O projeto foi financiado pelo NIH conceder U01HL098180 do National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. O conteúdo é da exclusiva responsabilidade dos seus autores e não representam necessariamente as opiniões oficiais do National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute e do National Institutes of Health

1. Setup reagentes 1.1 Dissection e imagem Médio L-15, meio de Leibovitz (L15) é suplementado com FBS (10%) e Penicilina-Estreptomicina (100 unidades / ml de penicilina G sódica e 100 ug / ml de sulfato de estreptomicina) é utilizado tanto durante a colheita de amostras de imagens e traqueia. 2. Shallow Walled Assembléia Câmara Cultura A câmara utilizada para manter o tecido da traqueia é mostrado na Figura 1. O piso da câmara é o vidro ao fundo do poço 35 milímetros prato de cultura. A parte superior e no lado da câmara é gerado pela colocação de um pequeno pedaço de folhas de silicone de 0,3 mm de espessura sobre o prato de vidro. O bordo da folha é cortada para se ajustar o prato de fundo redondo e o centro é ainda cortada para formar uma câmara central raso (ver passos 2.1-2.3). No topo desta montagem, a mm rodada tampa de vidro deslizante 18 é colocado para gerar um recinto adequado para a imagem. <ol><li> Cobrir completamente a mm rodada tampa de vidro deslizante 18 com um quadrado de 0,3 milímetros de espessura folhas de silicone. </li><li> Com uma tesoura de dissecção afiadas padrão aparar o excesso de folhas de silicone em torno da borda da lamínula (resultando em uma camada circular de folhas de silicone). </li><li> Com um bisturi afiada cortar e remover uma praça central de folhas de silicone (aproximadamente 10 milímetros quadrados) a partir do meio da lamela coberto (formando assim o topo e as laterais da câmara de imagem). </li></ol> 3. Traquéia Colheita e Preparação <ol><li> Eutanásia camundongos de acordo com cuidados com os animais institucional local e usar comitê e / ou diretrizes governamentais e remover traquéia em um plástico 35 milímetros prato de cultura padrão, com bastante L15 mídia para tecido submergir (autores usaram camundongos pouco antes do nascimento em uma gestação de 16,5 dias, através de -nascidos, neonatal e adulto animais 2). </li><li> Remover o tecido associado não traqueia fixada no exterior detraquéia usando dissecção romba. </li><li> Remover a laringe, com um corte transversal imediatamente abaixo da cartilagem cricóide com micro tesouras de dissecação (Figura 2A, linha 1). </li><li> Retire os ramos dos brônquios principais direito e esquerdo com um corte transversal logo acima da carina usando micro tesoura de dissecção (Figura 2A, linha 2). </li><li> Segure cuidadosamente a traquéia com uma pinça fina e lave o lúmen 2-3 vezes com ~ 1 ml da L15 médio banho com um Pipetman P1000 e P1000 dica para limpar o muco e sangue. </li><li> Corte um segmento do anel 3-4 da traquéia através de um corte transversal com micro tesoura de dissecção (Figura 2B, linha 1). </li><li> Corta-se longitudinalmente através do meio do músculo traqueal deste segmento curto traqueia com micro tesouras de dissecação (Figura 2B, linha 2). </li><li> Corta-se longitudinalmente através do centro dos anéis da cartilagem da traqueia com micro tesouras de dissecação (Figura 2C </strong&gt;, linha), deixando duas seções de tecido traquéia adequada para a imagem latente (seção única mostrado na Figura 2D). </li></ol> 4. Cilia imagem <ol><li> Transferência de segmentos de tecido da traqueia, do lado do lúmen para baixo, para o meio de um prato de vidro de fundo mm 35 cultura com 100-200 mL de meio L-15. </li><li> Para quantificar o fluxo gerado cílios adicionar uma pequena quantidade de microesferas fluorescentes de 0,20 mM para o meio G-15 banhando a amostra de tecido da traqueia (~ 1 x 10 11 partículas / ml ou 20 ul / ml de suspensão de microesferas Fluoresbrite aquosa a 2,5%). </li><li> Coloque a câmara de imagiologia preparado anteriormente (Ver Processo 1-3 acima) no lado superior da amostra de folha de silicone na traqueia para baixo, com a amostra de traqueia localizado no meio da câmara de paredes raso formado pela janela cortada em folhas do silicone (Figura 1 ). </li><li> Com cuidado, empurre para baixo sobre a lamela para assegurar no lugar e remover qualquer excesso de L-15 mídia da bordas usinga ponta P1000 e P1000 Pipetman. </li><li> Monte o fundo de vidro prato de cultura 35 milímetros e amostra traquéia em um microscópio invertido com óptica 100X objetivas e DIC. </li><li> Usando uma câmera de alta velocidade e software de aquisição de filme coletar filmes da motilidade dos cílios em 200 + quadros por segundo ao longo do epitélio traqueal ciliadas do enrolado borda do músculo traqueal (box, E Figura 2D Descritas: Exemplo de imagem estática de filme gravado) (Filme suplementar 1). </li><li> Usando imagens de epifluorescência FITC e uma luz CCD da câmera baixa (Veja lista de equipamentos acima), recolher os filmes do movimento de microesferas fluorescentes em toda a superfície do epitélio traqueal ciliated para permitir a quantificação posterior do fluxo gerado cílios (Filme complementar 2.) </li></ol> 5. Quantificação de Motilidade Cilia <ol><li> Carregar filmes imaginadas DIC no pacote de software ImageJ e seguindo a técnica descrita por Iain Drummond 13 usar a ferramenta de linha para desenhar uma linha raster cruzando os cílios batendo. A &quot;corte virtual&quot; desta linha gera um tipo de imagem quimógrafo onde o movimento ciliar em toda a linha gera um padrão de onda. O número de pixels entre cada pico de onda é-lhes medida (um pixel = uma moldura do filme) a partir do qual o número de batimentos por minuto (isto é, Hz), pode então ser calculado. </li><li> Para medir cílios gerado fluxo de carga fluorescentes filmes talão no pacote de software ImageJ, e usar o plugin MTrackJ 14 a controlar manualmente partículas fluorescentes em toda a superfície da traquéia epitélios e deixar o software gerar velocidade talão e direcionalidade para cada grânulo rastreado. </li></ol> Cuidados devem ser tomados quando se utiliza partículas fluorescentes para quantificar o fluxo como a distância entre os cílios batendo pode influenciar fortemente magnitude de vazão. O movimento conta no Suplementar Movie 2 é um bom exemplo disso. Neste exemplo grânulomovimento é rápido na superfície dos cílios batendo e cai significativamente off para contas mais longe nos meios de comunicação de banho. Para controlar isso, talão traçados só deve ser recolhida a uma distância fixa acima do epitélio ciliar em todas as amostras para permitir comparações corretas a serem feitas. Finalmente, para obter dados representativos do fluxo de fluido, os grânulos devem ser rastreados por tanto tempo quanto possível, é preferível utilizar grânulos faixas que cobrem as células 10 + ciliadas para o cálculo do fluxo de fluido.

