The authors have no acknowledgements.

NOTA: Todos os procedimentos com animais foram realizados com a aprovação do Comitê de Cuidados e Uso Animal Institucional (IACUC) da Universidade de Cincinnati, e de acordo com o Guia para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laboratório do National Institutes of Health (NIH Publication Nenhum . 85-23, revista em 1996). 1. Eutanásia e esterilizar o mouse <ol><li> Posicione o mouse em um dropbox contendo uma dose supratheraputic de isoflurano e permitir a inalar para o efeito. Uma vez que o rato é sacrificado, retirar da caixa. </li><li> Cervicalmente deslocar como um segundo meio de eutanásia. </li><li> Esteriliza-se a superfície externa do rato, pela limpeza do animal com etanol a 70%. </li></ol> 2. Identificação e isolamento de três Depots adiposo Diferentes <ol><li> Brown tecido adiposo (BAT) Isolamento: <ol><li> Certifique-se que a pele está molhada do álcool de limpeza para ajudar na corte através da epiderme e da derme Layers. </li><li> Posicione o mouse em decúbito dorsal, com as costas contra a mesa. </li><li> Agarre a pele logo abaixo do diafragma com uma pinça, elevador e inciso com uma tesoura. </li><li> Cortado transversalmente em torno da circunferência do rato para expor o peritoneu. </li><li> Revele a BAT depósito em forma de borboleta por degloving a metade superior do mouse. Segure os apêndices inferiores e abdômen em uma mão e puxar a pele para cima em direção à cabeça. </li><li> Orientar o rato, de modo que fique posicionado em pronação na tabela. Tenha cuidado para não contaminar o depósito exposto com o cabelo. </li><li> Instrumentos cirúrgicos limpos e mudança para um novo par de luvas. </li><li> Localize as escápulas e depósito correspondente. Remova cuidadosamente qualquer adiposo branco superficial sobre a borboleta e depois dissecar a borboleta da gordura marrom interescapular. Tenha cuidado para evitar o músculo intimamente associada com a gordura marrom. NOTA: O uso de um microscópio de dissecação é recomendado para a remoção do white adiposo, bem como na separação do tecido adiposo castanho de as escápulas. </li><li> Remover depósito de gordura e transferir para um tubo de microcentrífuga de 2 ml. </li><li> Se o ARN ou proteína está a ser extraída, congelar o tecido por imersão em azoto líquido e armazenar a -80 ° C. Congelar a amostra ao mesmo tempo para evitar a degradação. Se a cultura, cobrir o tecido em DMEF-12 e definir sobre o gelo até que todas as amostras são coletadas para a cultura (informação suplementar). </li></ol></li><li> Isolamento de tecido adiposo subcutâneo (SQ), um branco tecido adiposo Depot (WAT): <ol><li> Coloque em um novo par de luvas para não contaminar entre depósitos de gordura. </li><li> Revelar o inguinal, depósitos SQ triangulares por De-gloving a metade inferior do mouse. Segure os apêndices superiores e tórax em uma mão e puxar a pele para baixo em direção aos pés com a outra mão. </li><li> Orientar o mouse em decúbito dorsal, tomando cuidado para não contaminar o depósito exposto com o cabelo. </li><li> Limpe surgicainstrumentos L e mudança para um novo par de luvas. </li><li> Dissecar cuidadosamente os triângulos de gordura SQ. Tenha cuidado para não contaminar a amostra com o músculo, vizinha de gordura, glândulas mamárias ou cortando os navios e contaminar a amostra de sangue. NOTA: O uso de um microscópio de dissecção é recomendado se as fronteiras não estão claramente definidos. </li><li> Remover os depósitos de gordura e transferir para tubos de microcentrífuga de 2 ml. </li><li> Se o ARN ou proteína está a ser extraída, congelar o tecido por imersão em azoto líquido e armazenar a -80 ° C. Congelar a amostra ao mesmo tempo para evitar a degradação. </li><li> Para a coloração, corrigir ou incorporar em outubro Se a cultura, cobrir o tecido em DMEF-12 e definir sobre o gelo até que todas as amostras são coletadas para a cultura (informação suplementar). </li></ol></li><li> Isolamento de gonadal Fat um Tissue Visceral adiposo (IVA) e branco tecido adiposo (WAT) Depot: <ol><li> Coloque em um novo par de luvas para não contaminar entre depósitos de gordura. </li><li> Com scissors, cortar transversalmente o peritoneu, directamente abaixo do diafragma. Corte o peritônio do diafragma até meados reto coronally para expor órgãos abdominais. </li><li> Localizar os testículos ou ovários e identificar o tecido adiposo branco em anexo, conhecido como o adiposo epididimal em machos ou fêmeas em adiposo gonadal. </li><li> Instrumentos cirúrgicos limpos e mudar para um novo par de luvas </li><li> Dissecar cuidadosamente ambos os depósitos de gordura do epidídimo dos testículos, epidídimos, e canais deferentes. Ou, se do sexo feminino, dissecar cuidadosamente ambas as pastilhas de gordura gonadal dos ovários. </li><li> Remover depósitos de gordura e transferi-los para 2 tubos ml de microcentrífuga. </li><li> Se o ARN ou proteína está