Keep the laser catheter and thermal probe in place until the temperature of the laser catheter has dropped below 42&#160;&#176;C, thus preventing rectal wall heating during withdrawal of the laser catheter.</li>
</ol>
11. Subsequent ablations
<ol>
	<li>Position the ultrasound at the next ablation site using the digital targets supplied by the fusion device.</li>
	<li>Assess whether the live ultrasound images remain registered to the prostate MRI, and perform a motion compensation if needed. 
	&#8203;NOTE: If using the Artemis, the technique for motion compensation is described in the previously referenced video.24</li>
	<li>On the treatment monitoring screen, the initial ablation site will now be greyed out; however it can be treated again if deemed necessary.</li>
	<li>Select the next ablation site from the left side of the screen and repeat the process described in steps 8 - 10.</li>
</ol>
12. Conclude Treatment Session
<ol>
	<li>Once all ablation sites have been treated, a &#39;FINISH TREATMENT&#39; button will appear. Pressing this button will display a treatment review screen that displays quantitative metrics for the treatment session.</li>
	<li>Remove the TRUS probe from the patient&#39;s rectum. Manual pressure may be applied to the rectal wall overlying the prostate to facilitate hemostasis.</li>
</ol>

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Use of Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy in the Focal Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer - NCT02224911 Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02224911">https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02224911</a> (2020)</li><li>. Focal Laser Ablation of Prostate Tissue - NCT02357121 Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02357121">https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02357121</a> (2020)</li><li>. Focal Laser Ablation of Prostate Cancer -NCT04305925 Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04305925">https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04305925</a> (2020)</li><li>McNICHOLAS, T. A., STEGER, A. C., BOWN, S. 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Transrectally delivered, outpatient MRI-guided laser focal therapy of prostate cancer: 9.5 year interim results of NCT #02243033, Presentation at the AdMeTech 4th Global Summit on Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.admetech.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DMI-FOCAL-Tx-2019-NCT-02243033.FINAL_.pdf">https://www.admetech.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DMI-FOCAL-Tx-2019-NCT-02243033.FINAL_.pdf</a> (2020)</li><li>Chao, B., Llukani, E., Lepor, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-year+Outcomes+Following+Focal+Laser+Ablation+of+Localized+Prostate+Cancer.">Two-year Outcomes Following Focal Laser Ablation of Localized Prostate Cancer.</a> European Urology Oncology. 1 (2), 129-133 (2018).</li></ol>

Dr. Marks and Dr. Natarajan are co-founders of Avenda Health.