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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+ciliary+dyskinesia:+improving+the+diagnostic+approach.">Primary ciliary dyskinesia: improving the diagnostic approach.</a> Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 21, 320-325 (2009).</li><li>Delmotte, P., Sanderson, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ciliary+beat+frequency+is+maintained+at+a+maximal+rate+in+the+small+airways+of+mouse+lung+slices.">Ciliary beat frequency is maintained at a maximal rate in the small airways of mouse lung slices.</a> Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 35, 110-117 (2006).</li><li>Choe, M. M., Tomei, A. A., Swartz, M. 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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+differentiation+of+mouse+tracheal+epithelial+cells:+selection+of+a+proliferative+population.">Growth and differentiation of mouse tracheal epithelial cells: selection of a proliferative population.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 283, 1315-1321 (2002).</li><li>Thomas, B., Rutman, A., O'Callaghan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disrupted+ciliated+epithelium+shows+slower+ciliary+beat+frequency+and+increased+dyskinesia.">Disrupted ciliated epithelium shows slower ciliary beat frequency and increased dyskinesia.</a> Eur. Respir. J. 34, 401-404 (2009).</li><li>Drummond, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studying+cilia+in+zebrafish.">Studying cilia in zebrafish.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 93 (08), 197-217 (2009).</li><li>Meijering, E., Dzyubachyk, O., Smal, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+cell+and+particle+tracking.">Methods for cell and particle tracking.</a> Methods Enzymol. 504, 183-200 (2012).</li><li>Sisson, J. H., Stoner, J. A., Ammons, B. A., Wyatt, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=All-digital+image+capture+and+whole-field+analysis+of+ciliary+beat+frequency.">All-digital image capture and whole-field analysis of ciliary beat frequency.</a> J. Microsc. 211, 103-111 (2003).</li><li>Schwabe, G. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+ciliary+dyskinesia+associated+with+normal+axoneme+ultrastructure+is+caused+by+DNAH11+mutations.">Primary ciliary dyskinesia associated with normal axoneme ultrastructure is caused by DNAH11 mutations.</a> Hum. Mutat. 29, 289-298 (2008).</li><li>Shah, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+Bardet-Biedl+syndrome+proteins+alters+the+morphology+and+function+of+motile+cilia+in+airway+epithelia.">Loss of Bardet-Biedl syndrome proteins alters the morphology and function of motile cilia in airway epithelia.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 3380-3385 (2008).</li><li>Clary-Meinesz, C. F., Cosson, J., Huitorel, P., Blaive, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature+effect+on+the+ciliary+beat+frequency+of+human+nasal+and+tracheal+ciliated+cells.">Temperature effect on the ciliary beat frequency of human nasal and tracheal ciliated cells.</a> Biology of the Cell / under the auspices of the European Cell Biology Organization. 76, 335-338 (1992).</li></ol>

