O trabalho foi financiado por uma bolsa do Instituto de Medicina Translacional e Terapêutica, e uma bolsa de formação do Instituto de Medicina e Engenharia (T32HL007954) da Universidade da Pensilvânia e da Marlene L. Cohen e H. Jerome Fleisch Scholar Grant no University of Connecticut Health Center (LHS) e NIH NS-029331 (FAW).

1. Preparação de equipamentos <ol><li> Limpe o quadro estereotáxico e bomba com etanol 75% para minimizar a contaminação bacteriana. </li><li> Esterilizar Hamilton seringa e agulha de sílica fundida. Nota: Se esterilização química é usado, não se esqueça de lavar várias vezes em água estéril antes do uso. </li><li> Limpe a superfície do papel de cera de parafina com etanol 75% e deixar secar. </li></ol> 2. Preparação de mouse para injeção Nota: Tenha ratos entregues à sua facilidade de animais pelo menos 7 dias antes da cirurgia, que lhes permitam adaptar ao novo ambiente e reduzir o estresse. <ol><li> Pesar do mouse para linha de base pré-operatório. </li><li> Induzir a anestesia com oxigênio a 30%, 70% de óxido nitroso e isoflurano até 4% que não respondem a pitada de cauda </li><li> Injetar mouse com buprenorfina por via intraperitoneal 0.1mg/Kg para analgesia pós-operatória </li><li> Raspar couro cabeludo </li><li> Olhos casaco com vaselina estéril </li><li> Prepare couro cabeludo com betadine x 3 wipes, em seguida, permitir couro cabeludo para secar </li><li> Faça um centímetro incisão mediana sagital do couro cabeludo com bisturi cirúrgico estéril Nota: A incisão generosa irá permitir a exposição completa de marcos crânio. </li><li> Shave um centímetro da superfície ventral da cauda com início em 1 cm da base e preparar com betadine x 3 wipes </li><li> Rato lugar no quadro estereotáxico Nota: É importante assegurar mouse está seguro no quadro com a superfície do crânio paralelo com a base do quadro, com excelente exposição do bregma e pelo menos 3 mm à direita do bregma. </li></ol> 3. Cirurgia hemorragia intracerebral Notas: Durante toda a cirurgia o mouse é anestesiado com oxigênio a 30%, 70% de óxido nitroso, e 1-3% do isoflurano, foi mantido a 37 ± 0,5 ° C usando um termistor-almofada de aquecimento controlado e monitorado por termômetro retal. <ol><li> Anexar estéril 27 g em 1 agulha de seringa cc no frame. </li><li> Ajuste o braço estereotáxico até agulha é exatamente sobre bregma. </li><li> Ajuste o braço de modo que a agulha é 2,5 milímetros lateral ao bregma e inferiores para a superfície do crânio. </li><li> Manualmente girar seringa para fazer orifício de trepanação na superfície do crânio ao aplicar movimento descendente suave do quadro de tomada de cuidado para não perfurar o crânio completamente. </li><li> Remova a agulha e orifício de trepanação completa manualmente com seringa / agulha Nota: Completando o orifício de trepanação à mão permite o reconhecimento imediato quando tiver perfurado a tabela interna do crânio e minimiza o risco de, inadvertidamente, empurrando agulha no parênquima cerebral. </li><li> Fazer incisão transversal na superfície ventral da cauda utilizando lâmina cirúrgica estéril e permitir 2-3 gotas grandes de sangue arterial a cair sobre o papel de cera de parafina. Em seguida, rapidamente parar o sangramento com pressão usando gaze estéril. </li><li> Retirar 17 mL de sangue em seringa e seringa Hamilton lugar na bomba. </li><li> Ajuste o braço estereotáxico para apontar 5 ° medialmente em relação ao eixo vertical. </li><li> Ajustar cuidadosamente o braço estereotáxico de forma que a ponta da agulha está sobre o orifício de trepanação no crânio e abaixe agulha de 3,5 mm. </li><li> Aguarde 2 minutos, em seguida retire a agulha 0,5 mm (de modo que a ponta é de 3 mm de profundidade) </li><li> Espere 5 minutos para permitir que o cérebro re-expansão ao redor da agulha e minimizar o risco de refluxo de sangue até a faixa de inserção da agulha durante a injeção. </li><li> Injetar mL de sangue 1 / minuto para 7,5 mL. </li><li> Espere 5 minutos para permitir que o sangue inicial de coagulação e de mudanças do tecido ocorrer para minimizar a elevação da pressão intracraniana. </li><li> Injetar a 7,5 mL restantes de 1 mL / minuto </li><li> Permitir agulha para permanecer no local por 25 minutos para permitir a coagulação do sangue Nota: Não esperar até que a coagulação do sangue irá resultar em refluxo de sangue até o local de inserção de agulha para retirar a agulha </li><li> Lentamente, retirar a agulha e lave imediatamente com água quente para evitar qualquer sangue residual na agulha de coagulação e garantir a reutilização da agulha. </li><li> Remova o mouse a partir do quadro e fechar o rabo e incisões no couro cabeludo com cola cirúrgica veterinária. </li><li> Desligue a anestesia. </li><li> Permitem mouse para despertar ao ser aquecido continuamente com acesso gratuito à umedecido alimentos. </li><li> Retorno do mouse para gaiola com littermates quando totalmente acordado. Lugar úmido alimentos pelota no fundo da gaiola para ajudar os animais no acesso aos alimentos. </li></ol> 4. Resultados representativos: <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2618/2618fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1"/> Figura 1. Secção coronal do cérebro do rato 15 minutos após a cirurgia ICH. Imediatamente após o sacrifício do cérebro foi inspecionado por ICH sucesso com base na inspeção bruta de uma seção coronal no local de inserção da agulha. Hemorragias que rastreou até a base do cérebro, a pista agulha após o corpo caloso, ou para os ventrículos foram consideradas mal sucedidas e que o mouse foi eliminado de todas as análises. Geral ICH succetaxas ss foram 75-85%, em 50 ratos com mortalidade de 0%. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2618/2618fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2"/> Figura 2. Testar Cilindro demonstra hemiparesia esquerda após ICH gânglios basais direito. (A) traseira do mouse Amostra após a cirurgia ICH. Observe a colocação de apenas forelimb o direito sobre a parede do cilindro após ICH gânglios basais esquerdo. (B) Gráfico de testes cilindro 1 resultados da coorte de camundongos após ICH cirurgia (n = 5) em comparação com placebo (n = 4). Ratos Sham tiveram todos os procedimentos, exceto a injeção de sangue (agulha foi inserida no cérebro). Cada rato foi colocado em uma de 12 cm de diâmetro do cilindro de vidro claro e observado por 20 partes traseiras. A colocação inicial dos membros anteriores na parede do cilindro foi marcado por de trás. Movimentos posteriores (como a exploração lateral) não foram marcados até o rato voltou para o solo ea parte traseira próxima marcado. O índice foi calculado como a lateralidade (direita # colocações forelimb no lado do cilindro - # deixou colocações forelimb) / (# # direito + esquerdo + # ambos), onde 0 indica nenhuma preferência forelimb e 1 indicado apenas forelimb o direito foi usado .