a ser extraída, congelar o tecido por imersão em azoto líquido e armazenar a -80 ° C. Congelar a amostra ao mesmo tempo para evitar a degradação. </li><li> Para a coloração, corrigir ou incorporar em outubro Se a cultura, cobrir o tecido em DMEF-12 e definir sobre o gelo até que todas as amostras são coletadas para a cultura (informação suplementar). </li&gt; </ol></li></ol> 3. Isolamento de tecido adiposo perivascular (PVAT) <ol><li> O isolamento do coração: <ol><li> Coloque o mouse em uma posição supina com apêndices superiores e inferiores estendidos para fora. </li><li> Apêndices seguros usando fita cirúrgica. </li><li> Depois de posicionar o mouse como listado acima, criar tensão, levantando-se no apêndice xifóide com uma pinça. Corte horizontal através do diafragma, expondo a porção inferior da cavidade torácica. </li><li> Apesar de manter a tensão, levantando-a do apêndice xifóide, cortar a caixa torácica superiormente para a cabeça, apenas para o lado do esterno. </li><li> Pegue a caixa torácica apenas inferior à clavícula, e corte ao longo do comprimento inferior da clavícula em direção a axila em ambas as direções. A cavidade torácica e seu conteúdo (coração, pulmões, etc.) agora deve ser claramente visível. </li><li> Limpe a cavidade torácica do sangue alheio e fluido usando ga estérilUze para absorver o fluido. Se coleta órgãos ou vasos não se esqueça de profusa (informação suplementar). </li><li> Uma vez que a área está limpa de fluido, o corte dos vasos e brônquios correspondentes a remoção dos pulmões, o que permite uma melhor exposição do coração. </li></ol></li><li> Localização e Excisão da aorta perivascular tecido adiposo (PVAT): <ol><li> Remova os seguintes órgãos para melhor identificar as partes inferiores da aorta: fígado, estômago, baço, pâncreas, intestinos e cólon. </li><li> Primeiro começa com a identificação do estômago e do esôfago. Cortar o esófago na junção gastro-esofágica para libertar o estômago do corpo. </li><li> Em seguida, identificar os intestinos e do mesentério circundante. Cortar superficialmente através de mesentério, já que fica muito perto da porção renal da aorta, em seguida, &quot;executar o intestino.&quot; </li><li> Cortar o cólon libertar o mais próximo do recto quanto possível. Deste modo, libertando o estômago, intestino e cólon do rato. </li><li> Remover-se o estômago, intestino, cólon, pâncreas e baço, cortando através do mesentério de fixação e navios. O pâncreas e baço deve vir livre com o estômago, intestino e cólon. </li><li> Retire o fígado cortando as veias hepáticas e anexando mesentério, remova todos os lobos. </li><li> Cortar a camada visceral e gordura cercam os rins. Deixar os rins ligados à aorta in vivo para servir como marcadores geográficos para diferentes segmentos da aorta. </li><li> Lavar a área com 1x PBS estéril e remover todo o fluido por absorção com uma gaze estéril. </li><li> Usando micro-tesouras e micro-fórceps, separar a aorta do seu apego à espinha dorsal e ventral a sua fixação para o esôfago. </li><li> Isolar a aorta, seguindo e destacando a aorta do comprimento da aorta descendente a partir da origem no coração até a bifurcação na região ilíaca. </li><li> Identificar e isolar os vasos subclávia. Isolar esses naviosdesde o pescoço até a raiz aórtica para melhor expor a junção da raiz aórtica e no coração. </li><li> Remover o timo, em seguida, cortado a artéria inominada, a artéria carótida comum esquerda, e a artéria subclávia esquerda, permitindo o movimento do coração. </li><li> Com o auxílio de um microscópio de dissecação, visualizar o tecido adiposo (PVAT) camada perivascular ao redor da aorta. </li><li> Tomar muito cuidado para não beliscar ou apertar o PVAT, retire com cuidado o caminho PVAT da aorta com micro-fórceps. Suavemente cortar a ligação do PVAT à aorta com micro-tesouras começando na região torácica logo acima, onde o diafragma está localizado. NOTA: Um microscópio de dissecção é recomendada. </li><li> Repetir este processo de todo o comprimento da aorta, terminando na região da aorta infra-renal, a qual está localizada logo acima da bifurcação ilíaca do vaso aórtico. </li><li> Se arco aórtico PVAT é desejada, usou o mesmo método para remover o PVAT do menor curvature do arco. </li><li> Coloque as amostras PVAT em 2 ml de tubo (s) de microcentrífuga. </li><li> Se o ARN ou proteína está a ser extraída, congelar o tecido por imersão em azoto líquido e armazenar a -80 ° C. Congelar a amostra ao mesmo tempo para evitar a degradação. Se a cultura, cobrir o tecido em DMEF-12 e definir sobre o gelo até que todas as amostras são coletadas para a cultura (informação suplementar). NOTA: depósitos adiposos adicionais a considerar se estiver interessado em uma análise abrangente depósito adiposo incluem: retroperitoneal, mesentérica, omental, pericárdio e poplítea. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or other conflicts of interest.

