É necessária uma assinatura da JoVE para visualizar este conteúdo. Faça login ou comece sua avaliação gratuita.
Method Article
O ensaio de inundação de mudas facilita a rápida triagem das adesões de tomate selvagem para a resistência à bactéria Pseudomonas seringae. Este ensaio, usado em conjunto com o ensaio de crescimento bacteriano de mudas, pode auxiliar na caracterização da resistência subjacente à bactéria, e pode ser usado para mapear populações para determinar a base genética da resistência.
O tomate é uma cultura agronômica importante que pode ser infectada pela Pseudomonas singae, uma bactéria Gram-negativa, resultando em doenças bacterianas. Otomate-P. sinringae pv. o patosistema de tomate é amplamente utilizado para dissecar a base genética das respostas inatas da planta e da resistência à doença. Embora a doença tenha sido gerida com sucesso por muitas décadas através da introdução do aglomerado genético Pto/PRF de Solanum pimpinellifolium em tomate cultivado, as cepas de raça 1 de P. sinringae evoluíram para superar a resistência conferida pelo grupo genético Pto/PRF e ocorrem em todo o mundo.
As espécies de tomate silvestre são importantes reservatórios de diversidade natural no reconhecimento de patógenos, pois evoluíram em diversos ambientes com diferentes pressões patogênicas. Em telas típicas para resistência a doenças no tomate selvagem, plantas adultas são usadas, o que pode limitar o número de plantas que podem ser rastreadas devido ao seu tempo de crescimento prolongado e maiores exigências de espaço de crescimento. Desenvolvemos um método para testar mudas de tomate de 10 dias de idade para resistência, o que minimiza o tempo de crescimento das plantas e o espaço da câmara de crescimento, permite uma rápida rotatividade de plantas e permite que grandes tamanhos de amostra sejam testados. Os desfechos de sobrevivência ou morte das mudas podem ser tratados como fenótipos discretos ou em uma escala de resistência definida pela quantidade de novo crescimento nas mudas sobreviventes após inundações. Este método foi otimizado para tela de mudas de tomate de 10 dias de idade para resistência a duas cepas p. sinringae e pode ser facilmente adaptado a outras cepas p. syringae.
Pseudomonas sinringae é uma bactéria patogênica gram-negativa que infecta uma ampla gama de hospedeiros vegetais. As bactérias entram na planta hospedeira através dos estomatos ou feridas físicas e proliferam no apoplast1. As plantas desenvolveram uma resposta imune de duas camadas para proteger contra infecções por patógenos bacterianos. O primeiro nível ocorre na superfície celular da planta, onde receptores de reconhecimento de padrões na membrana celular vegetal percebem padrões moleculares altamente conservados associados ao patógeno (PAMPs) em um processo chamado imunidade desencadeada por PAMP (PTI)2. Durante esse processo, a planta hospedeira regula as vias de resposta à defesa, incluindo deposição de calose na parede celular, fechamento de estomatas, produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e indução de genes relacionados à patogênese.
As bactérias podem superar o PTI utilizando um sistema de secreção tipo III para fornecer proteínas, chamadas de efeitos, diretamente na célula vegetal3. As proteínas dos efeitos geralmente visam componentes do PTI e promovem a virulência patogênica4. A segunda camada de imunidade vegetal ocorre dentro da célula vegetal após o reconhecimento das proteínas eficazes. Este reconhecimento depende de genes de resistência, que codificam a repetição de nucleotídeos que contém receptores (NLRs). As NLRs são capazes de reconhecer os efeitos diretamente ou reconhecer sua atividade em um alvo de virulência ou isca5. Eles então desencadeiam uma resposta imune secundária em um processo chamado imunidade desencadeada por efeitos (ETI), que é frequentemente associada a uma resposta hipersensível (HR), uma forma de morte celular localizada no local da infecção6. Em contraste com a resistência gene-for-gene associada ao ETI, as plantas podem apresentar resistência parcial quantitativa, que depende da contribuição de múltiplos genes7.
P. sinringae pv. tomate (Pst) é o agente causal da mancha bacteriana no tomate e é um problema agrícola persistente. As cepas predominantes no campo têm sido tipicamente cepas de raça Pst 0 que expressam ambos os efeitos tipo III AvrPto e AvrPtoB. DC3000 (PstDC3000) é uma cepa representativa de raça 0 e um modelo de patógeno que pode causar manchas bacterianas no tomate. Para combater a doença das manchas bacterianas, os criadores introgressaram o pto [P. singae pv. tomate]/ Prf [Pto resistência e sensibilidade à fenthion] aglomerado da espécie de tomate selvagem Solanum pimpinellifolium em cultivares modernas8,9. O gene Pto codifica uma quinase de proteína serina-threonine que, juntamente com o PRF NLR, confere resistência ao PstDC3000 através do reconhecimento dos efetuantes AvrPto e AvrPtoB10,11,12,13,14. No entanto, essa resistência é ineficaz contra cepas emergentes da raça 1, permitindo sua rápida e agressiva propagação nos últimos anos15,16. As cepas da raça 1 evitam o reconhecimento pelo cluster Pto/PRF, porque a AvrPto está perdida ou mutada nessas cepas, e a AvrPtoB parece acumular minimamente15,17,18.