Os autores não têm nada a revelar.

Medição da frequência do batimento ciliar (CBF) é relativamente fácil, utilizando objetivos microscópio de alta potência e de hardware de aquisição de imagem rápida 13,15, e explica por que as medições CBF formam a base da maioria dos estudos que investigam a depuração mucociliar durante a saúde ea doença. No entanto, enquanto a CBF medição é essencial para compreender a depuração mucociliar, medição da CBF sozinho ignora a importância fundamental de ambos ciliar fluxo gerado e batimen...

Análise da função cílios móveis no epitélio das vias aéreas é experimentalmente importante para a elucidação dos fatores genéticos e ambientais que podem afetar o transporte mucociliar e saúde pulmonar 1. O protocolo simples desenvolvido para a imagem com o mouse epitélio das vias aéreas fornece um método eficiente para interrogar a motilidade dos cílios das vias aéreas em modelos mutantes e nocaute do mouse e exigem apenas conhecimentos básicos de rato dissecação do tecido traqueal e de imagem ex vivo da motilidade dos cílios das vias aéreas, com alta videomicroscopia resolução. Este protocolo foi criado e aperfeiçoado durante uma tela de mutagênese em larga escala do mouse para permitir uma avaliação rápida da função cílios móveis (freqüência de batimento dos cílios, cílios batida forma, o fluxo gerado cílios) em mutantes com doença cardíaca congênita associada heterotaxy 2-5. As técnicas atuais utilizadas para estudar a motilidade dos cílios das vias aéreas podem ser agrupados em um ou outro do tipo ex vivo aguda ou lontermo ger em abordagens experimentais in vitro. Experimentos agudos incluem a visualização ex vivo de nasais / vias aéreas biópsias escova humanos 6,7 e análise de seções transversais das vias respiratórias simples 8. As aproximações in vitro utilizam várias técnicas de cultura de células para gerar folhas de epitélios ciliados diferenciado tal como em culturas de interface líquido das vias aéreas ou culturas em suspensão de 9-11. No entanto, estas técnicas reciliation epitélios das vias aéreas requerem um investimento muito significativa no tempo de formação e antes de quaisquer células epiteliais ciliadas utilizáveis ​​são produzidos por experimentação (4-6 semanas 9,10). Enquanto a análise ex vivo aguda das vias aéreas de biópsias da escova epiteliais são comumente utilizados em estudos clínicos humanos, este método não pode ser utilizado em estudos de rato, devido à lesão do tecido exacerbada mecânico 12. A técnica descrita neste protocolo para análise do moustraqueal epitélio das vias aéreas e não é apenas simples de executar, mas não requer habilidades especiais de dissecação, nem qualquer equipamento especializado, além daqueles padrão para imagens por videomicroscopia. Há muitas vantagens para este protocolo simples. Em primeiro lugar, como o rato traqueia colheita tecidual é rápido e fácil de realizar, que permite a avaliação rápida da função dos cílios das vias respiratórias em um grande número de ratinhos. Isto pode incluir a análise aguda dos efeitos a curto prazo de diferentes tratamentos na in vitro. Por outro lado, sendo uma técnica ex vivo, o epitélio das vias respiratórias ciliado permanece ligada a ela subjacente e tecidos de suporte, assim, conservar as vias de sinalização celulares associadas. Portanto, em comparação com reciliated no epitélio das vias respiratórias in vitro, esta preparação é a melhor representação do ambiente natural no tecido in vivo. Em terceiro lugar, este protocolo permite a aquisição de um número de diferentes parâmetros quantitativos que podem fornecer a avaliação objetiva de móveis cílios função. Finalmente, em contraste com outros métodos actuais para a visualização dos cílios das vias aéreas, este protocolo permite a visualização dos cílios, perpendicularmente à direcção batimento ciliar, o que permite ver o perfil dos cílios, que é óptimo para imagens de alta resolução dos batimentos dos cílios e geração de onda de metachronal . Este protocolo pode ser modificado num certo número de maneiras de lidar com uma vasta gama de necessidades experimentais, tais como o papel de agentes farmacológicos, factores genéticos, exposições ambientais e / ou de factores mecânicos, tais como a carga do muco das vias respiratórias em função dos cílios e geração / manutenção batimento dos cílios das vias aéreas e propagação de ondas metachronal.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments (optional)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Leibovitz's L-15 Medium </td>
 <td>Invitrogen </td>
 <td>21083-027 </td>
 <td>No phenol red </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fetal bovine serum </td>
 <td>Hyclone </td>
 <td>SH30088.03 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Penicillin-Streptomycin </td>
 <td>Invitrogen </td>
 <td>15140-122 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2x fine forceps </td>
 <td>Roboz </td>
 <td>RS-4976 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dissection scissors </td>
 <td>Roboz </td>
 <td>RS-5676 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Micro dissection scissors </td>
 <td>Roboz </td>
 <td>RS-5620 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Scalpel </td>
 <td>Roboz </td>
 <td>RS-9801-15 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>P1000 pipetman </td>
 <td>Gilson, Inc </td>
 <td>F123602 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>P1000 tips </td>
 <td>Molecular BioProducts </td>
 <td>2079E </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>18 mm round glass cover slips </td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific </td>
 <td>430588 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Plastic 35 mm culture dishes </td>
 <td>Corning </td>
 <td>430588 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Glass bottom 35 mm culture dishes </td>
 <td>Warner Instruments </td>
 <td>W3 64-0758 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Silicone sheet 0.012" (0.3 mm) thick </td>
 <td>AAA Acme Rubber Co </td>
 <td>CASS-.012X36-63908 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>0.20 &mu;m diameter Fluoresbrite YG Carboxylate Microspheres </td>
 <td>Polysciences </td>
 <td>09834-10 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Inverted microscope, with 100x oil objective and DIC filters </td>
 <td>Lecia</td>
 <td>DMIRE2 </td>
 <td>Brand is not critical. </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>100-watt mercury lamp, epifluorescent FITC excitation/emission filters</td>
 <td>Lecia </td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Brand is not critical.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microscope stage Incubator</td>
 <td>Lecia </td>
 <td>11521749 </td>
 <td>Not required if imaging cilia at room temperature</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>High-speed camera bright field </td>
 <td>Vision Research </td>
 <td>Phantom v4.2 </td>
 <td>Brand is not critical. Must be faster than 125 fps</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>High-speed fluorescent camera </td>
 <td>Hamamatsu </td>
 <td>C9100-12 </td>
 <td>Brand is not critical. Must be faster than 10 fps</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Movie analysis software</td>
 <td>National Institutes of Health</td>
 <td>ImageJ with MtrackJ plugin</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

ex vivo method for high resolution imaging of cilia motility in rodent airway epithelia