A obesidade pode levar a uma grande série de morbidades e o pleno entendimento do papel que desempenha adiposo não é totalmente compreendido; Por conseguinte, continua a pesquisa no campo da adiposo é necessário. Os modelos animais, especificamente modelos murinos são ideais para a pesquisa inicial na progressão de doenças e ensaios de tratamentos farmacêuticos potenciais. Na utilização destes modelos, o isolamento e a excisão precisa de depósitos de tecido adiposo é uma ferramenta extremamente importante ...

Adiposo fez uma aparição notável nos holofotes da mídia, devido ao aumento dramático da obesidade durante as últimas décadas do século 20. Obesidade afeta atualmente mais de um terço dos adultos e 17% das crianças e adolescentes nos Estados Unidos (EUA) 1. Abrangendo todos os grupos étnicos, a pesquisa estatística em torno da epidemia de obesidade tem mostrado que os negros não-hispânicos têm a maior taxa ajustada por idade de obesidade (49,5%) em comparação com os mexicanos-americanos (40,4%), todos os hispânicos (39,1%) e não- hispânicos (34,3%) 2. O efeito econômico da obesidade também é uma preocupação crescente para o sistema de saúde. Em 2012, estima-se que o custo médico anual de cuidados para a obesidade em os EUA em 2005 foi de 190,2 bilhões dólares, quase 21% do orçamento global da despesa médica. Infelizmente, a obesidade infantil foi estimada a ser responsável por US $ 14 bilhões em custos médicos diretos sozinho. Estatisticamente, determinou-se que a média de custo médico deindivíduos com obesidade foi de $ 2741 mais elevado de um ano do que aqueles sem esta morbidade 3-5. A obesidade é um importante fator de risco para uma variedade de condições, tais como: diabetes tipo 2, dislipidemia, doenças cardiovasculares, câncer, distúrbios osteo-musculares e inflamação crônica. A obesidade está profundamente ligada à patogênese da síndrome metabólica e outras doenças crônicas 6-8. Com tais conexões drásticas e negativas entre a obesidade e outras comorbidades, a investigação científica tem concentrado a atenção para entender melhor a atual epidemia e os papéis diversos e central desempenhado pelas adiposo. Historicamente, o tecido adiposo foi considerada irrelevante e foi visto apenas como um tecido de enchimento simples. Atualmente, adiposo foi mostrado para desempenhar vários papéis essenciais em função do corpo em: metabolismo, a regulação hormonal, inflamação, proteção e isolamento 9. O tecido adiposo é composto principalmente deadipócitos, mas também contém pericitos, células endoteliais, macrófagos e monócitos, células estaminais pluripotentes 8. O tecido adiposo é distribuído por todo o corpo em depósitos distintos. Os principais depósitos podem ser encontrados subdermicamente, por via subcutânea, intramuscular, e visceral 10. Depósitos adiposos demonstraram possuir perfis metabólicos específicos de depósito, os quais mostraram uma susceptibilidade específica depósito de obesidade e distúrbios relacionados 8. Tradicionalmente, o tecido adiposo foi classificado em dois tipos principais: o tecido adiposo branco (WAT) e tecido adiposo marrom (BAT); embora a literatura recente indica as presenças de um terceiro grupo batizado brite ou bege adiposo 11. O tecido adiposo foi mostrado para ter cores diferentes, as morfologias, funções metabólicas, características bioquímicas e padrões de expressão genética 10. Os adipócitos em WAT ter um único, grande gota lipídica e quantidades variáveis ​​de mitocôndrias. WATé predominantemente encontrado em localidades subcutâneas e viscerais do corpo. Funções WAT principalmente como um local de armazenamento de energia e proteção de órgãos. Os adipócitos em BAT têm uma morfologia multilocular e mitocôndrias abundantes. MTD está localizada principalmente no pescoço e grandes vasos sanguíneos do tórax, bem como as escápulas 12. MTD principalmente funções em comportamentos de gasto de energia que regulam a termogênese 7. Brite adiposo ou bege foi