As populações de tomate silvestre são importantes reservatórios de variação natural para a resistência pst e já foram utilizadas anteriormente para identificar potenciais loci de resistência19,20,21. No entanto, as telas atuais para resistência ao patógeno utilizam plantas adultas de 4 a 5 semanas de idade20,21. Portanto, eles são limitados pelo tempo de crescimento, espaço da câmara de crescimento e tamanhos amostrais relativamente pequenos. Para abordar as limitações das abordagens convencionais, desenvolvemos um ensaio de resistência ao tomate de alto throughput P. sinringae utilizando mudas de tomate de 10 dias de idade22. Esta abordagem oferece várias vantagens sobre o uso de plantas adultas: ou seja, menor tempo de crescimento, requisitos de espaço reduzidos e maior rendimento. Além disso, demonstramos que essa abordagem recapitula fielmente os fenótipos de resistência à doença observados em plantas adultas22.
No ensaio de inundação de mudas descrito neste protocolo, as mudas de tomate são cultivadas em placas de Petri de mídia estéril murashige e skoog (MS) por 10 dias e, em seguida, são inundadas com um inóculo contendo as bactérias de interesse e um surfactante. Após inundações, as mudas podem ser avaliadas quantitativamente para resistência à doença através de ensaios de crescimento bacteriano. Além disso, a sobrevivência ou morte das mudas pode atuar como uma resistência discreta ou fenótipo da doença 7-14 dias após a inundação. Esta abordagem oferece uma alternativa de alto rendimento para a triagem de um grande número de adesões de tomate selvagem para resistência às cepas de raça 1 do Pst, como a cepa Pst T1 (PstT1), e pode ser facilmente adaptada a outras cepas bacterianas de interesse.
Access restricted. Please log in or start a trial to view this content.
1. Preparação e uso de armário de biossegurança
2. Preparação da mídia vegetal
3. Preparação de materiais vegetais e condições de crescimento
Figura 1: Estágio de desenvolvimento de mudas típicas de tomate de 10 dias de idade. As sementes de tomate RioGrande-PtoR foram esterilizadas, banhadas e estratificadas por pelo menos 3 dias no escuro a 4 °C. As mudas foram cultivadas em placas de MS de 0,5x por 10 dias a 22 °C antes de serem alagadas. Normalmente, em 10 dias os cotyledons são totalmente expandidos, e as primeiras folhas verdadeiras estão começando a surgir. Clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.
4. Preparação da mídia B23 (KB) do Rei
5. Manutenção de cepas bacterianas e condições de cultura
6. Preparação do PstT1 inoculum
7. Preparação do PstDC3000 inoculum
8. Método de inundação de mudas de tomate
9. Esterilização superficial de cotiledons para ensaio de crescimento bacteriano
10. Ensaio de crescimento bacteriano
Figura 2: Diluições seriais para ensaios de crescimento bacteriano de mudas. (A) Otecido de folhas maceradas de plantas infectadas é diluído antes da contagem da colônia. As diluições são realizadas em uma placa de poço de 96 (100 não é diluída). Normalmente, as diluições são feitas de 10-1 a 10-5. (B)Diluições de revestimento para contagem de colônias bacterianas. Um total de 5 μL de cada coluna da série de diluição é banhado, da maioria diluída à mais concentrada. Depois que as colônias secam completamente, a placa é incubada a 28 °C por 36-48 h. As colônias são contadas um microscópio de dissecação de 10x. Clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.
Genótipo1 Coluna A | Peso do tecido (g) Coluna B | # de Colônias em um ponto Coluna C | Fator de diluição para o ponto2 Coluna D | Ajustado # de Colônias3 Coluna E | Fator de diluição para a coluna de diluição serial F | Total # de Colônias Coluna G (cfu/0,01 g)4 | Média # de Colônias (cfu/0,01 g) Coluna H | Crescimento médio do registro (cfu/0,01 g (log10)) Coluna I |
Amostra 1 | 0,004 g | 10 | 200 | calculado como: (C2 x 0,01 g) / B2 = 25 | 1000 | calculado como: (D2 x E2 x F2) = 5000000 | média da amostra 1 até a última amostra: (ou seja, média G1:G3) = 7000000 | log de média ou seja. log(H2) = 6,85 |
Amostra 2 | 0,003 g | 15 | 200 | 50 | 1000 | 10000000 | ||
Amostra 3 | 0,002 g | 6 | 200 | 30 | 1000 | 6000000 | ||
1 Dados mostrados para 3 amostras | ||||||||
2 Baseado em chapeamento 5 μL x 200 para 1 mL | ||||||||
3 Os cotiledons são muito pequenos para o núcleo, de modo que as contagens de colônias foram normalizadas para 0,01 g de tecido com base na massa média de um cotyledonMoneyMaker-PtoS (dados não mostrados) | ||||||||
4 Ajustado por mL com base no volume banhado |
Tabela 1: Cálculos amostrais para ensaio de crescimento bacteriano de mudas. Os cálculos da amostra demonstram como normalizar a contagem bacteriana e determinar o crescimento bacteriano.
11. Fenotipagem para resistência
Figura 3: Representação esquemática de uma muda de tomate. Diferentes partes de uma muda de tomate são retratadas, incluindo o hipocotilo, cotiledons, epicotil, meristem apical e folhas verdadeiras. Clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.