<ol>
	<li>Hua, Y., Schallert, T., Keep, R. F., Wu, J., Hoff, J. T., Xi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+Tests+After+Intracerebral+Hemorrhage+in+the+Rat.">Behavioral Tests After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in the Rat.</a> Stroke. 33, 2478-2484 (2002).</li><li>James, M., Warner, D., Laskowitz, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+Models+of+Intracerebral+Hemorrhage:+A+Translational+Perspective.">Preclinical Models of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Translational Perspective.</a> Neurocritical Care. 9, 139-152 (2008).</li><li>Foerch, C., Arai, K., Jin, G., Park, K. -. P., Pallast, S., van Leyen, K., Lo, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+Model+of+Warfarin-Associated+Intracerebral+Hemorrhage.">Experimental Model of Warfarin-Associated Intracerebral Hemorrhage.</a> Stroke. 39, 3397-3404 (2008).</li><li>Nakamura, T., Xi, G., Hua, Y., Schallert, T., Hoff, J. T., Keep, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracerebral+hemorrhage+in+mice:+model+characterization+and+application+for+genetically+modified+mice.">Intracerebral hemorrhage in mice: model characterization and application for genetically modified mice.</a> Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 24, 487-494 (2004).</li><li>Rynkowski, M. A., Kim, G. H., Komotar, R. J., Otten, M. L., Ducruet, A. F., Zacharia, B. E., Kellner, C. P., Hahn, D. K., Merkow, M. B., Garrett, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+model+of+intracerebral+hemorrhage+using+autologous+blood+infusion.">A mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage using autologous blood infusion.</a> Nat. Protocols. 3, 122-128 (2008).</li><li>Wang, J., Fields, J., Dor&#233;, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+an+improved+preclinical+mouse+model+of+intracerebral+hemorrhage+using+double+infusion+of+autologous+whole+blood.">The development of an improved preclinical mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage using double infusion of autologous whole blood.</a> Brain Research. 1222, 214-221 (2008).</li><li>Zhao, X., Sun, G., Zhang, J., Strong, R., Song, W., Gonzales, N., Grotta, J. C., Aronowski, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hematoma+resolution+as+a+target+for+intracerebral+hemorrhage+treatment:+Role+for+peroxisome+proliferator-activated+receptor+&#947;+in+microglia/macrophages.">Hematoma resolution as a target for intracerebral hemorrhage treatment: Role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor &#947; in microglia/macrophages.</a> Annals of Neurology. 61, 352-362 (2007).</li></ol>