mostrado para partilhar uma morfologia e expressão análoga à MTD, mas foi encontrado para ser originado a partir de adipócitos brancos 11. O método cirúrgico descrito neste manuscrito fornece aos pesquisadores com a capacidade de analisar os diferentes efeitos que os fatores tais como: ambiente, produtos farmacêuticos, e genética, têm no tecido adiposo; bem como o adiposo papel benéfico ou prejudicial desempenha na doença e na saúde em geral. Além disso, proporcionar uma forma de identificar e isolar diferentes tipos de tecido adiposo parapermitir uma melhor compreensão das relações bioquímicas e diferenças entre depósitos. Isto pode ajudar a determinar a relação entre a localização, a função, e tipos de gordura dentro do corpo. Este método descrito faz isso, fornecendo os meios para visualização bruta, a análise de expressão gênica, análise de expressão de proteínas, exame histológico, e isolamento de linhas de células primárias para estudos in vitro. Atualmente, existem muitos artigos que fornecem insights sobre o comportamento metabólico dos diferentes depósitos adiposos, bem como suas localizações anatômicas; mas não fornecem um método em profundidade sobre como localizar especificamente, identificar e isolar esses depósitos. Este método fornece uma técnica cirúrgica precisa que permite o isolamento de vários depósitos, com uma quantidade mínima de dissecção e a contaminação em comparação com outros métodos concebidos para o isolado de um ou dois depósitos 13-14. O objetivo deste protocolo é o de proporcionarum método de precisão para a identificação e isolamento de diferentes tipos de depósitos de gordura a partir de várias localizações anatómicas.

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">isoflurane</td>
			<td>Med-Vet International&#160;</td>
			<td>#RXISO-250</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">70% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">07-678-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">DMEF-12</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">D-6421</td>
			<td>Warm in waterbath before putting on tissue</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">2 mL microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Midsci</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">MCT-200-C-S</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">P5368-10PAK</td>
			<td></td>
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localization, identification, and excision of murine adipose depots

Obesity has increased dramatically in the last few decades and affects over one third of the adult US population. The economic effect of obesity in 2005 reached a staggering sum of $190.2 billion in direct medical costs alone. Obesity is a major risk factor for a wide host of diseases. Historically, little was known regarding adipose and its major and essential functions in the body. Brown and white adipose are the two main types of adipose but current literature has identified a new type of fat called brite or beige adipose. Research has shown that adipose depots have specific metabolic profiles and certain depots allow for a propensity for obesity and other related disorders. The goal of this protocol is to provide researchers the capacity to identify and excise adipose depots that will allow for the analysis of different factorial effects on adipose; as well as the beneficial or detrimental role adipose plays in disease and overall health. Isolation and excision of adipose depots allows investigators to look at gross morphological changes as well as histological changes. The adipose isolated can also be used for molecular studies to evaluate transcriptional and translational change or for in vitro experimentation to discover targets of interest and mechanisms of action. This technique is superior to other published techniques due to the design allowing for isolation of multiple depots with simplicity and minimal contamination.