Figura 4: Representação esquemática de fenótipos esperados para resistência e morte de mudas em diversos contextos genéticos. (A) As mudas de RioGrande-PtoR e da cultivar quase isogênica RioGrande-PtoS são exibidas 7 dias após alagamento com PstDC3000 (OD600 = 0,005) + 0,015% surfactante. Rio Grande-PtoR apresenta resistência consistente, e RioGrande-PtoS apresenta suscetibilidade consistente à infecção com PstDC3000. Essas linhas dão origem a fenótipos discretos e binários. (B) As mudas de uma adesão selvagem, como o Solanum neorickii LA1329, são mostradas 10 dias após a inundação com o PstT1(OD 600 = 0,0075) + 0,015% surfactante. As mudas apresentam variabilidade fenotípica, mas foram registradas como fenótipos binários. A quantidade de variabilidade fenotípica e o método de fenotipagem (resistência binária ou espectro de resistência) dependerá da adesão particular testada. (C) Mapear populações geradas pela superação de adesões selvagens a cultivares suscetíveis pode apresentar um espectro mais amplo de fenótipos em populações segregadoras de F2. Neste caso, pode ser mais apropriado registrar fenótipos de mudas em um espectro. Mudas altamente suscetíveis de uma população de mapeamento podem ser fenotipotipadas para morte já no dia 7, quando inundadas com PstT1, e tipicamente mostram um meristem alítico marrom, não a muito pouca extensão do epicotil, e nenhum novo crescimento vegetativo verde. O meristem apical de mudas suscetíveis pode permanecer verde ou marrom muito claro por mais tempo, e pode haver alguma extensão do epicotyl e muito pouco crescimento vegetativo, que fica marrom e prende até o dia 10. As mudas individuais podem ser fenotipoadas para resistência com base na quantidade de crescimento vegetativo novo e contínuo até o dia 14. As mudas podem então ser agrupadas com base nos fenótipos descritos acima em diferentes categorias de resistência, como resistência fraca, média ou forte. Clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.
Access restricted. Please log in or start a trial to view this content.
Detecção de imunidade mediada por PTORem cultivares e linhas isogênicas usando o ensaio de resistência a mudas
A Figura 5 mostra resultados representativos para as cultivares Moneymaker-PtoR e Moneymaker-PtoS 7-10 dias após a inundação com o PstDC3000. Antes da infecção, as mudas de 10 dias de idade exibiam cotyledons totalmente emergidos e expandidos e emergentes primeiras folhas verdadeiras. As mudas foram alagadas com 10 mM ...
Access restricted. Please log in or start a trial to view this content.
Um protocolo para inoculação de inundação com PstDC3000 ou PstT1 otimizado para detectar resistência a essas cepas bacterianas em mudas de tomate é descrito. Existem vários parâmetros críticos para os resultados ótimos no ensaio de resistência às mudas, incluindo concentração bacteriana e concentração surfactante, que foram empiricamentedeterminados 22. Para o PstDC3000, a densidade óptica foi otimizada para alcançar a sobrevida completa em uma cultivar...
Access restricted. Please log in or start a trial to view this content.
Os autores não têm nada para revelar.
Agradecemos a Jamie Calma por testar o efeito do volume de mídia sobre os desfechos de doenças ou resistência. Agradecemos ao Dr. Maël Baudin e ao Dr. Karl J. Scheiber do Laboratório Lewis por fornecerem comentários construtivos e sugestões sobre o manuscrito. A pesquisa sobre imunidade vegetal no laboratório de Lewis foi apoiada pelo USDA ARS 2030-21000-046-00D e 2030-21000-050-00D (JDL), e pela Diretoria de Ciências Biológicas iOS-1557661 (JDL).
Access restricted. Please log in or start a trial to view this content.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
3M Tape Micropore 1/2" x 10 YD CS 240 (1.25 cm x 9.1 m) | VWR International | 56222-182 | |
3mm borosilicate glass beads | Friedrich & Dimmock | GB3000B | |
Bacto peptone | BD | 211677 | |
Bacto agar | BD | 214010 | |
Biophotometer Plus | Eppendorf | E952000006 | |
Biosafety cabinet, class II type A2 | |||
BRAND Disposable Plastic Cuvettes, Polystyrene | VWR International | 47744-642 | |
Chenille Kraft Flat Wood Toothpicks | VWR International | 500029-808 | |
cycloheximide | Research Products International | C81040-5.0 | |
Dibasic potassium phosphate anhydrous, ACS grade | Fisher Scientific | P288-500 | |
Dimethylformamide | |||
Dissecting microscope (Magnification of at least 10x) | |||
Ethanol - 190 Proof | |||
Falcon polystyrene 96 well microplates, flat-bottom | Fisher Scientific | 08-772-3 | |
Glass Alcohol Burner Wick | Fisher Scientific | S41898A / No. W-125 | |
Glass Alcohol Burners | Fisher Scientific | S41898 / No. BO125 | |
Glycerol ACS reagent | VWR International | EMGX0185-5 | |
Kimberly-Clark™ Kimtech Science™ Kimwipes™ Delicate Task Wipers | Fisher Scientific | 06-666-A | |
Magnesium chloride, ACS grade | VWR International | 97061-356 | |
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, ACS grade | VWR International | 97062-130 | |
Microcentrifuge tubes, 1.5 mL | |||
Microcentrifuge tubes, 2.2 mL | |||
Mini Beadbeater-96, 115 volt | Bio Spec Products Inc. | 1001 | |
Murashige & Skoog, Basal Salts | Caisson Laboratories, Inc. | MSP01-50LT | |
Pipet-Lite XLS LTS 8-CH Pipet 20-200uL | Rainin | L8-200XLS | |
Pipet-Lite XLS LTS 8-CH Pipet 2-20uL | Rainin | L8-20XLS | |
Polystyrene 100mm x 25mm sterile petri dish | VWR International | 89107-632 | |
Polystyrene 150mm x 15mm sterile petri dish | Fisher Scientific | FB08-757-14 | |
Polystyrene 150x15mm sterile petri dish | Fisher Scientific | 08-757-148 | |
Pure Bright Germicidal Ultra Bleach 5.7% Available Chlorine (defined as 100% bleach) | Staples | 1013131 | |
Rifampicin | Gold Biotechnology | R-120-25 | |
Silwet L-77 (non-ionic organosilicone surfactant co-polymer C13H34O4Si3 surfactant) | Fisher Scientific | NCO138454 | |
Tips LTS 20 μL 960/10 GPS-L10 | Rainin | 17005091 | |
Tips LTS 250 μL 960/10 GPS-L250 | Rainin | 17005093 | |
VWR dissecting forceps fine tip, 4.5" | VWR International | 82027-386 |
Access restricted. Please log in or start a trial to view this content.