The purpose of the present work is to describe and illustrate a method for performing focal laser ablation (FLA) of prostate cancer (PCa). The method differs from other focal therapy methods, as it is intended to be performed under local anesthesia in a clinic setting. The FLA method shown here was introduced in 2017,20 and has been continuously refined since that time. Thus, the procedure described in this paper may be of value to future investigators.
Laser treatment of prostate tissue appears to date from the research of McNicholas and colleagues, working at University College London, who demonstrated in 1993 that focal coagulation necrosis could be produced in canine prostates with a Nd:YAG device.32 Foreshadowing the future, these authors postulated that the technique &#34;&#8230;may prove of value&#8230;for the destruction of small focal prostatic tumors.&#34; Subsequently, laser ablation of PCa in man was described in 2009 by Lindner et al from the University of Toronto.26 In that pioneering effort, Lindner combined the emerging modality of prostate MRI with early image-fusion software and conventional thermal probes to successfully target cancer and monitor laser ablation in 12 men.
Since most important PCa can be visualized with contemporary multi-parametric MRI, in-bore targeting and treatment of visible lesions might be a straightforward extension of the diagnostic procedure. In-bore targeting of the lesion is direct, and MR thermometry allows remote monitoring of ablation. Raz et al reported two such treatments in 2010.33 A series of in-bore FLA treatments (N=9) was reported by Oto and colleagues in 2013.5 Adoption of in-bore FLA has been facilitated by hardware developed for that purpose, as reported by Natarajan et al in 2016.19 A number of radiologists, using a water-cooled laser fiber to prevent charring have adopted the in-bore method; and hundreds of in-bore FLA treatments have now been reported (Walser, Feller, Sperling/Lepor).6, 16, 34, 35
While short term oncologic outcomes of in-bore FLA may be favorable (Table 1), the procedure is not likely to become widely adopted, because of limiting factors described in the introduction. Moreover, MR thermometry for treatment monitoring exhibits a number of important limitations.19 Building on a decade-long experience with MRI/US fusion biopsy procedures (N~4000), we theorized that a laser fiber could be targeted into a cancer lesion, similarly to inserting a biopsy needle, and that monitoring of treatment could be accomplished directly with thermal probes. Thus, following the in-bore experience, ten patients underwent out-of-bore FLA in the UCLA urology clinic, using only local anesthesia, MRI/US fusion guidance, and thermal-probe monitoring.20 Not only was safety and feasibility of the new method demonstrated, but among the latter patients treated, no evidence of PCa could be found at subsequent biopsy.
The tissue effect of FLA has been clarified in two studies, where planned radical prostatectomy was performed 1-3 weeks after the laser procedure (N=9), i.e., a &#39;treat-and-resect&#39; model (Figure 4).15, 27 In all 9 patients, the volume of necrotic tissue found in the prostate approximated the volume estimated by the MRI obtained after completion of treatment. When the whole prostates were sectioned, an abrupt transition was seen between necrosis and intact cells 1-5 mm outside of the area of laser ablation (Figure 1). The crisp margins and precision of the ablation zones have important implications for the accuracy of MRI/US registration and treatment planning.
A major part of the Avenda system is the treatment planning software. For effective FLA, the planning needs to include not only the location of the lesion, but also the volume of tissue necessary for complete tumor destruction. The ablation volume cannot simply be the MRI-lesion volume, because the actual tumor volume exceeds that of the MRI-visible lesion by an average of 3-fold.21 Moreover, cancer often extends in irregular finger-like projections, which would make unreliable any uniform safety margin based solely on imaging (e.g., 1 cm beyond boundary of MRI-visible lesion). The Avenda system includes treatment planning software that utilizes not only the MRI-visible lesion, but also 3D tracking of biopsy sites (positive and negative) to provide accurate placement of the minimal ablation volume that will fully encompass the cancer. An example of such treatment planning is seen in Figure 3.
In conclusion, FLA is a safe, feasible method for eradicating prostate cancer in a clinic setting under local anesthesia. Steps of the procedure are shown in the accompanying video. Accurate placement of the laser fiber into an MRI-visible lesion is accomplished using MRI/US fusion, much as biopsy needles are place into such lesions. Realtime treatment monitoring is accomplished via a thermal probe adjacent to the laser fiber. Treatment planning software, which employs lesion volumes from MRI and tracked biopsy site locations to help the operator determine treatment margins, is an important part of the system. In-clinic FLA as described and illustrated in this article appears to provide an attractive focal therapy option not previously available.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common internal malignancy in U.S. men1. Approximately 190,000 new cases and 33,000 deaths are expected during 2020, making it the second most common cause of cancer death in men2. Most cases of PCa are curable if treated while localized to the prostate. However, identifying cancer within the prostate is often not possible with conventional ultrasound (US) imaging; thus, treatment has traditionally involved surgery or radiation of the whole gland. The &#39;whole-gland&#39; paradigm has been altered with the introduction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which, in contrast to US, enables localization of PCa and targeted biopsy3,4,5,6. While MRI likely underestimates the multifocality of PCa7, and may miss small lesions8, it can reliably identify the index lesion, which is almost always the driver of metastatic disease9, 10.
Reliable MRI identification of index lesions has provided a path for focal treatment of PCa (i.e., partial gland ablation (PGA)). The aim of PGA is to destroy the index lesion while preserving the organ and thus minimizing side effects. Focal laser ablation (FLA), which employs light energy to destroy tissue through coagulative necrosis11, 12, is one form of PGA. The effectiveness of laser energy to ablate prostate tissue was established in 199313, suggesting the placement of laser fibers into prostate cancers for that purpose. Using MRI for guidance of fiber placement and MRI thermography for treatment monitoring (i.e., in-bore treatment), near-term success rates of FLA appear to approach those of surgery or radiation5, 6, 12, 14,15,16,17,18,19. However, laser procedures performed in-bore, or within an MRI tube, are often cumbersome, expensive, time-consuming, and resource-intensive. And in-bore procedures are only performed by sub-specialty trained radiologists.
As an alternative to in-bore FLA, the feasibility of performing FLA in a clinic setting---using MRI/US fusion for guidance and an interstitial temperature probe for treatment monitoring--- has been under study at UCLA since 201419, 20. The FLA procedure in a clinic setting has proven to be similar to that of targeted biopsy, substituting a laser fiber for a biopsy needle. In comparison with HIFU and cryotherapy, which are the other currently available methods of PGA, the laser method described here is quick and inexpensive, without need for an operating room or general anesthesia.
This article aims to describe and demonstrate outpatient FLA under local anesthesia in a urology clinic. Urologists who are familiar with MRI/US fusion for targeted biopsy will appreciate the similarities of FLA to the biopsy procedure. Secondary objectives include describing technical elements that facilitate ease of use and describing benefits of focal therapy.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Fusion Guidance System</td><td>NA</td><td></td><td>Artemis Displayed in Video</td></tr><tr><td>Laser Catheter</td><td>Avenda Health</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Orion Workstation</td><td>Avenda Health</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermal Probe</td><td>Avenda Health</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transrectal Probe</td><td>NA</td><td></td><td>Not Platform Dependent</td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasound</td><td>NA</td><td></td><td>Not Platform Dependent</td></tr></tbody></table>