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Este modelo cirúrgico da hemorragia intracerebral em camundongos, utilizando a cauda resultados autólogo de sangue arterial em um modelo reprodutível de hemorragia espontânea gânglios basais. Um modelo em camundongos ICH oferece a vantagem da disponibilidade de animais transgênicos para investigar fisiopatologia, no entanto, seu pequeno tamanho faz com que procedimentos neurocirúrgicos mais tecnicamente difícil do que em animais maiores. O modelo de colagenase e o modelo de injeção...

Estereotáxica para neurocirurgia mouse (Stoelting, 51.925) Bomba Microinfusion e processador (UMP-3 e MICRO4, instrumentos de precisão Mundial, Sarasota, FL) Rato mais quente (Stoelting, 50300) Anestesia inalatória do mouse (Braintree Científico, EZ-AF9000) 25 mL estanques borosilicato seringa Hamilton com êmbolo revestido e sem agulha (Hamilton empresa, Reno, NV, seringa 1702RN: 765401, ponteira: 30949, espaçador: 30946) agulha de sílica fundida corte a 2 cm de comprimento (Hamilton, 17.739) * Nota Hamilton seringa e agulha de sílica fundida pode ser reutilizada para múltiplas cirurgias se esterilizados antes de cada cirurgia. Estes materiais são cruciais para evitar a coagulação do sangue. Luvas cirúrgicas estéreis Bata cirúrgica, gorro e máscara Betadine Etanol 75% estéril 27 g de agulhas (uso individual) estéril seringa cc 1 (uso individual) lâmina cirúrgica estéril Cidex água estéril buprenorfina e isoflurano gaze esterilizada parafina quadrados de papel de cera Cola cirúrgica veterinária (Vetbond, 3M, St. Paul, MN)

autologous blood injection to model spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in mice

Investigation of the pathophysiology of injury after intracerebral
hemorrhage (ICH) requires a reproducible animal model. While ICH
accounts for 10-15% of all strokes, there remains no specific
effective therapy. The autologous blood injection model in mice
involves the stereotaxic injection of arterial blood into the basal
ganglia mimicking a spontaneous hypertensive hemorrhage in man. The
response to hemorrhage can then be studied in vivo and the
neurobehavioral deficits quantified, allowing for description of the
ensuing pathology and the testing of potential therapeutic agents. The
procedure described in this protocol uses the double injection
technique to minimize risk of blood reflux up the needle track, no
anticoagulants in the pumping system, and eliminates all dead space
and expandable tubing in the system.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Autologous Blood Injection to Model Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice at JoVE.com

Autologous Blood Injection to Model Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice

O modelo de injeção de sangue autólogo de hemorragia intracerebral em camundongos descritos neste protocolo usa a técnica de injecção dupla para minimizar o risco de refluxo de sangue até a faixa de agulha, não anticoagulantes no sistema de bombeamento, e elimina todo o espaço morto e tubos expansíveis no sistema.