An erratum was issued for: High-Throughput Identification of Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato in Tomato using Seedling Flood Assay. The Introduction, Protocol, Representative Results and Discussion sections were updated.
The last paragraph of the Introduction section was updated from:
In the seedling flood assay described in this protocol, tomato seedlings are grown on Petri dishes of sterile Murashige and Skoog (MS) media for 10 days and then are flooded with an inoculum containing the bacteria of interest and a surfactant. Following flooding, seedlings can be quantitatively evaluated for disease resistance via bacterial growth assays. Additionally, seedling survival or death can act as a discrete resistance or disease phenotype 7–14 days after flooding. This approach offers a high-throughput alternative for screening large numbers of wild tomato accessions for resistance to Pst race 1 strains, such as Pst strain T1 (PstT1), and can easily be adapted to other bacterial strains of interest.
to:
In the seedling flood assay described in this protocol, tomato seedlings are grown on Petri dishes of sterile Murashige and Skoog (MS) media for 10 days and then are flooded with an inoculum containing the bacteria of interest and a surfactant. Following flooding, seedlings can be quantitatively evaluated for disease resistance via bacterial growth assays. Additionally, seedling survival or death can act as a discrete resistance or disease phenotype 7–14 days after flooding. This approach offers a high-throughput alternative for screening large numbers of wild tomato accessions for resistance to Pst race 1 strains, such as Pst strain 19 (Pst19), and can easily be adapted to other bacterial strains of interest.
Step 4.8 of the Protocol section was updated from:
to:
Step 5.2 of the Protocol section was updated from:
to:
Step 5.6 of the Protocol section was updated from:
to:
Step 6 of the Protocol section was updated from:
6. Preparation of PstT1 inoculum
to
6. Preparation of Pst19 inoculum
Step 6.2 of the Protocol section was updated from:
to:
Step 6.3 of the Protocol section was updated from:
to:
Step 8.3 of the Protocol section was updated from:
to:
Step 8.11 of the Protocol section was updated from:
to:
Step 10.7 of the Protocol section was updated from:
Genotype1 Column A | Tissue Weight (g) Column B | # of Colonies in a spot Column C | Dilution factor for spot2 Column D | Adjusted # of Colonies3 Column E | Dilution factor for serial dilution Column F | Total # of Colonies Column G (cfu/0.01 g)4 | Average # of Colonies (cfu/0.01 g) Column H | Average Log Growth (cfu/0.01 g (log10)) Column I |
Sample 1 | 0.004 g | 10 | 200 | calculated as: (C2 x 0.01 g) / B2 = 25 | 1000 | calculated as: (D2 x E2 x F2) = 5000000 | average for sample 1 through last sample: (ie. average G1:G3) = 7000000 | log of average ie. log(H2) = 6.85 |
Sample 2 | 0.003 g | 15 | 200 | 50 | 1000 | 10000000 | ||
Sample 3 | 0.002 g | 6 | 200 | 30 | 1000 | 6000000 | ||
1Data shown for 3 samples | ||||||||
2Based on plating 5 µL x 200 for 1 mL | ||||||||
3Cotyledons are too small to core so colony counts were normalized to 0.01 g of tissue based on the average mass of one MoneyMaker-PtoS cotyledon (data not shown) | ||||||||
4Adjusted per mL based on volume plated |
Table 1: Sample calculations for seedling bacterial growth assay. Sample calculations demonstrate how to normalize bacterial counts and determine log bacterial growth.
to:
Genotype1 Column A | Tissue Weight (g) Column B | # of Colonies in a spot Column C | Dilution factor for spot2 Column D | Adjusted # of Colonies3 Column E | Dilution factor for serial dilution Column F | Total # of Colonies Column G (cfu/0.01 g)4 | Average # of Colonies (cfu/0.01 g) Column H | Average Log Growth (cfu/0.1 g (log10)) Column I |
Sample 1 | 0.04 g | 10 | 200 | calculated as: (C2 x 0.1 g) / B2 = 25 | 1000 | calculated as: (D2 x E2 x F2) = 5000000 | average for sample 1 through last sample: (ie. average G1:G3) = 7000000 | log of average ie. log(H2) = 6.85 |
Sample 2 | 0.03 g | 15 | 200 | 50 | 1000 | 10000000 | ||
Sample 3 | 0.02 g | 6 | 200 | 30 | 1000 | 6000000 | ||
1Data shown for 3 samples | ||||||||
2Based on plating 5 µL x 200 for 1 mL | ||||||||
3Cotyledons are too small to core so colony counts were normalized to 0.1 g of tissue based on the average mass of one MoneyMaker-PtoS cotyledon (data not shown) | ||||||||
4Adjusted per mL based on volume plated |
Table 1: Sample calculations for seedling bacterial growth assay. Sample calculations demonstrate how to normalize bacterial counts and determine log bacterial growth.