focal laser ablation of prostate cancer: an office procedure

In this article, we describe and illustrate an outpatient procedure for focal laser ablation (FLA) of prostate cancer (PCa). The procedure is conceptually similar to a fusion biopsy and is performed under local anesthesia in a clinic setting; treatment time is usually less than one hour. Laser insertion is guided by ultrasound; lesion targeting is via magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound (MRI/US) fusion, as in targeted prostate biopsy. Real-time ablation monitoring is achieved utilizing a thermal probe adjacent to the laser fiber. The video demonstrates procedure planning, patient preparation, various steps during the procedure, and treatment monitoring. Safety, feasibility, and efficacy of this approach have been established during a previous trial. Outpatient FLA under local anesthesia is an option for management of intermediate risk prostate cancer.

The published results of FLA are shown in Table 2. A variety of methods and technologies are included. More than 400 patients who have undergone various forms of FLA for treatment of PCa are found within the SEER database.25 To quantify the number and characteristics of FLA reported in the literature we performed a systematic review of Medline and the Cochrane Library. Our search was performed using whole-field search terms including &#34;focal laser ablation&#34; and &#34;prostate cancer.&#34; In total, 247 titles and abstracts were reviewed. Only cases reporting focal laser ablation, MRI, and oncologic outcomes were included. 13 peer-reviewed publications qualified for inclusion, representing 333 total patients (Table 1).
Treatment was performed with a 980 nm diode laser in all but 2 studies.26, 27 Treatment parameters consisted of power levels between 6 - 18 Watts and treatment times spanning 1 - 4 minutes per ablation site (Table 1). Treatment temperature monitoring was supplied by MRI thermometry in 9 studies and by direct temperature probe measurements in 3 studies (Table 1). All studies were performed in-bore, except those by Lindner and the later study by Natarajan.20, 26, 27
Median baseline PSA for the cohort was 5.7 (range 1.1 - 14.8). Following FLA, median PSA at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months was 3.9, 5.5, 3.8, and 3.9 respectively. Median baseline IPSS for the cohort was 6. Following FLA, median IPSS at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months was 5, 5.5, 7.3 and 11.5 respectively. Median baseline SHIM for the cohort was 20. Following FLA, median SHIM at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months was 19, 18, 20, and 19 respectively.
Across all studies, complications were inconsistently reported; however there was only one complication classified by the authors as Grade III (a urinary tract infection).16 The authors did not specify the features that classified this as a grade III event. Two recto-urethral fistulas, both closing spontaneously after prolonged catheterization,16 were reported as grade II adverse events.
Oncologic follow up was grouped by follow-up period: less than 6 months, one year, and two years (Table 2). Follow up biopsy was performed by MRI guided in-bore biopsy in 4 studies, and MRI-US fusion biopsy in 6 studies. Two studies utilized systematic biopsy and two studies performed &#39;treat-and-resect&#39; investigations where the prostatectomy specimen was evaluated. Treatment success was defined according to a Delphi consensus protocol.28 In-field success was defined as the absence of &#8805; GG2 PCa within the prior ablation site. Out of field failure was defines as &#8805; GG2 outside the area of prior ablation. Among patients with follow up biopsy results, overall in-field success following treatment at 6 months (N=83), 1 year (N=64) and 2 years (N=39) was 83%, 83%, and 59% respectively (Table 2).
At UCLA, FLA of the prostate has been performed in three successive clinical trials starting in 2014.29-31 18 men with intermediate risk prostate cancer have undergone FLA, eight in-bore and 10 in clinic, without any grade III adverse events. Currently, an additional 10 men are undergoing FLA using the demonstrated device.31 All patients were evaluated before FLA with a 3T MRI (body coil), and MRI-US fusion biopsy with sampling from the ROI and systematic biopsy within 6 months of treatment. Both baseline and follow up biopsies were performed under MRI/US fusion guidance using the Artemis fusion system with tracking of all biopsy sites.
Table 1.&#160;Reported studies of focal laser ablation.&#160;
<table border="1" fo:font-size="8px" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Reference Number</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Author</td>
			<td rowspan="2">&#160;Year</td>
			<td rowspan="2">N</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Median Age (Range)</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Laser Power</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Rx Time (sec)</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Planned Margin</td>
			<td rowspan="2">In-Bore Procedure</td>
			<td colspan="2" rowspan="2">Temperature Monitoring</td>
			<td colspan="4">Baseline Gleason</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3+3</td>
			<td>3+4</td>
			<td>4+3</td>
			<td>4+4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26</td>
			<td>Lindner</td>
			<td>2009</td>
			<td>12</td>
			<td>56.5 (51-52)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>120</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>No</td>