Uma técnica ex vivo para a imagem do mouse epitélio das vias aéreas para a análise quantitativa da função dos cílios móveis importante para a introspecção em função de transporte mucociliar foi estabelecida. Recém-colhida rato traquéia é cortado longitudinalmente através do músculo traqueal e montado em uma câmara com paredes rasas em um prato de vidro de fundo. A amostra de traqueia é posicionado ao longo do seu eixo longitudinal para tirar vantagem do músculo traqueal de enrolar longitudinalmente. Isto permite que imagens de movimento ciliar na vista de perfil ao longo de todo o comprimento traqueal. Vídeos em 200 frames / seg são obtidos usando microscopia de contraste de interferência diferencial e uma câmera digital de alta velocidade para permitir a análise quantitativa da frequência do batimento ciliar e de forma de onda ciliar. Com a adição de partículas fluorescentes durante a imagem, o fluxo de fluido gerado pestanas também podem ser determinados. O tempo de protocolo abrange cerca de 30 min, com 5 min para a preparação de câmara, 5-10 min para a amostramontagem e 10-15 minutos para videomicroscopia.

Controle cílios das vias aéreas devem ser claramente visíveis e visto a bater de forma coordenada (Filme Suplementar 1; reprodução do filme é retardado até 15% o tempo real), com fluxo perceptível na direção do batimento ciliar (Filme Suplementar 2; reprodução do filme é 100% em tempo real). Quantificação de filmes cílios devem produzir resultados semelhantes ao observado na Figura 3. Recolha de filmes DIC alta velocidade torna possível a quantificaçã...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia at JoVE.com

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

Uma técnica simples e confiável para a visualização e quantificação das vias aéreas motilidade cílios e cílios fluxo gerado usando o mouse traquéia é descrito. Esta técnica pode ser modificado para determinar como uma ampla variedade de factores que influenciam a motilidade dos cílios, incluindo agentes farmacológicos, factores genéticos, exposições ambientais e / ou de factores mecânicos, tais como a carga do muco.

O método ex vivo para High Resolution Imaging de Motilidade Cilia em Rodent Airway Epithelia

An ex vivo technique for imaging mouse airway epithelia for quantitative  analysis of motile cilia function important for insight into mucociliary  ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

20.7K visualizações.  University of Pittsburgh. Uma técnica simples e confiável para a visualização e quantificação das vias aéreas motilidade cílios e cílios fluxo gerado usando o mouse traquéia é descrito. Esta técnica pode ser modificado para determinar como uma ampla variedade de factores que influenciam a motilidade dos cílios, incluindo agentes farmacológicos, factores genéticos, exposições ambientais e / ou de factores mecânicos, tais como a carga do muco.

Vídeo: Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

Neuronal Cell Cultures from Aplysia for High-Resolution Imaging of Growth Cones

Neuronal growth cones are the highly motile structures at the tip of axons that can detect guidance cues in the environment and transduce this information into directional movement towards the appropriate target cell. To fully understand how guidance information is transmitted from the cell surface to the underlying dynamic cytoskeletal networks, one needs a model system suitable for live cell imaging of protein dynamics at high temporal and spatial resolution. Typical vertebrate growth cones are too small to quantitatively analyze F-actin and microtubule dynamics. Neurons from the sea hare Aplysia californica are 5-10 times larger than vertebrate neurons, can easily be kept at room temperature and are very robust cells for micromanipulation and biophysical measurements. Their growth cones have very defined cytoplasmic regions and a well-described cytoskeletal system. The neuronal cell bodies can be microinjected with a variety of probes for studying growth cone motility and guidance. In the present protocol we demonstrate a procedure for dissection of the abdominal ganglion, culture of bag cell neurons and setting up an imaging chamber for live cell imaging of growth cones.

Aplysia californica neurons develop large growth cones in culture that are excellent for high-resolution imaging of growth cone motility and guidance. Here, we present a protocol for dissection and plating of Aplysia bag cell neurons as well as for setting up a chamber for live cell imaging.

Culturas de células neuronais de Aplysia para imagens de alta resolução de Cones de Crescimento

Neuronal growth cones are the highly motile structures at the tip of axons that can detect guidance cues in the environment and transduce this information ...