Identificação e localização de tecido adiposo subcutâneo inguinal, adiposo castanho interescapular, adiposo epididimal visceral (Figura 1), bem como o tecido adiposo arco aórtico perivascular, adiposo da aorta torácica, adiposo supra-renal da aorta e do tecido adiposo da aorta infra-renal (Figura 2) foi alcançada com sucesso usando o método cirúrgico descrito. O exame histológico e diferenciação entre amostras MTD e Wat foram avaliados positivamente com Hematoxilina e Eosin...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Localization, Identification, and Excision of Murine Adipose Depots at JoVE.com

Localization, Identification, and Excision of Murine Adipose Depots

Devido à conexão drástica e negativa entre a obesidade e outras comorbidades, a investigação sobre o papel adiposo desempenha na doença e na saúde global é garantido. Apresenta-se um protocolo para o isolamento e a excisão de depósitos adiposos que permitam o estudo de tecido adiposo usando in situ e in vitro.

Localização, identificação e excisão de Depots Murino adiposo

Obesity has increased dramatically in the last few decades and affects over one third of the adult US population. The economic effect of obesity in 2005 ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

40.9K visualizações.  University of Cincinnati College of Medicine.  Devido à conexão drástica e negativa entre a obesidade e outras comorbidades, a investigação sobre o papel adiposo desempenha na doença e na saúde global é garantido. Apresenta-se um protocolo para o isolamento e a excisão de depósitos adiposos que permitam o estudo de tecido adiposo usando in situ e in vitro. 

Vídeo: Localization, Identification, and Excision of Murine Adipose Depots

A Simplified Technique for In situ Excision of Cornea and Evisceration of Retinal Tissue from Human Ocular Globe

Enucleation is the process of retrieving the ocular globe from a cadaveric donor leaving the rest of the globe undisturbed. Excision refers to the retrieval of ocular tissues, especially cornea, by cutting it separate from the ocular globe. Evisceration is the process of removing the internal organs referred here as retina. The ocular globe consists of the cornea, the sclera, the vitreous body, the lens, the iris, the retina, the choroid, muscles etc (Suppl. Figure 1). When a patient is suffering from corneal damage, the cornea needs to be removed and a healthy one must be transplanted by keratoplastic surgeries. Genetic disorders or defects in retinal function can compromise vision. Human ocular globes can be used for various surgical procedures such as eye banking, transplantation of human cornea or sclera and research on ocular tissues. However, there is little information available on human corneal and retinal excision, probably due to the limited accessibility to human tissues. Most of the studies describing similar procedures are performed on animal models. Research scientists rely on the availability of properly dissected and well-conserved ocular tissues in order to extend the knowledge on human eye development, homeostasis and function. As we receive high amount of ocular globes out of which approximately 40% (Table 1) of them are used for research purposes, we are able to perform huge amount of experiments on these tissues, defining techniques to excise and preserve them regularly.
The cornea is an avascular tissue which enables the transmission of light onto the retina and for this purpose should always maintain a good degree of transparency. Within the cornea, the limbus region, which is a reservoir of the stem cells, helps the reconstruction of epithelial cells and restricts the overgrowth of the conjunctiva maintaining corneal transparency and clarity. The size and thickness of the cornea are critical for clear vision, as changes in either of them could lead to distracted, unclear vision. The cornea comprises of 5 layers; a) epithelium, b) Bowman's layer, c) stroma, d) Descemet's membrane and e) endothelium. All layers should function properly to ensure clear vision4,5,6. The choroid is the intermediate tunic between the sclera and retina, bounded on the interior by the Bruch's membrane and is responsible for blood flow in the eye. The choroid also helps to regulate the temperature and supplies nourishment to the outer layers of the retina5,6. The retina is a layer of nervous tissue that covers the back of the ocular globe (Suppl. Figure 1) and consists of two parts: a photoreceptive part and a non-receptive part. The retina helps to receive the light from the cornea and lens and converts it into the chemical energy eventually transmitted to the brain with help of the optic nerve5,6.
The aim of this paper is to provide a protocol for the dissection of corneal and retinal tissues from human ocular globes. Avoiding cross-contamination with adjacent tissues and preserving RNA integrity is of fundamental importance as such tissues are indispensable for research purposes aimed at (i) characterizing the transcriptome of the ocular tissues, (ii) isolating stem cells for regenerative medicine projects, and (iii) evaluating histological differences between tissues from normal/affected subjects. In this paper we describe the technique we currently use to remove the cornea, the choroid and retinal tissues from an ocular globe. Here we provide a detailed protocol for the dissection of the human ocular globe and the excision of corneal and retinal tissues. The accompanying video will help researchers to learn an appropriate technique for the retrieval of precious human tissues which are difficult to find regularly.