			<td colspan="2">Temperature probe</td>
			<td>12</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>27</td>
			<td>Lindner</td>
			<td>2010</td>
			<td>4</td>
			<td>66 (61-73)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>120</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>No</td>
			<td colspan="2">Temperature probe</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5</td>
			<td>Oto</td>
			<td>2013</td>
			<td>9</td>
			<td>61 (52-77)</td>
			<td>6 - 15 W</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Yes</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI Thermometry</td>
			<td>8</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12</td>
			<td>Lee</td>
			<td>2014</td>
			<td>23</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>8 W</td>
			<td>30-60</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Yes</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI Thermometry</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6</td>
			<td>Lepor</td>
			<td>2015</td>
			<td>25</td>
			<td>66 (49-84)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Yes</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI Thermometry</td>
			<td>11</td>
			<td>13</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18</td>
			<td>Al Barqawi</td>
			<td>2015</td>
			<td>7</td>
			<td>61 (56-69)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>90</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Yes</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI Thermometry</td>
			<td>7</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15</td>
			<td>Bomers</td>
			<td>2016</td>
			<td>5</td>
			<td>66 (58-70)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>9 mm</td>
			<td>Yes</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI Thermometry</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>14</td>
			<td>Eggener</td>
			<td>2016</td>
			<td>27</td>
			<td>62 (-)</td>
			<td>6 - 15 W</td>
			<td>60-120</td>
			<td>0 -7.5mm</td>
			<td>Yes</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI Thermometry</td>
			<td>23</td>
			<td>3</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>19</td>
			<td>Natarajan</td>
			<td>2016</td>
			<td>8</td>
			<td>63 (54-72)</td>
			<td>11 - 14 W</td>
			<td>180</td>
			<td>Custom*</td>
			<td>Yes</td>
			<td colspan="2">Temperature probe #</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>7</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20</td>
			<td>Natarajan</td>
			<td>2017</td>
			<td>10</td>
			<td>65 (52-74)</td>
			<td>13.75 W</td>
			<td>180</td>
			<td>Custom*</td>
			<td>No</td>
			<td colspan="2">Temperature probe</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>8</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35</td>
			<td>Chao</td>
			<td>2018</td>
			<td>34</td>
			<td>69 (52-88)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Yes</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI Thermometry</td>
			<td>16</td>
			<td>16</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>17</td>
			<td>Al Hakeem</td>
			<td>2019</td>
			<td>49</td>
			<td>63 (51-73)</td>
			<td>10 - 15 W</td>
			<td>120</td>
			<td>9 mm</td>
			<td>Yes</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI Thermometry</td>
			<td>13</td>
			<td>29</td>
			<td>7</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16</td>
			<td>Walser</td>
			<td>2019</td>
			<td>120</td>
			<td>60 (45-86)</td>
			<td>17 - 18 W</td>
			<td>180-240</td>
			<td>5 mm</td>
			<td>Yes</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI Thermometry</td>
			<td>37</td>
			<td>56</td>
			<td>27</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1: Dash (-) indicates information not available within the published manuscript. * indicates each margin was planned individually. # indicates monitoring was performed with both a temperature probe and MRI thermometry.
Table 2. Outcomes of focal laser ablation.&#160;
<table border="1" fo:font-size="8px" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Reference Number</td>
			<td rowspan="2">First Author</td>
			<td colspan="2" rowspan="2">Follow Up Biopsy Method</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Follow up Biopsy</td>
			<td colspan="2">&#8804; 6 Months</td>
			<td colspan="2">12 Months</td>
			<td colspan="2">24 Months</td>
			<td colspan="3">Adverse Events</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Success</td>
			<td>Failure</td>
			<td>Success</td>
			<td>Failure</td>
			<td>Success</td>
			<td>Failure</td>
			<td>I</td>
			<td>II</td>
			<td>III</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26</td>
			<td>Lindner</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI Guided Bx</td>
			<td>12</td>
			<td>12</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>27</td>
			<td>Lindner</td>
			<td colspan="2">Prostatectomy</td>
			<td>4</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5</td>
			<td>Oto</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI/US Bx</td>
			<td>9</td>
			<td>9</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12</td>
			<td>Lee</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI/US Bx</td>
			<td>13</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>12</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6</td>
			<td>Lepor</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI Guided Bx</td>
			<td>21</td>
			<td>20</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18</td>
			<td>Al Barqawi</td>