Biologia

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

Método para a Cultura de Embriões início pintainho ex vivo (Nova Cultura)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

High-Resolution Video Tracking of Locomotion in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster

Flies provide an important model for studying complex behavior due to the plethora of genetic tools available to researchers in this field. Studying locomotor behavior in Drosophila melanogaster relies on the ability to be able to quantify changes in motion during or in response to a given task. For this reason, a high-resolution video tracking system, such as the one we describe in this paper, is a valuable tool for measuring locomotion in real-time. Our protocol involves the use of an initial air pulse to break the flies momentum, followed by a thirty second filming period in a square chamber. A tracking program is then used to calculate the instantaneous speed of each fly within the chamber in 10 msec increments. Analysis software then compiles this data, and outputs a variety of parameters such as average speed, max speed, time spent in motion, acceleration, etc. This protocol will discuss proper feeding and management of flies for behavioral tasks, handling flies without anesthetization or immobilization, setting up a controlled environment, and running the assay from start to finish.

The study of complex locomotor behavior in Drosophila melanogaster is dependent upon the ability to quantify changes in a given fly's movement. This article demonstrates how to do this using a high-resolution tracking system.

De alta resolução de vídeo de Rastreamento Locomotion em Adult Drosophila melanogaster

Flies provide an important model for studying complex behavior due to the plethora of genetic tools available to researchers in this field.  Studying ...

In vivo Imaging of Intact Drosophila Larvae at Sub-cellular Resolution

Recent improvements in optical imaging, genetically encoded fluorophores and genetic tools allowing efficient establishment of desired transgenic animal lines have enabled biological processes to be studied in the context of a living, and in some instances even behaving, organism. In this protocol we will describe how to anesthetize intact Drosophila larvae, using the volatile anesthetic desflurane, to follow the development and plasticity of synaptic populations at sub-cellular resolution1-3. While other useful methods to anesthetize Drosophila melanogaster larvae have been previously described4,5,6,7,8, the protocol presented herein demonstrates significant improvements due to the following combined key features: (1) A very high degree of anesthetization; even the heart beat is arrested allowing for lateral resolution of up to 150 nm1, (2) a high survival rate of &gt; 90% per anesthetization cycle, permitting the recording of more than five time-points over a period of hours to days2 and (3) a high sensitivity enabling us in 2 instances to study the dynamics of proteins expressed at physiological levels. In detail, we were able to visualize the postsynaptic glutamate receptor subunit GluR-IIA expressed via the endogenous promoter1 in stable transgenic lines and the exon trap line FasII-GFP1. (4) In contrast to other methods4,7 the larvae can be imaged not only alive, but also intact (i.e. non-dissected) allowing observation to occur over a number of days1. The accompanying video details the function of individual parts of the in vivo imaging chamber2,3, the correct mounting of the larvae, the anesthetization procedure, how to re-identify specific positions within a larva and the safe removal of the larvae from the imaging chamber.

In vivo Imaging of Intact Drosophila Larvae at Sub-cellular Resolution

This protocol describes a reliable method for anesthetization and imaging of intact Drosophila melanogaster larvae. We have utilized the volatile anesthetic desflurane to allow for repetitive imaging at sub-cellular resolution and re-identification of structures for up to a few days1.

Na imagem in vivo de larvas Drosophila Intact no Sub-celular Resolução

Recent improvements in optical imaging, genetically encoded fluorophores and genetic tools allowing efficient establishment of desired transgenic animal ...

A Novel Ex vivo Culture Method for the Embryonic Mouse Heart

Developmental studies in the mouse are hampered by the inaccessibility of the embryo during gestation. Thus, protocols to isolate and culture individual organs of interest are essential to provide a method of both visualizing changes in development and allowing novel treatment strategies. To promote the long-term culture of the embryonic heart at late stages of gestation, we developed a protocol in which the excised heart is cultured in a semi-solid, dilute Matrigel. This substrate provides enough support to maintain the three-dimensional structure but is flexible enough to allow continued contraction. In brief, hearts are excised from the embryo and placed in a mixture of cold Matrigel diluted 1:1 with growth medium. After the diluted Matrigel solidifies, growth medium is added to the culture dish. Hearts excised as late as embryonic day 16.5 were viable for four days post-dissection. Analysis of the coronary plexus shows that this method does not disrupt coronary vascular development. Thus, we present a novel method for long-term culture of embryonic hearts.

A Novel Ex vivo Culture Method for the Embryonic Mouse Heart

Developmental studies in the mouse are hampered by the inaccessibility of the embryo during gestation. To promote the long-term culture of the embryonic heart at late stages of gestation, we developed a protocol in which the excised heart is cultured in a semi-solid, dilute Matrigel.