Step 11.3 of the Protocol section was updated from:
to:
Figure 4 in the Protocol section was updated from:
Figure 4: Schematic representation of expected phenotypes for seedling resistance and death in various genetic backgrounds. (A) Seedlings of Rio Grande-PtoR and the near-isogenic cultivar Rio Grande-PtoS are displayed 7 days after flooding with PstDC3000 (OD600 = 0.005) + 0.015% surfactant. Rio Grande-PtoR displays consistent resistance, and Rio Grande-PtoS displays consistent susceptibility to infection with PstDC3000. These lines give rise to discrete and binary phenotypes. (B) Seedlings of a wild accession, such as Solanum neorickii LA1329, are shown 10 days after flooding with PstT1 (OD600 = 0.0075) + 0.015% surfactant. Seedlings display phenotypic variability but were recorded as binary phenotypes. The amount of phenotypic variability and the method of phenotyping (binary resistance or resistance spectrum) will depend on the particular accession tested. (C) Mapping populations generated by outcrossing wild accessions to susceptible cultivars may display a wider spectrum of phenotypes in F2 segregating populations. In this case, it may be most appropriate to record seedling phenotypes on a spectrum. Highly susceptible seedlings from a mapping population may be phenotyped for death as early as day 7 when flooded with PstT1, and typically show a brown apical meristem, no to very little extension of the epicotyl, and no new, green vegetative growth. The apical meristem of susceptible seedlings may stay green or very light brown for more time, and there may be some extension of the epicotyl and very little vegetative growth, which turns brown and arrests by day 10. Individual seedlings can be phenotyped for resistance based on the amount of new and ongoing vegetative growth by day 14. Seedlings can then be grouped based on the phenotypes described above into different categories of resistance such as weak, medium, or strong resistance. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
to:
Figure 4: Schematic representation of expected phenotypes for seedling resistance and death in various genetic backgrounds. (A) Seedlings of Rio Grande-PtoR and the near-isogenic cultivar Rio Grande-PtoS are displayed 7 days after flooding with PstDC3000 (OD600 = 0.005) + 0.015% surfactant. Rio Grande-PtoR displays consistent resistance, and Rio Grande-PtoS displays consistent susceptibility to infection with PstDC3000. These lines give rise to discrete and binary phenotypes. (B) Seedlings of a wild accession, such as Solanum neorickii LA1329, are shown 10 days after flooding with Pst19 (OD600 = 0.0075) + 0.015% surfactant. Seedlings display phenotypic variability but were recorded as binary phenotypes. The amount of phenotypic variability and the method of phenotyping (binary resistance or resistance spectrum) will depend on the particular accession tested. (C) Mapping populations generated by outcrossing wild accessions to susceptible cultivars may display a wider spectrum of phenotypes in F2 segregating populations. In this case, it may be most appropriate to record seedling phenotypes on a spectrum. Highly susceptible seedlings from a mapping population may be phenotyped for death as early as day 7 when flooded with Pst19, and typically show a brown apical meristem, no to very little extension of the epicotyl, and no new, green vegetative growth. The apical meristem of susceptible seedlings may stay green or very light brown for more time, and there may be some extension of the epicotyl and very little vegetative growth, which turns brown and arrests by day 10. Individual seedlings can be phenotyped for resistance based on the amount of new and ongoing vegetative growth by day 14. Seedlings can then be grouped based on the phenotypes described above into different categories of resistance such as weak, medium, or strong resistance. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
The second paragraph of the Representative Results section was updated from:
Phenotypic screening of wild accessions using the seedling resistance assay
Figure 6 shows representative results for seedlings of susceptible and resistant accessions 10–14 days after flooding with PstT1. Susceptible accessions include RG-PtoR, S. pimpinellifolium LA1375, and S. pimpinellifolium LA1606, and resistant accessions include S. neorickii LA1329. Ten-day-old seedlings were flooded with 10 mM MgCl2 + 0.015% surfactant as a negative control, and PstT1 at an optical density of 0.0075 + 0.015% surfactant. The seedlings were phenotyped at least 10 days after flooding, as PstT1-infected seedlings died more slowly than PstDC3000-infected seedlings. Mock-inoculated seedlings were green, healthy, and actively growing. This control is important to ensure that the accessions are not sensitive to the concentration of surfactant, and to ensure there is no bacterial contamination. Susceptible accessions (Rio Grande-PtoR [n = 7], S. pimpinellifolium LA1375 [n = 7], and S. pimpinellifolium LA1606 [n = 5]) were dead, had brown apical meristems, and lacked new growth 10–14 days after inoculation with PstT1. In contrast, two S. neorickii LA1329 (n = 3) seedlings displayed a high level of new, green growth and survived infection with PstT1 (Figure 6). Three LA1329 seedlings did not germinate. Typically, 5–7 individuals were screened for each accession in a primary screen to determine the prevalence of resistance in the population. When a more genetically complex wild accession, such as LA1329, is flooded with PstT1, the resistance phenotypes display slightly more variability among individual seedlings, compared to Moneymaker-PtoR treated with PstDC3000. However, the resistance phenotypes were usually less variable than those seen in F2 mapping populations. Thus, binary phenotyping criteria was used for LA1329.