Injeção de sangue autólogo de Modelo hemorragia intracerebral espontânea em ratos

Investigation of the pathophysiology of injury after intracerebral
hemorrhage (ICH) requires a reproducible animal model.  While ICH
accounts for 10-15% ...

autologous-blood-injection-to-model-spontaneous-intracerebral

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Neuroscience

14.7K visualizações.  University of Connecticut Health Center. O modelo de injeção de sangue autólogo de hemorragia intracerebral em camundongos descritos neste protocolo usa a técnica de injecção dupla para minimizar o risco de refluxo de sangue até a faixa de agulha, não anticoagulantes no sistema de bombeamento, e elimina todo o espaço morto e tubos expansíveis no sistema.

Vídeo: Autologous Blood Injection to Model Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice

Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson's Disease Model of Drosophila

Parkinson&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system, primarily in the substantia nigra. The disease causes motor deficiencies, which present as rigidity, tremors and dementia in humans. Rotenone is an insecticide that causes oxidative damage by inhibiting the function of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. It is also used to model Parkinson&#8217;s disease in the Drosophila. Flies have an inherent negative geotactic response, which compels them to climb upwards upon being startled. It has been established that rotenone causes early mortality and locomotion defects that disrupt the flies&#8217; ability to climb after they have been tapped downwards. However, the effect of rotenone on spontaneous movement is not well documented. This study outlines two sensitive, reproducible, and high throughput assays to characterize rotenone-induced deficiencies in short-term startle-induced locomotion and long-term spontaneous locomotion in Drosophila. These assays can be conveniently adapted to characterize other Drosophila models of locomotion defects and efficacy of therapeutic agents.

Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson&#039;s Disease Model of Drosophila

Parkinson&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system, causing locomotion defects. Rotenone models Parkinson&#8217;s disease in Drosophila. This paper outlines two assays that characterize both spontaneous and startle-induced locomotion deficiencies caused by rotenone.

Métodos para caracterizar espontânea e surpreender-induzida Locomotion em um modelo de doença de Parkinson induzida por Rotenone de<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Parkinson&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system, ...

Neurociência

Establishing Mouse Models for Zika Virus-induced Neurological Disorders Using Intracerebral Injection Strategies: Embryonic, Neonatal, and Adult

The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus currently endemic in North, Central, and South America. It is now established that the ZIKV can cause microcephaly and additional brain abnormalities. However, the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of ZIKV in the developing brain remains unclear. Intracerebral surgical methods are frequently used in neuroscience research to address questions about both normal and abnormal brain development and brain function. This protocol utilizes classical surgical techniques and describes methods that allow one to model ZIKV-associated human neurological disease in the mouse nervous system. While direct brain inoculation does not model the normal mode of virus transmission, the method allows investigators to ask targeted questions concerning the consequence after ZIKV infection of the developing brain. This protocol describes embryonic, neonatal, and adult stages of intraventricular inoculation of ZIKV. Once mastered, this method can become a straightforward and reproducible technique that only takes a few hours to perform.

Here we describe a method for establishing a model of Zika virus-induced microcephaly in mouse. This protocol includes methods for embryonic, neonatal, and adult-stage intracerebral inoculation of the Zika virus.

Estabelecer modelos de Mouse para doenças neurológicas induzida por vírus Zika usando estratégias de injeção Intracerebral: embrionárias, Neonatal e adulto

The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus currently endemic in North, Central, and South America. It is now established that the ZIKV can cause microcephaly ...