A Novel<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Método de Cultura para o Rato coração embrionário

Developmental studies in the mouse are hampered  by the inaccessibility of the embryo during gestation. Thus, protocols to  isolate and culture individual ...

Spatiotemporal Mapping of Motility in Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intestines

Multiple approaches have been used to record and evaluate gastrointestinal motility including: recording changes in muscle tension, intraluminal pressure, and membrane potential. All of these approaches depend on measurement of activity at one or multiple locations along the gut simultaneously which are then interpreted to provide a sense of overall motility patterns. Recently, the development of video recording and spatiotemporal mapping (STmap) techniques have made it possible to observe and analyze complex patterns in ex vivo whole segments of colon and intestine. Once recorded and digitized, video records can be converted to STmaps in which the luminal diameter is converted to grayscale or color [called diameter maps (Dmaps)]. STmaps can provide data on motility direction (i.e., stationary, peristaltic, antiperistaltic), velocity, duration, frequency and strength of contractile motility patterns. Advantages of this approach include: analysis of interaction or simultaneous development of different motility patterns in different regions of the same segment, visualization of motility pattern changes over time, and analysis of how activity in one region influences activity in another region. Video recordings can be replayed with different timescales and analysis parameters so that separate STmaps and motility patterns can be analyzed in more detail. This protocol specifically details the effects of intraluminal fluid distension and intraluminal stimuli that affect motility generation. The use of luminal receptor agonists and antagonists provides mechanistic information on how specific patterns are initiated and how one pattern can be converted into another pattern. The technique is limited by the ability to only measure motility that causes changes in luminal diameter, without providing data on intraluminal pressure changes or muscle tension, and by the generation of artifacts based upon experimental setup; although, analysis methods can account for these issues. When compared to previous techniques the video recording and STmap approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of gastrointestinal motility.

Spatiotemporal Mapping of Motility in Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intestines

Recently available video recording and spatiotemporal mapping (STmap) techniques make it possible to visualize and quantify both propagating and mixing patterns of intestinal motility. The goal of this protocol is to explain the generation and analysis of STmaps using the GastroIntestinal Motility Monitoring (GIMM) system.

Mapeamento espacial e temporal da motilidade em<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Preparações dos intestinos

Multiple approaches have been used to record and evaluate gastrointestinal motility including: recording changes in muscle tension, intraluminal pressure, ...

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, is expressed in neurons in response to various stimuli. The protein product can be readily detected with immunohistochemical techniques leading to the use of c-FOS detection to map groups of neurons that display changes in their activity. In this article, we focused on the identification of brainstem neuronal populations involved in the ventilatory adaptation to hypoxia or hypercapnia. Two approaches were described to identify involved neuronal populations in vivo in animals and ex vivo in deafferented brainstem preparations. In vivo, animals were exposed to hypercapnic or hypoxic gas mixtures. Ex vivo, deafferented preparations were superfused with hypoxic or hypercapnic artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In both cases, either control in vivo animals or ex vivo preparations were maintained under normoxic and normocapnic conditions. The comparison of these two approaches allows the determination of the origin of the neuronal activation i.e., peripheral and/or central. In vivo and ex vivo, brainstems were collected, fixed, and sliced into sections. Once sections were prepared, immunohistochemical detection of the c-FOS protein was made in order to identify the brainstem groups of cells activated by hypoxic or hypercapnic stimulations. Labeled cells were counted in brainstem respiratory structures. In comparison to the control condition, hypoxia or hypercapnia increased the number of c-FOS labeled cells in several specific brainstem sites that are thus constitutive of the neuronal pathways involved in the adaptation of the central respiratory drive.

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Here, we present a protocol based on c-FOS protein immunohistological detection, a classical technique used for the identification of neuronal populations involved in specific physiological responses in vivo and ex vivo.

A proteína c-Fos Detecção imuno: Uma ferramenta útil como um marcador de vias centrais envolvidos em respostas fisiológicas específicas<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; e<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, ...