to:
Phenotypic screening of wild accessions using the seedling resistance assay
Figure 6 shows representative results for seedlings of susceptible and resistant accessions 10–14 days after flooding with Pst19. Susceptible accessions include RG-PtoR, S. pimpinellifolium LA1375, and S. pimpinellifolium LA1606, and resistant accessions include S. neorickii LA1329. Ten-day-old seedlings were flooded with 10 mM MgCl2 + 0.015% surfactant as a negative control, and Pst19 at an optical density of 0.0075 + 0.015% surfactant. The seedlings were phenotyped at least 10 days after flooding, as Pst19-infected seedlings died more slowly than PstDC3000-infected seedlings. Mock-inoculated seedlings were green, healthy, and actively growing. This control is important to ensure that the accessions are not sensitive to the concentration of surfactant, and to ensure there is no bacterial contamination. Susceptible accessions (Rio Grande-PtoR [n = 7], S. pimpinellifolium LA1375 [n = 7], and S. pimpinellifolium LA1606 [n = 5]) were dead, had brown apical meristems, and lacked new growth 10–14 days after inoculation with Pst19. In contrast, two S. neorickii LA1329 (n = 3) seedlings displayed a high level of new, green growth and survived infection with Pst19 (Figure 6). Three LA1329 seedlings did not germinate. Typically, 5–7 individuals were screened for each accession in a primary screen to determine the prevalence of resistance in the population. When a more genetically complex wild accession, such as LA1329, is flooded with Pst19, the resistance phenotypes display slightly more variability among individual seedlings, compared to Moneymaker-PtoR treated with PstDC3000. However, the resistance phenotypes were usually less variable than those seen in F2 mapping populations. Thus, binary phenotyping criteria was used for LA1329.
Figure 6 in the Representative Results section was updated from:
Figure 6: Phenotypic characterization of resistance or disease symptoms 10–14 days post-infection in wild accessions. Rio Grande-PtoR, S. pimpinellifolium LA1606, S. pimpinellifolium LA1375 and S. neorickii LA1329 tomato seedlings were grown on 0.5x MS plates for 10 days, and then flooded with PstT1 (OD600 = 0.0075) + 0.015% surfactant. The number of surviving seedlings for each wild accession out of the total number tested is shown. Scale bar = 1 cm. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
to:
Figure 6: Phenotypic characterization of resistance or disease symptoms 10–14 days post-infection in wild accessions. Rio Grande-PtoR, S. pimpinellifolium LA1606, S. pimpinellifolium LA1375 and S. neorickii LA1329 tomato seedlings were grown on 0.5x MS plates for 10 days, and then flooded with Pst19 (OD600 = 0.0075) + 0.015% surfactant. The number of surviving seedlings for each wild accession out of the total number tested is shown. Scale bar = 1 cm. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
The third paragraph of the Representative Results section was updated from:
Quantitative assessment of bacterial growth using the seedling flood assay
To confirm that the observed resistance in LA1329 to PstT1 resulted in lower bacterial growth, bacterial growth assays were carried out in tomato seedlings. The level of PstT1 growth in Moneymaker-PtoS and S. neorickii LA1329 was determined 4 days post-infection. Moneymaker-PtoS is a near-isogenic line with consistent susceptibility among individual seedlings. Wild accessions such as S. neorickii LA1329 are often more genetically complex. LA1329 displays approximately 60% resistance to PstT1 across the population22. Because seedlings may drop their cotyledons after infection, one seedling was grown on each plate to correlate bacterial growth in the harvested cotyledon with overall seedling survival or death as determined phenotypically at least 10 days after flooding. The bacterial counts on day 4 for each seedling were normalized to 0.01 g of tissue and converted to log growth (CFU/0.01 g(log10)). Log growth for phenotypically resistant LA1329 seedlings (LA1329RES) or phenotypically susceptible seedlings (LA1329SUS) were separately pooled and compared to each other and the susceptible cultivar Moneymaker-PtoS. For example, there was a 1.7 log difference in bacterial growth between LA1329RES (log 6.3) and LA1329SUS (log 8.0), and a 1.6 log difference between LA1329RES (log 6.3) and Moneymaker-PtoS (log 7.9) (Figure 7). Therefore, phenotypic resistance correlated with quantitative resistance in the seedling assays.
to:
Quantitative assessment of bacterial growth using the seedling flood assay
To confirm that the observed resistance in LA1329 to Pst19 resulted in lower bacterial growth, bacterial growth assays were carried out in tomato seedlings. The level of Pst19 growth in Moneymaker-PtoS and S. neorickii LA1329 was determined 4 days post-infection. Moneymaker-PtoS is a near-isogenic line with consistent susceptibility among individual seedlings. Wild accessions such as S. neorickii LA1329 are often more genetically complex. LA1329 displays approximately 60% resistance to Pst19 across the population22. Because seedlings may drop their cotyledons after infection, one seedling was grown on each plate to correlate bacterial growth in the harvested cotyledon with overall seedling survival or death as determined phenotypically at least 10 days after flooding. The bacterial counts on day 4 for each seedling were normalized to 0.01 g of tissue and converted to log growth (CFU/0.01 g(log10)). Log growth for phenotypically resistant LA1329 seedlings (LA1329RES) or phenotypically susceptible seedlings (LA1329SUS) were separately pooled and compared to each other and the susceptible cultivar Moneymaker-PtoS. For example, there was a 1.7 log difference in bacterial growth between LA1329RES (log 6.3) and LA1329SUS (log 8.0), and a 1.6 log difference between LA1329RES (log 6.3) and Moneymaker-PtoS (log 7.9) (Figure 7). Therefore, phenotypic resistance correlated with quantitative resistance in the seedling assays.