Rat Model of Widespread Cerebral Cortical Demyelination Induced by an Intracerebral Injection of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and progressively leads to physical disability and death, caused by white matter lesions in the spinal cord and cerebellum, as well as by demyelination in grey matter. Whilst conventional models of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis are suitable for the investigation of the cell-mediated inflammation in the spinal and cerebellar white matter, they fail to address grey matter pathologies. Here, we present the experimental protocol for a novel rat model of cortical demyelination allowing the investigation of the pathological and molecular mechanisms leading to cortical lesions. The demyelination is induced by an immunization with low-dose myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in an incomplete Freund&#39;s adjuvant followed by a catheter-mediated intracerebral delivery of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The catheter, moreover, enables multiple rounds of demyelination without causing injection-induced trauma, as well as the intracerebral delivery of potential therapeutic drugs undergoing a preclinical investigation. The method is also ethically favorable as animal pain and distress or disability are controlled and relatively minimal. The expected timeframe for the implementation of the entire protocol is around 8 - 10 weeks.

The protocol presented here allows the reproduction of a widespread grey matter demyelination of both cortical hemispheres in adult male Dark Agouti rats. The method comprises of intracerebral implantation of a catheter, subclinical immunization against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, and intracerebral injection of a pro-inflammatory cytokine mixture through the implanted catheter.

Modelo de Rato de Demyelinação Cortical Cerebral Generalizada Induzida por uma injeção intracerebral de citocinas pró-inflamatórias

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and progressively leads to physical disability and ...

A Volumetric Method for Quantification of Cerebral Vasospasm in a Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebral vasospasm that occurs in the aftermath of the bleeding is an important factor determining patient outcome and is therefore frequently taken as a study endpoint. However, in small animal studies on SAH, quantification of cerebral vasospasm is a major challenge. Here, an ex vivo method is presented that allows quantification of volumes of entire vessel segments, which can be used as an objective measure to quantify cerebral vasospasm. In a first step, endovascular casting of the cerebral vasculature is performed using a radiopaque casting agent. Then, cross-sectional imaging data are acquired by micro computed tomography. The final step involves 3-dimensional reconstruction of the virtual vascular tree, followed by an algorithm to calculate center lines and volumes of the selected vessel segments. The method resulted in a highly accurate virtual reconstruction of the cerebrovascular tree shown by a diameter-based comparison of anatomical samples with their virtual reconstructions. Compared with vessel diameters alone, the vessel volumes highlight the differences between vasospastic and non-vasospastic vessels shown in a series of SAH and sham-operated mice.

The goal of this article is to present a method that allows a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the cerebrovascular tree in mice after micro computed tomography and determination of volumes of entire vessel segments that can be used to quantify cerebral vasospasm in murine models of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Um método volumétrico para quantificação de vasoespasmo Cerebral em um modelo murino de hemorragia subaracnoide

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebral vasospasm that occurs in the aftermath of the bleeding is an important factor ...

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke with high mortality and poor functional outcomes, largely because there are no evidence-based treatment options for this devastating disease process. In the past decade, a number of minimally invasive surgeries have emerged to address this issue, one of which is endoscopic evacuation. Stereotactic ICH Underwater Blood Aspiration (SCUBA) is a novel endoscopic evacuation technique performed in a fluid-filled cavity using an aspiration system to provide an additional degree of freedom during the procedure. The SCUBA procedure utilizes a suction device, endoscope, and sheath and is divided into two phases. The first phase involves maximal aspiration and minimal irrigation to decrease clot burden. The second phase involves increasing irrigation for visibility, decreasing aspiration strength for targeted aspiration without disturbing the cavity wall, and cauterizing any bleeding vessels. Using the endoscope and aspiration wand, this technique aims to maximize hematoma evacuation while minimizing collateral damage to the surrounding brain. Advantages of the SCUBA technique include the use of a low-profile endoscopic sheath minimizing brain disruption and improved visualization with a fluid-filled cavity rather than an air-filled one.

This paper details the surgical protocol for minimally invasive endoscopic intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation using the SCUBA technique.

Evacuação de hemorragia intracerebral endoscópica minimamente invasiva

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke with high mortality and poor functional outcomes, largely because there are no evidence-based ...