A High Resolution Method to Monitor Phosphorylation-dependent Activation of IRF3

The IRF3 transcription factor is critical for the first line of defense against pathogens mainly through interferon &#946; and antiviral gene expression. A detailed analysis of IRF3 activation is essential to understand how pathogens induce or evade the innate antiviral response. Distinct activated forms of IRF3 can be distinguished based on their phosphorylation and monomer vs dimer status. In vivo discrimination between the different activated species of IRF3 can be achieved through the separation of IRF3 phosphorylated forms based on their mobility shifts on SDS-PAGE. Additionally, the levels of IRF3 monomer and dimer can be monitored using non-denaturing electrophoresis. Here, we detail a procedure to reach the highest resolution to gain the most information regarding IRF3 activation status. This is achieved through the combination of a high resolution SDS-PAGE and a native-PAGE coupled to immunoblots using multiple total and phosphospecific antibodies. This experimental strategy constitutes an affordable and sensitive approach to acquire all the necessary information for a complete analysis of the phosphorylation-mediated activation of IRF3.

Here we describe a procedure allowing a detailed analysis of the phosphorylation-dependent activation of the IRF3 transcription factor. This is achieved through the combination of a high resolution SDS-PAGE and a native-PAGE coupled to immunoblots using multiple phosphospecific antibodies.

Uma resolução alta Método de Monitoramento de Ativação fosforilação dependente de IRF3

The IRF3 transcription factor is critical for the first line of defense against pathogens mainly through interferon &#946; and antiviral gene expression. ...

High-resolution Time-lapse Imaging and Automated Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics in Living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes within individual endothelial cells (ECs). These processes are critical for homeostatic maintenance such as wound healing, and are also crucial in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. EC morphology is defined by the organization of the cytoskeleton, a tightly regulated system of actin and microtubule (MT) dynamics that is known to control EC branching, polarity and directional migration, essential components of angiogenesis. To study MT dynamics, we used high-resolution fluorescence microscopy coupled with computational image analysis of fluorescently-labeled MT plus-ends to investigate MT growth dynamics and the regulation of EC branching morphology and directional migration. Time-lapse imaging of living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) was performed following transfection with fluorescently-labeled MT End Binding protein 3 (EB3) and Mitotic Centromere Associated Kinesin (MCAK)-specific cDNA constructs to evaluate effects on MT dynamics. PlusTipTracker software was used to track EB3-labeled MT plus ends in order to measure MT growth speeds and MT growth lifetimes in time-lapse images. This methodology allows for the study of MT dynamics and the identification of how localized regulation of MT dynamics within sub-cellular regions contributes to the angiogenic processes of EC branching and migration.

Protocols for Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) culture, transient transfection of fluorescently-labeled markers of microtubule growth, live-cell imaging and automated analysis of interphase microtubule growth dynamics are detailed.

De alta resolução de imagem Time-lapse e análise automatizada de microtúbulos Dynamics em Viver umbilical humano Células Endoteliais da Veia

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes ...

High-resolution Imaging and Analysis of Individual Astral Microtubule Dynamics in Budding Yeast

Dynamic microtubules are fundamental to many cellular processes, and accurate measurements of microtubule dynamics can provide insight into how cells regulate these processes and how genetic mutations impact regulation. The quantification of microtubule dynamics in metazoan models has a number of associated challenges, including a high microtubule density and limitations on genetic manipulations. In contrast, the budding yeast model offers advantages that overcome these challenges. This protocol describes a method to measure the dynamics of single microtubules in living yeast cells. Cells expressing fluorescently tagged tubulin are adhered to assembled slide chambers, allowing for stable time-lapse image acquisition. A detailed guide for high-speed, four-dimensional image acquisition is also provided, as well as a protocol for quantifying the properties of dynamic microtubules in confocal image stacks. This method, combined with conventional yeast genetics, provides an approach that is uniquely suited for quantitatively assessing the effects of microtubule regulators or mutations that alter the activity of tubulin subunits.

Budding yeast is an advantageous model for studying microtubule dynamics in vivo due to its powerful genetics and the simplicity of its microtubule cytoskeleton. The following protocol describes how to transform and culture yeast cells, acquire confocal microscopy images, and quantitatively analyze microtubule dynamics in living yeast cells.

Imagens de alta resolução e Análise de individuais Astral microtúbulos Dynamics em brotamento Yeast

Dynamic microtubules are fundamental to many cellular processes, and accurate measurements of microtubule dynamics can provide insight into how cells ...