Figure 7 in the Representative Results section was updated from:
x
Figure 7: Resistant Solanum neorickii LA1329 seedlings support lower bacterial growth than Moneymaker-PtoS or susceptible S. neorickii LA1329. Bacterial counts were determined 4 days post-inoculation from S. neorickii LA1329 (n = 14) and Moneymaker-PtoS (n = 10) seedlings infected with PstT1 and normalization was performed to 0.01 g of tissue. For LA1329, the two phenotypic groups, susceptible (SUS) or resistant (RES), were observed and counted separately. Above the bar * = statistically significant difference determined by a one-factor analysis of variance. A general linear model procedure (p < 0.001) followed by a multiple comparison of means using Tukey's post hoc test was used. Error bars = standard error. The figure indicates one representative experiment. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
x
Figure 7: Resistant Solanum neorickii LA1329 seedlings support lower bacterial growth than Moneymaker-PtoS or susceptible S. neorickii LA1329. Bacterial counts were determined 4 days post-inoculation from S. neorickii LA1329 (n = 14) and Moneymaker-PtoS (n = 10) seedlings infected with Pst19 and normalization was performed to 0.1 g of tissue. For LA1329, the two phenotypic groups, susceptible (SUS) or resistant (RES), were observed and counted separately. Above the bar * = statistically significant difference determined by a one-factor analysis of variance. A general linear model procedure (p < 0.001) followed by a multiple comparison of means using Tukey's post hoc test was used. Error bars = standard error. The figure indicates one representative experiment. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
The first paragraph of the Discussion section was updated from:
A protocol for flood inoculation with PstDC3000 or PstT1 optimized to detect resistance to these bacterial strains in tomato seedlings is described. There are several critical parameters for optimal results in the seedling resistance assay, including bacterial concentration and surfactant concentration, which were empirically determined22. For PstDC3000, the optical density was optimized to achieve complete survival on a resistant cultivar containing the Pto/Prf cluster and complete death on a susceptible cultivar lacking the Pto/Prf cluster22. For a strain such as PstT1, where there are no known resistant varieties, the optical density was optimized to be the lowest possible for consistent and complete plant death22. Uppalapati et al.24 designed a tomato seedling assay to investigate the pathogenesis of PstDC3000 and the virulence function of coronatine. In this virulence assay, infections were performed using bacteria concentrated to an OD600 of 0.124, 20x higher than the optical density of strains used in our resistance assay. Recognition of PstDC3000 effectors AvrPto and AvrPtoB in tomato seedlings carrying the Pto/Prf gene cluster results in ETI and a macroscopic HR22. In the context of a strong immune response such as ETI, a lower bacterial titer was used for PstDC3000 to avoid overwhelming genetic resistance from the Pto/Prf gene cluster22. In addition, these results suggest that a high bacterial concentration could overwhelm weaker immune responses such as PTI or quantitative partial resistance, where multiple genes contribute to the overall phenotype. Surfactant is necessary for the bacteria to adhere to the leaf surface; however, high concentrations can cause chlorosis of the leaf22. We previously tested a range of surfactant concentrations to empirically determine the ideal concentration in 10-day-old tomato seedlings22. When testing new species that may differ in their sensitivity to surfactant, the surfactant concentration should be optimized to identify a concentration that does not cause damage or chlorosis in the absence of bacteria. Appropriate assay conditions will require optimization of a surfactant concentration that does not cause damage, and a bacterial concentration that causes disease in all susceptible controls.
to:
A protocol for flood inoculation with PstDC3000 or Pst19 optimized to detect resistance to these bacterial strains in tomato seedlings is described. There are several critical parameters for optimal results in the seedling resistance assay, including bacterial concentration and surfactant concentration, which were empirically determined22. For PstDC3000, the optical density was optimized to achieve complete survival on a resistant cultivar containing the Pto/Prf cluster and complete death on a susceptible cultivar lacking the Pto/Prf cluster22. For a strain such as Pst19, where there are no known resistant varieties, the optical density was optimized to be the lowest possible for consistent and complete plant death22. Uppalapati et al.24 designed a tomato seedling assay to investigate the pathogenesis of PstDC3000 and the virulence function of coronatine. In this virulence assay, infections were performed using bacteria concentrated to an OD600 of 0.124, 20x higher than the optical density of strains used in our resistance assay. Recognition of PstDC3000 effectors AvrPto and AvrPtoB in tomato seedlings carrying the Pto/Prf gene cluster results in ETI and a macroscopic HR22. In the context of a strong immune response such as ETI, a lower bacterial titer was used for PstDC3000 to avoid overwhelming genetic resistance from the Pto/Prf gene cluster22. In addition, these results suggest that a high bacterial concentration could overwhelm weaker immune responses such as PTI or quantitative partial resistance, where multiple genes contribute to the overall phenotype. Surfactant is necessary for the bacteria to adhere to the leaf surface; however, high concentrations can cause chlorosis of the leaf22. We previously tested a range of surfactant concentrations to empirically determine the ideal concentration in 10-day-old tomato seedlings22. When testing new species that may differ in their sensitivity to surfactant, the surfactant concentration should be optimized to identify a concentration that does not cause damage or chlorosis in the absence of bacteria. Appropriate assay conditions will require optimization of a surfactant concentration that does not cause damage, and a bacterial concentration that causes disease in all susceptible controls.