In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Resident Glial Cells into Interneurons by Intracerebral Injection of Viral Vectors

Converting resident glia in the brain into functional and subtype-specific neurons in vivo provides a step forward towards the development of alternative cell replacement therapies while also creating tools to study cell fate in situ. To date, it has been possible to obtain neurons via in vivo reprogramming, but the precise phenotype of these neurons or how they mature has not been analyzed in detail. In this protocol, we describe a more efficient conversion and cell-specific identification of the in vivo reprogrammed neurons, using an AAV-based viral vector system. We also provide a protocol for functional assessment of the reprogrammed cells&#8217; neuronal maturation. By injecting flip-excision (FLEX) vectors, containing the reprogramming and synapsin-driven reporter genes&#160;to specific cell types in the brain that serve as the target for cell reprogramming. This technique allows for the easy identification of newly reprogrammed neurons. Results show that the obtained reprogrammed neurons functionally mature over time, receive synaptic contacts and show electrophysiological properties of different types of interneurons. Using the transcription factors Ascl1, Lmx1a and Nurr1, the majority of the reprogrammed cells have properties of fast-spiking, parvalbumin-containing interneurons.

This protocol aims at generating directly reprogrammed interneurons in vivo, using an AAV-based viral system in the brain and a FLEX synapsin-driven GFP reporter, which allows for cell identification and further analysis in vivo.

In vivo reprogramação direta de células gliais residentes em interneurônios por injeção intracerebral de vetores virais

Converting resident glia in the brain into functional and subtype-specific neurons in vivo provides a step forward towards the development of alternative ...

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Among strokes, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) consecutive to the rupture of a cerebral arterial aneurysm represents 5-9% but is responsible for about 30% of the total stroke-related mortality with an important morbidity in terms of neurological outcome. A delayed cerebral vasospasm (CVS) may occur most often in association with a delayed cerebral ischemia. Different animal models of SAH are now being used including endovascular perforation and direct injection of blood into the cisterna magna or even the prechiasmatic cistern, each exhibiting distinct advantages and disadvantages. In this article, a standardized mouse model of SAH by double direct injection of determined volumes of autologous whole blood into the cisterna magna is presented. Briefly, mice were weighed and then anesthetized by isoflurane inhalation. Then, the animal was placed in a reclining position on a heated blanket maintaining a rectal temperature of 37 &#176;C and positioned in a stereotactic frame with a cervical bend of about 30&#176;. Once in place, the tip of an elongated glass micropipette filled with the homologous arterial blood taken from carotid artery of another mouse of the same age and gender (C57Bl/6J) was positioned at a right angle in contact with the atlanto-occipital membrane by means of a micromanipulator. Then 60 &#181;L of blood was injected in the cisterna magna followed by a 30&#176; downward tilt of the animal for 2 minutes. The second infusion of 30 &#181;L of blood into the cisterna magna was performed 24 h after the first one. The individual follow-up of each animal is carried out daily (careful evaluation of weight and well-being). This procedure allows a predictable and highly reproducible distribution of blood, likely accompanied by intracranial pressure elevation that can be mimicked by an equivalent injection of an artificial cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), and represents an acute to mild-model of SAH inducing low mortality.

We described in this protocol a standardized subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) mouse model by a double injection of autologous whole-blood into the cisterna magna. The high degree of standardization of the double-injection procedure represents a middle-to-acute model of SAH with relative safety regarding mortality.

Dupla injeção direta de sangue na Cisterna Magna como modelo de hemorragia subaracnóide

Among strokes, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) consecutive to the rupture of a cerebral arterial aneurysm represents 5-9% but is responsible for about 30% ...