			<td colspan="2">Systematic Bx</td>
			<td>5</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>5</td>
			<td>00</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15</td>
			<td>Bomers</td>
			<td colspan="2">Prostatectomy</td>
			<td>5</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>4</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>14</td>
			<td>Eggener</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI Guided Bx #</td>
			<td>27</td>
			<td>27</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>7</td>
			<td>31</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>7</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>19</td>
			<td>Natarajan</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI/US Bx</td>
			<td>8</td>
			<td>6</td>
			<td>53</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>23</td>
			<td>7</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20</td>
			<td>Natarajan</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI/US Bx</td>
			<td>10</td>
			<td>6</td>
			<td>40</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>38</td>
			<td>6</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35</td>
			<td>Chao</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI/US Bx</td>
			<td>22</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>13</td>
			<td>9</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>17</td>
			<td>Al Hakeem</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI/US Bx</td>
			<td>49</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>40</td>
			<td>91</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>34</td>
			<td>11</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16</td>
			<td>Walser</td>
			<td colspan="2">MRI Guided Bx</td>
			<td>44*</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>26</td>
			<td>18</td>
			<td>8</td>
			<td>8</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Footnotes Table 2. Success = absence of &#8805; GG2 prostate cancer within the ablation zone. Failure = presence of &#8805; GG2 prostate cancer: total and out-of-field (subscript number). # indicates MRI guided biopsy was used for 6 months biopsy but only systematic biopsy was used for 12-month biopsy. * indicates that only patients with a PSA reduction of &#60; 50% and positive post ablation MRI underwent biopsy; 76 patients did not undergo biopsy.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61984/61984fig01.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Treatment Planning and Assessment, shown via overlays on transverse MRI (top row) and in 3D (bottom row). Column A shows the delineation of treatment margins, which are expanded around the cancer-positive MRI target and bounded by nearby negative systematic biopsy cores (blue). Column B shows planning of ablation locations such that the treatment margins are overlapped to prevent &#39;skip&#39; areas. Column C shows perfusion-weighted imaging collected 2 hours post-treatment, demonstrating correspondence between the planned and observed ablation extent. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61984/61984fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61984/61984fig02.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Axial ultrasound with prostate outlined in gold. Corner cube reflectors (echogenic bands), indicated by dotted arrows, are etched into the laser catheter 5 mm from the diffuser (white). Temperature probe is inserted to the same depth as the laser fiber, then locked into place and remains parallel to the laser 8 mm apart, out of the US plane of view. Eight thermal sensors, which are within the probe 4 mm apart, provide temperature recordings at points from the base of the echogenic bands to the tip of the laser catheter. Temperature measurements closest to the rectal wall are provided by thermal measurements at the base of the temperature probe (positions 6-8). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61984/61984fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61984/61984fig03.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: Temperature recordings during focal laser ablation for two successive ablations. Y-axis = temperature in Celsius. X-axis = time in minutes. Vertical shaded bars = periods of laser activation. Blue line = temperature 8mm from tip of laser fiber (distal thermocouple). White line = temperature 8 mm from proximal thermocouple nearest the rectal wall. A temperature of 60 degrees Celsius, achieved even briefly, assures coagulation necrosis. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61984/61984fig03large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61984/61984fig04.jpg" /> 
Figure 4: Images demonstrating concordance of ablation zone on post-treatment MRI (A) with actual necrotic zone on whole-mount specimen (B). Patient is 67-year-old male with PCa in right transition zone, Gleason score 3 + 4 = 7, participating in a &#39;treat and resect&#39; trial. A. Post-ablation axial T1-weighted contrast-enhanced image, showing perfusion defect caused by laser treatment (green). B. Whole-mount H&#38;E stain of the prostate. The necrotic tissue is delineated in green, the peri-necrotic tissue in yellow, and intact tumor (untreated) in blue. Reproduced under a Creative Commons license from Bomers et al, World Journal of Urology.15&#160; <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61984/61984fig04large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Focal Laser Ablation of Prostate Cancer: An Office Procedure at JoVE.com