The third paragraph of the Discussion section was updated from:
Pst is a foliar pathogen that preferentially colonizes the aerial parts of tomato seedlings, including the cotyledons24 (Figure 3). Therefore, qualitative phenotyping in the seedling flood assay focuses on growth and disease symptoms in aerial portions of the seedling, and tissue for the bacterial growth assay is sampled from the cotyledons for quantitative analysis. After flood inoculation, seedlings may die within 7–10 days after inoculation with PstDC3000 or 10–14 days after inoculation with PstT1, as discussed in section 11. Seedling death is visualized by a brown apical meristem, arrested epicotyl elongation, and/or arrested vegetative growth. If different bacterial strains are used, the timing will have to be empirically determined. In addition, the progression of disease on control plants should be monitored daily after flooding until a consistent time frame from the onset of disease symptoms to seedling death can be identified. Depending on the genotypes and treatments used in the flood assay, seedling phenotypes can be recorded as binary phenotypes or on a disease spectrum (Figure 4). A broader spectrum of phenotypes may be observed when flood inoculating F2 mapping populations from wild tomato accessions crossed to susceptible cultivars (Figure 4C). It may be best to phenotype segregating populations on a disease spectrum depending on how quickly the seedling dies and the degree of new vegetative growth and branching (Figure 4C). The seedling flood assay can also be used in conjunction with the seedling bacterial growth assay to quantitatively assess levels of bacterial growth associated with qualitative phenotypes in individual seedlings (Figure 7). Very large reductions (i.e., ~log 3) in bacterial growth or strong resistance in resistant seedlings of a wild accession compared to a susceptible cultivar suggest that the underlying genetic basis of resistance may be due to ETI22. Smaller reductions in bacterial growth (i.e., ~log 1.7), as observed in LA1329 seedlings, may be due to the contribution of weaker resistance from quantitative trait loci and/or PTI. Thus, the seedling growth assay can be an important tool in further characterizing resistance in wild tomato lines.
to:
Pst is a foliar pathogen that preferentially colonizes the aerial parts of tomato seedlings, including the cotyledons24 (Figure 3). Therefore, qualitative phenotyping in the seedling flood assay focuses on growth and disease symptoms in aerial portions of the seedling, and tissue for the bacterial growth assay is sampled from the cotyledons for quantitative analysis. After flood inoculation, seedlings may die within 7–10 days after inoculation with PstDC3000 or 10–14 days after inoculation with Pst19, as discussed in section 11. Seedling death is visualized by a brown apical meristem, arrested epicotyl elongation, and/or arrested vegetative growth. If different bacterial strains are used, the timing will have to be empirically determined. In addition, the progression of disease on control plants should be monitored daily after flooding until a consistent time frame from the onset of disease symptoms to seedling death can be identified. Depending on the genotypes and treatments used in the flood assay, seedling phenotypes can be recorded as binary phenotypes or on a disease spectrum (Figure 4). A broader spectrum of phenotypes may be observed when flood inoculating F2 mapping populations from wild tomato accessions crossed to susceptible cultivars (Figure 4C). It may be best to phenotype segregating populations on a disease spectrum depending on how quickly the seedling dies and the degree of new vegetative growth and branching (Figure 4C). The seedling flood assay can also be used in conjunction with the seedling bacterial growth assay to quantitatively assess levels of bacterial growth associated with qualitative phenotypes in individual seedlings (Figure 7). Very large reductions (i.e., ~log 3) in bacterial growth or strong resistance in resistant seedlings of a wild accession compared to a susceptible cultivar suggest that the underlying genetic basis of resistance may be due to ETI22. Smaller reductions in bacterial growth (i.e., ~log 1.7), as observed in LA1329 seedlings, may be due to the contribution of weaker resistance from quantitative trait loci and/or PTI. Thus, the seedling growth assay can be an important tool in further characterizing resistance in wild tomato lines.
The fourth paragraph of the Discussion section was updated from:
Typically, genetic screens have been performed on four- to five-week-old adult tomato plants to identify the genetic basis of P. syringae resistance in wild accessions20,21. Adult tomato plants require much longer growth times, require more space in the growth chamber, and are much larger plants, which means that usually few individuals are screened for each line. The seedling flood assay provides a powerful, alternative approach in the identification of P. syringae resistance in wild tomato accessions. Screening at the seedling stage permits a large sample size to be tested which can be particularly advantageous in detecting resistance in genetically complex populations. Reduced growth chamber space requirements and growth time facilitate a high-throughput approach and rapid detection of natural resistance in wild accessions to emerging pathogens. Furthermore, P. syringae resistance that was identified at the seedling stage in this assay is not restricted to the developmental stage. S. neorickii LA1329 and S. habrochaites LA1253 were initially identified at the seedling stage and also display resistance to PstT1 in adult plants as previously described22.
to:
Typically, genetic screens have been performed on four- to five-week-old adult tomato plants to identify the genetic basis of P. syringae resistance in wild accessions20,21. Adult tomato plants require much longer growth times, require more space in the growth chamber, and are much larger plants, which means that usually few individuals are screened for each line. The seedling flood assay provides a powerful, alternative approach in the identification of P. syringae resistance in wild tomato accessions. Screening at the seedling stage permits a large sample size to be tested which can be particularly advantageous in detecting resistance in genetically complex populations. Reduced growth chamber space requirements and growth time facilitate a high-throughput approach and rapid detection of natural resistance in wild accessions to emerging pathogens. Furthermore, P. syringae resistance that was identified at the seedling stage in this assay is not restricted to the developmental stage. S. neorickii LA1329 and S. habrochaites LA1253 were initially identified at the seedling stage and also display resistance to Pst19 in adult plants as previously described22.
Solicitar permissão para reutilizar o texto ou figuras deste artigo JoVE
Solicitar PermissãoThis article has been published
Video Coming Soon
Copyright © 2025 MyJoVE Corporation. Todos os direitos reservados