Massive Pontine Hemorrhage by Dual Injection of Autologous Blood

We provide a protocol to establish a massive pontine hemorrhage model in a rat. Rats weighing about 250 grams were used in this study. One hundred microliters of autologous blood was taken from the tail vein and stereotaxically injected into the pons. The injection process was divided into 2 steps: First, 10 &#181;L of blood was injected into a specific location, anteroposterior position (AP) -9.0 mm; lateral (Lat) 0 mm; vertical (Vert) -9.2 mm, followed by a second injection of the residual blood located at AP -9.0 mm; Lat 0 mm; Vert -9.0 mm with a 20-minute interval. The balance beam test, limb placement test, and the modified Voestch neuroscore were used to evaluate neurological function. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was used to assess the volume of hemorrhage in vivo. The symptoms of this model were in line with patients with massive pontine hemorrhage.

We present a protocol to establish a massive pontine hemorrhage model in a rat via dual injection of autologous blood.

Hemorragia pontina maciça por dupla injeção de sangue autólogo

We provide a protocol to establish a massive pontine hemorrhage model in a rat. Rats weighing about 250 grams were used in this study. One hundred ...

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Despite advances in treatment over the last decades, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to carry a high burden of morbidity and mortality, largely afflicting a fairly young population. Several animal models of SAH have been developed to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms behind SAH and to test pharmacological interventions. The pre-chiasmatic, single injection model in the rat presented in this article is an experimental model of SAH with a predetermined blood volume. Briefly, the animal is anesthetized, intubated, and kept under mechanical ventilation. Temperature is regulated with a heating pad. A catheter is placed in the tail artery, enabling continuous blood pressure measurement as well as blood sampling. The atlantooccipital membrane is incised and a catheter for pressure recording is placed in the cisterna magna to enable intracerebral pressure measurement. This catheter can also be used for intrathecal therapeutic interventions. The rat is placed in a stereotaxic frame, a burr hole is drilled anteriorly to the bregma, and a catheter is inserted through the burr hole and placed just anterior to the optic chiasm. Autologous blood (0.3 mL) is withdrawn from the tail catheter and manually injected. This results in a rise of intracerebral pressure and a decrease of cerebral blood flow. The animal is kept sedated for 30 min and given subcutaneous saline and analgesics. The animal is extubated and returned to its cage. The pre-chiasmatic model has a high reproducibility rate and limited variation between animals due to the pre-determined blood volume. It mimics SAH in humans making it a relevant model for SAH research.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage continues to carry a high burden of mortality and morbidity in man. To facilitate further research into the condition and its pathophysiology, a pre-chiasmatic, single injection model is presented.

Pré-quiasmática, injeção única de sangue autólogo para induzir hemorragia subaracnóidea experimental em modelo de rato

Despite advances in treatment over the last decades, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to carry a high burden of morbidity and mortality, largely ...

Intracranial Pressure Monitoring In Nontraumatic Intraventricular Hemorrhage Rodent Model

Survivors of intraventricular hemorrhage are often left with significant long-term memory impairment; thus, research utilizing intraventricular hemorrhage animal models is essential. In this study, we sought out ways to measure intracranial pressure, mean arterial pressure, and cerebral perfusion pressure during nontraumatic intraventricular hemorrhage in rats. The experimental design included three Sprague Dawley groups: sham, standard 200 &#181;l intraventricular hemorrhage, and vehicle control groups. By introducing an intraparenchymal fiberoptic pressure sensor, precise intracranial pressure measurements were obtained in all groups. Cerebral perfusion pressures were calculated with the knowledge of intracranial pressure and mean arterial pressure values. As expected, the intraventricular hemorrhage and vehicle control groups both experienced a rise in the intracranial pressure and subsequent decline in cerebral perfusion pressure during intraventricular injection of autologous blood and artificial cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. The addition of an intraparenchymal fiberoptic pressure sensor is beneficial in monitoring precise intracranial pressure changes.

Monitoring intracranial pressure in rodent&#160;models of nontraumatic intraventricular hemorrhage is not common in the current literature. Herein, we demonstrate a technique for measuring intracranial pressure, mean arterial pressure, and cerebral perfusion pressure during intraventricular hemorrhage in a rat&#160;animal model.

Monitorização da Pressão Intracraniana em Modelo de Roedor de Hemorragia Intraventricular Não Traumática

Survivors of intraventricular hemorrhage are often left with significant long-term memory impairment; thus, research utilizing intraventricular hemorrhage ...