Focal Laser Ablation of Prostate Cancer: An Office Procedure

This article presents and describes an outpatient treatment for prostate cancer using focal laser ablation. Laser catheter placement is guided by MRI-ultrasound fusion imaging in a fashion similar to prostate needle biopsy. Treatment is monitored in real-time with a thermal probe, placed adjacent to the laser fiber.

In this article, we describe and illustrate an outpatient procedure for focal laser ablation (FLA) of prostate cancer (PCa). The procedure is conceptually ...

focal-laser-ablation-of-prostate-cancer-an-office-procedure

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.6K Views.  University of California Los Angeles. This article presents and describes an outpatient treatment for prostate cancer using focal laser ablation. Laser catheter placement is guided by MRI-ultrasound fusion imaging in a fashion similar to prostate needle biopsy. Treatment is monitored in real-time with a thermal probe, placed adjacent to the laser fiber. 

Video: Focal Laser Ablation of Prostate Cancer: An Office Procedure

Thermal Ablation for the Treatment of Abdominal Tumors

Percutaneous thermal ablation is an emerging treatment option for many tumors of the abdomen not amenable to conventional treatments. During a thermal ablation procedure, a thin applicator is guided into the target tumor under imaging guidance. Energy is then applied to the tissue until temperatures rise to cytotoxic levels (50-60 &deg;C). Various energy sources are available to heat biological tissues, including radiofrequency (RF) electrical current, microwaves, laser light and ultrasonic waves. Of these, RF and microwave ablation are most commonly used worldwide.
During RF ablation, alternating electrical current (~500 kHz) produces resistive heating around the interstitial electrode. Skin surface electrodes (ground pads) are used to complete the electrical circuit. RF ablation has been in use for nearly 20 years, with good results for local tumor control, extended survival and low complication rates1,2. Recent studies suggest RF ablation may be a first-line treatment option for small hepatocellular carcinoma and renal-cell carcinoma3-5. However, RF heating is hampered by local blood flow and high electrical impedance tissues (eg, lung, bone, desiccated or charred tissue)6,7. Microwaves may alleviate some of these problems by producing faster, volumetric heating8-10. To create larger or conformal ablations, multiple microwave antennas can be used simultaneously while RF electrodes require sequential operation, which limits their efficiency. Early experiences with microwave systems suggest efficacy and safety similar to, or better than RF devices11-13.
Alternatively, cryoablation freezes the target tissues to lethal levels (-20 to -40 &deg;C). Percutaneous cryoablation has been shown to be effective against RCC and many metastatic tumors, particularly colorectal cancer, in the liver14-16. Cryoablation may also be associated with less post-procedure pain and faster recovery for some indications17. Cryoablation is often contraindicated for primary liver cancer due to underlying coagulopathy and associated bleeding risks frequently seen in cirrhotic patients. In addition, sudden release of tumor cellular contents when the frozen tissue thaws can lead to a potentially serious condition known as cryoshock 16.
Thermal tumor ablation can be performed at open surgery, laparoscopy or using a percutaneous approach. When performed percutaneously, the ablation procedure relies on imaging for diagnosis, planning, applicator guidance, treatment monitoring and follow-up. Ultrasound is the most popular modality for guidance and treatment monitoring worldwide, but computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used as well. Contrast-enhanced CT or MRI are typically employed for diagnosis and follow-up imaging.

A thermal tumor ablation procedure is described. The entire procedure is detailed, including pretreatment planning and imaging studies, anesthesia, adjuvant techniques to facilitate a percutaneous approach, imaging guidance of the ablation device to the tumor, thermal treatment, post-treatment care and follow-up.

Percutaneous thermal ablation is an emerging treatment option for many tumors of the abdomen not amenable to conventional treatments. During a thermal ...

Evaluation of Nanoparticle Uptake in Tumors in Real Time Using Intravital Imaging

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle uptake in tumors at the microscopic level1,2,3, highlighting the utility of a suitable xenograft model in which to perform detailed uptake analyses. Here, we use high-resolution intravital imaging to evaluate nanoparticle uptake in human tumor xenografts in a modified, shell-less chicken embryo model. The chicken embryo model is particularly well-suited for these in vivo analyses because it supports the growth of human tumors, is relatively inexpensive and does not require anesthetization or surgery 4,5. Tumor cells form fully vascularized xenografts within 7 days when implanted into the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) 6. The resulting tumors are visualized by non-invasive real-time, high-resolution imaging that can be maintained for up to 72 hours with little impact on either the host or tumor systems. Nanoparticles with a wide range of sizes and formulations administered distal to the tumor can be visualized and quantified as they flow through the bloodstream, extravasate from leaky tumor vasculature, and accumulate at the tumor site. We describe here the analysis of nanoparticles derived from Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) decorated with near-infrared fluorescent dyes and/or polyethylene glycol polymers (PEG) 7, 8, 9,10,11. Upon intravenous administration, these viral nanoparticles are rapidly internalized by endothelial cells, resulting in global labeling of the vasculature both outside and within the tumor7,12. PEGylation of the viral nanoparticles increases their plasma half-life, extends their time in the circulation, and ultimately enhances their accumulation in tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect 7, 10,11. The rate and extent of accumulation of nanoparticles in a tumor is measured over time using image analysis software. This technique provides a method to both visualize and quantify nanoparticle dynamics in human tumors.

We present a novel approach to quantify nanoparticle localization in the vasculature of human xenografted tumors using dynamic, real-time intravital imaging in an avian embryo model.

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle ...

Evaluation of the Feasibility, Safety, and Accuracy of an Intraoperative High-intensity Focused Ultrasound Device for Treating Liver Metastases

Today, the only potentially curative option in patients with colorectal liver metastases is surgery. However, liver resection is feasible in less than 20% of patients. Surgery has been widely used in association with radiofrequency, cryotherapy, or microwaves to expand the number of treatments performed with a curative intent. Nevertheless, several limitations have been documented when using these techniques (i.e., a traumatic puncture of the parenchyma, a limited size of lesions, and an inability to monitor the treatment in real-time).High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) technology can achieve precise ablations of biological tissues without incisions or radiation. Current HIFU devices are based on an extracorporeal approach with limited access to the liver. We have developed a HIFU device designed for intraoperative use. The use of a toroidal transducer enables an ablation rate (10 cm3&#183;min-1) higher than any other treatment and is independent of perfusion.
The feasibility, safety, and accuracy of intraoperative HIFU ablation were evaluated during an ablate-and-resect prospective study. This clinical phase I and IIa study was performed in patients undergoing hepatectomy for liver metastases. The HIFU treatment was performed on healthy tissue scheduled for resection.Liver metastases measuring less than 20 mm will be targeted during phase IIb (currently ongoing). This set-up allows the real-time evaluation of HIFU ablation while protecting participating patients from any adverse effects related to this new technique.
Fifteen patients were included in phase I&#8211;IIa and 30 HIFU ablations were safely created within 40 s and with a precision of 1&#8211;2 mm. The average dimensions of the HIFU ablations were 27.5 x 21.0 mm2, corresponding to a volume of approximately 7.5 cm3. The aim of the ongoing phase IIb is to ablate metastases of less than 20 mm in diameter with a 5 mm margin.

Here, we present an ablate-and-resect prospective study to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and accuracy of intraoperative high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation in patients undergoing hepatectomy for liver metastases.

Today, the only potentially curative option in patients with colorectal liver metastases is surgery. However, liver resection is feasible in less than 20% ...

Cancer Research

Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer

The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the main diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer in clinical use, but it lacks specificity and sensitivity, particularly in low dosage values1&#8203;&#8203;. &#8216;How to use PSA&#39; remains a current issue, either for diagnosis as a gray zone corresponding to a concentration in serum of 2.5-10 ng/ml which does not allow a clear differentiation to be made between cancer and noncancer2 or for patient follow-up as analysis of post-operative PSA kinetic parameters can pose considerable challenges for their practical application3,4. Alternatively, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging as key molecules in human cancer, with the potential to serve as novel markers of disease, e.g. PCA3 in prostate cancer5,6 and to reveal uncharacterized aspects of tumor biology. Moreover, data from the ENCODE project published in 2012 showed that different RNA types cover about 62% of the genome. It also appears that the amount of transcriptional regulatory motifs is at least 4.5x higher than the one corresponding to protein-coding exons. Thus, long terminal repeats (LTRs) of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) constitute a wide range of putative/candidate transcriptional regulatory sequences, as it is their primary function in infectious retroviruses. HERVs, which are spread throughout the human genome, originate from ancestral and independent infections within the germ line, followed by copy-paste propagation processes and leading to multicopy families occupying 8% of the human genome (note that exons span 2% of our genome). Some HERV loci still express proteins that have been associated with several pathologies including cancer7-10. We have designed a high-density microarray, in Affymetrix format, aiming to optimally characterize individual HERV loci expression, in order to better understand whether they can be active, if they drive ncRNA transcription or modulate coding gene expression. This tool has been applied in the prostate cancer field (Figure 1).

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV), which occupy 8% of the human genome, retain scarce coding capacities but a hundred thousand long terminal repeats (LTRs). A custom Affymetrix microarray was designed to identify individual HERV locus expression and was used on prostate cancer tissues as a proof of concept for future clinical studies.

The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the main diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer in clinical use, but it lacks specificity and sensitivity, ...

Laser-capture Microdissection of Human Prostatic Epithelium for RNA Analysis

The prostate gland contains a heterogeneous milieu of stromal, epithelial, neuroendocrine and immune cell types. Healthy prostate is comprised of fibromuscular stroma surrounding discrete epithelial-lined secretory lumens and a very small population of immune and neuroendocrine cells. In contrast, areas of prostate cancer have increased dysplastic luminal epithelium with greatly reduced or absent stromal population. Given the profound difference between stromal and epithelial cell types, it is imperative to separate the cell types for any type of downstream molecular analysis. Despite this knowledge, the bulk of gene expression studies compare benign prostate to cancer without micro-dissection, leading to stromal bias in the benign samples. Laser-capture micro-dissection (LCM) is an effective method to physically separate different cell types from a specimen section. The goal of this protocol is to show that RNA can be successfully isolated from LCM-collected human prostatic epithelium and used for downstream gene expression studies such as RT-qPCR and RNAseq.

The goal of this protocol is to use laser-capture micro-dissection as an effective method to isolate pure populations of cell types from heterogeneous prostate tissues for downstream RNA analysis.

The prostate gland contains a heterogeneous milieu of stromal, epithelial, neuroendocrine and immune cell types.  Healthy prostate is comprised of ...

Surgical Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (HoLEP).

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) commonly occurs among elderly males. The condition causes symptoms in the lower urinary tract, thereby reducing the quality of life. BPH includes 2 major treatments: medication and surgery. Surgical treatment is often the most effective and final intervention. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP), one of the most efficient surgical procedures for BPH, is conducted transurethrally. During surgery, the most important and most difficult part is to locate the surgical capsule of the prostate, which is consistent to the idea of anatomic surgery. Different skills may be needed in treating different parts of the prostate. HoLEP tends to be efficient and safe with good hemostatic properties, and able to treat bladder calculus, which may be the complications of BPH. The technique is particularly suitable for prostate of varying volumes and sizes. Indeed, HoLEP also presents certain disadvantages, such as a long learning curve and costly equipment. Regardless, this method may be the "new standard" and the excellent method for the surgical treatment of BPH.

Surgical Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate HoLEP.

Here we present a safe and efficient protocol, holmium laser enucleation of the prostate, to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) commonly occurs among elderly males. The condition causes symptoms in the lower urinary tract, thereby reducing the ...

Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate via an End-firing Lithium Triborate Crystal Laser

The occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem with a high incidence in the aging male population. Although it is not a life-threatening disease, BPH causes problems that seriously impact the quality of life. Here, we introduce a new technique called photoselective vaporesection of the prostate (PVRP) in treating BPH, which can be seen as a variation of photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP). This procedure presents several advantages compared to the PVP technique including less laser energy loss, less intraoperative complications as well as more tissue resection rate.

Here we present a protocol to perform Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate (PVRP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment.

The occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem with a high incidence in the aging ...

Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy

Here, we present a protocol to perform targeted prostate biopsy using a magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound (MRI/US) fusion system. Prostate cancer has traditionally been diagnosed via transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy. Though considered the gold standard, TRUS is unable to visualize most prostate cancer lesions and therefore requires sampling of the entire prostate. This biopsy method often undergrades prostate cancer and fails to detect up to 35% of cancers on initial biopsy. Prostate MRI has been shown to have excellent sensitivity in the detection of cancerous lesions, and advancements in MRI technology during the last decade have led to the development of targeted biopsy. In targeted biopsy, a software platform overlays MRI data onto live TRUS images to create a fused MRI/US three-dimensional model of the prostate. Regions suspicious for malignancy on MRI are contoured by a radiologist, uploaded into the fusion system, and then displayed within the live MRI/US fused model. The urologist is then able to directly biopsy these targets. When compared to conventional TRUS biopsy, MRI/US fusion technology has been demonstrated to improve the detection of clinically significant cancer while reducing insignificant cancer detection. This technology, therefore, has the potential to diagnose prostate cancer primarily in men who would benefit from treatment.

Presented herein is a protocol to perform targeted biopsy of the prostate using an MRI-ultrasound fusion system.

Here, we present a protocol to perform targeted prostate biopsy using a magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound (MRI/US) fusion system. Prostate cancer has ...

Enucleation of the Prostate for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Using a 980 nm Diode Laser

In the aging male population, the occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem. Here, we introduce a new technique called 980 nm diode laser enucleation (DiLEP) to treat BPH1. Diode lasers can absorb both water and hemoglobin at the same time, so they are good for cutting and hemostasis2. The diode laser was approved by the FDA in 2007, and has been used in the treatment of BPH because of its effective cutting and hemostasis effect3. DiLEP presents several advantages over other techniques, such as TURP, HoLEP, and PVP. During the procedure, we define the boundary of a high-volume prostate and separate it into three lobes with a diode laser by burning two rings and one groove (like a Cupid&#39;s arrow). Compared to other procedures, mDiLEP has fewer intraoperative complications, a shorter learning curve, and achieves more tissue resection.

Here, we present a protocol for modified 980 nm diode laser enucleation to treat large volume benign prostatic hyperplasia.

In the aging male population, the occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem. ...

Endoscopy Guided Photoablation of Endometrial Cysts using a 980 nm Laser with a Contact Fiber in Mares

In mares, endometrial cysts are associated with endometriosis and can cause maternal recognition failure or compromise and delay pregnancy diagnoses. Historical treatments were invasive and had adverse effects on the endometrium. Hysteroscopically guided laser therapy is easy and effective for endometrial cysts resection, with no deleterious effects for the endometrium.
A 110 cm long and 1.0 cm wide endoscope is sterilely introduced in the uterus through the open cervix of an estrous mare after vulvar cleaning. The uterus is slowly infused with less than 1 L of physiologic solution and the laser fiber is inserted in the biopsy canal of the endoscope. Cysts are then cauterized with the 980 nm diode laser with a contact fiber set at 20&#8210;2 5W in continuous mode. Each cyst is punctured&#160;until complete voiding of the cyst and shrinking of the cyst wall around the fiber. Uterine lavages with sterile saline solution are performed directly after the surgery and for one or two days as non-inflammatory fluid can be observed.
This procedure is easy and quickly performed, with no obvious deleterious effects. Cysts resection makes ultrasound pregnancy diagnosis easier and, in some cases, could restore proper embryo migration in the uterine horns between day 6.5 and 17. However, this treatment does not improve the underlying histological lesions related to endometriosis. These considerations should be clearly expressed to the breeder before this procedure.

The aim of this report is to describe the photoablation of endometrial cysts in the mare using an endoscopic laser device, and to discuss the interest and limitations of this new approach to deal with low fertility issues.

In mares, endometrial cysts are associated with endometriosis and can cause maternal recognition failure or compromise and delay pregnancy diagnoses. ...