A Simplified Technique for In situ Excision of Cornea and Evisceration of Retinal Tissue from Human Ocular Globe

The paper describes a simplified technique to excise corneal and to eviscerate retinal tissues from the ocular globe of human cadaveric donors. The technique described here will help to excise good quality tissues to be used for transplantation, surgical or research purposes without damaging other tissues of the ocular globe.

Uma técnica simplificada para<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Excisão de Córnea e evisceração de tecido da retina do globo ocular humano

Enucleation is the process of retrieving the ocular globe from a cadaveric donor leaving the rest of the globe undisturbed. Excision refers to the ...

Medicina

Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging of Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue

Brown adipose tissue (BAT), widely known as a &#8220;good fat&#8221; plays pivotal roles for thermogenesis in mammals. This special tissue is closely related to metabolism and energy expenditure, and its dysfunction is one important contributor for obesity and diabetes. Contrary to previous belief, recent PET/CT imaging studies indicated the BAT depots are still present in human adults. PET imaging clearly shows that BAT has considerably high uptake of 18F-FDG under certain conditions. In this video report, we demonstrate that Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) with 18F-FDG can be used to optically image BAT in small animals. BAT activation is observed after intraperitoneal injection of norepinephrine (NE) and cold treatment, and depression of BAT is induced by long anesthesia. Using multiple-filter Cerenkov luminescence imaging, spectral unmixing and 3D imaging reconstruction are demonstrated. Our results suggest that CLI with 18F-FDG is a practical technique for imaging BAT in small animals, and this technique can be used as a cheap, fast, and alternative imaging tool for BAT research.

In this video report, we show the application of Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) for interscapular brown adipose tissue in mice under activated and depressed conditions.

Cerenkov luminescência imagem de Interscapular Brown tecido adiposo

Brown adipose tissue (BAT), widely known as a &#8220;good fat&#8221; plays pivotal roles for thermogenesis in mammals. This special tissue is closely ...

Isolation and Excision of Murine Aorta; A Versatile Technique in the Study of Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease is a broad term describing disease of the heart and/or blood vessels. The main blood vessel supplying the body with oxygenated blood is the aorta. The aorta may become affected in diseases such as atherosclerosis and aneurysm. Researchers investigating these diseases would benefit from direct observation of the aorta to characterize disease progression as well as to evaluate efficacy of potential therapeutics. The goal of this protocol is to describe proper isolation and excision of the aorta to aid investigators researching cardiovascular disease. Isolation and excision of the aorta allows investigators to look at gross morphometric changes as wells as allowing them to preserve and stain the tissue to look at histologic changes if desired. The aorta may be used for molecular studies to evaluate protein and gene expression to discover targets of interest and mechanisms of action. This technique is superior to imaging modalities as they have inherent limitations in technology and cost. Additionally, primary isolated cells from a freshly isolated and excised aorta can allowing researchers to perform further in situ and in vitro assays. The isolation and excision of the aorta has the limitation of having to sacrifice the animal however, in this case the benefits outweigh the harm as it is the most versatile technique in the study of aortic disease.

Pathology of the aorta can lead to severe morbidity and mortality, therefore research of disease progression and potential therapies is warranted. Here, we present a protocol to isolate and excise the murine aorta to aid researchers in their investigation of cardiovascular disease.

Isolamento e excisão de Murino Aorta; A técnica versátil no Estudo de Doenças Cardiovasculares

Cardiovascular disease is a broad term describing disease of the heart and/or blood vessels. The main blood vessel supplying the body with oxygenated ...

Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images

Reliably differentiating brown adipose tissue (BAT) from other tissues using a non-invasive imaging method is an important step toward studying BAT in humans. Detecting BAT is typically confirmed by the uptake of the injected radioactive tracer 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) into adipose tissue depots, as measured by positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) scans after exposing the subject to cold stimulus. Fat-water separated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the ability to distinguish BAT without the use of a radioactive tracer. To date, MRI of BAT in adult humans has not been co-registered with cold-activated PET-CT. Therefore, this protocol uses 18F-FDG PET-CT scans to automatically generate a BAT mask, which is then applied to co-registered MRI scans of the same subject. This approach enables measurement of quantitative MRI properties of BAT without manual segmentation. BAT masks are created from two PET-CT scans: after exposure for 2 hr to either thermoneutral (TN) (24 &#176;C) or cold-activated (CA) (17 &#176;C) conditions. The TN and CA PET-CT scans are registered, and the PET standardized uptake and CT Hounsfield values are used to create a mask containing only BAT. CA and TN MRI scans are also acquired on the same subject and registered to the PET-CT scans in order to establish quantitative MRI properties within the automatically defined BAT mask. An advantage of this approach is that the segmentation is completely automated and is based on widely accepted methods for identification of activated BAT (PET-CT). The quantitative MRI properties of BAT established using this protocol can serve as the basis for an MRI-only BAT examination that avoids the radiation associated with PET-CT.

The method presented here uses 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) and fat-water separated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), each scanned following 2 hr exposure to thermoneutral (24 &#176;C) and cold conditions (17 &#176;C) in order to map brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult human subjects.

Brown Human Tissue adiposo Depots automaticamente segmentada por Positron Emission Tomography / Tomografia Computadorizada e registrado ressonância magnética

Reliably differentiating brown adipose tissue (BAT) from other tissues using a non-invasive imaging method is an important step toward studying BAT in ...

Encapsulation Thermogenic Preadipocytes for Transplantation into Adipose Tissue Depots

Cell encapsulation was developed to entrap viable cells within semi-permeable membranes. The engrafted encapsulated cells can exchange low molecular weight metabolites in tissues of the treated host to achieve long-term survival. The semipermeable membrane allows engrafted encapsulated cells to avoid rejection by the immune system. The encapsulation procedure was designed to enable a controlled release of bioactive compounds, such as insulin, other hormones, and cytokines. Here we describe a method for encapsulation of catabolic cells, which consume lipids for heat production and energy dissipation (thermogenesis) in the intra-abdominal adipose tissue of obese mice. Encapsulation of thermogenic catabolic cells may be potentially applicable to the prevention and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Another potential application of catabolic cells may include detoxification from alcohols or other toxic metabolites and environmental pollutants.

Here, we present a protocol for encapsulation of catabolic cells, which consume lipids for heat production in intra-abdominal adipose tissue and increase energy dissipation in obese mice.

Encapsulation termogênico pré-adipócitos para transplante em adiposo Depots Tissue

Cell encapsulation was developed to entrap viable cells within semi-permeable membranes. The engrafted encapsulated cells can exchange low molecular ...

Assessment of Human Adipose Tissue Microvascular Function Using Videomicroscopy

While obesity is closely linked to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease, little is known about mechanisms that govern these processes. It is hypothesized that pro-atherogenic mediators released from fat tissues particularly in association with central/visceral adiposity may promote pathogenic vascular changes locally and systemically, and the notion that cardiovascular disease may be the consequence of adipose tissue dysfunction continues to evolve. Here, we describe a unique method of videomicroscopy that involves analysis of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor responses of intact small human arterioles removed from the adipose depot of living human subjects. Videomicroscopy is used to examine functional properties of isolated microvessels in response to pharmacological or physiological stimuli using a pressured system that mimics in vivo conditions. The technique is a useful approach to gain understanding of the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms that contribute to vascular dysfunction locally within the adipose tissue milieu. Moreover, abnormalities in the adipose tissue microvasculature have also been linked with systemic diseases. We applied this technique to examine depot-specific vascular responses in obese subjects. We assessed endothelium-dependent vasodilation to both increased flow and acetylcholine in adipose arterioles (50 - 350 &#181;m internal diameter, 2 - 3 mm in length) isolated from two different adipose depots during bariatric surgery from the same individual. We demonstrated that arterioles from visceral fat exhibit impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation compared to vessels isolated from the subcutaneous depot. The findings suggest that the visceral microenvironment is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction which may be relevant to clinical observation linking increased visceral adiposity to systemic disease mechanisms. The videomicroscopy technique can be used to examine vascular phenotypes from different fat depots as well as compare findings across individuals with different degrees of obesity and metabolic dysfunction. The method can also be used to examine vascular responses longitudinally in response to clinical interventions.

Videomicroscopy systems are used to examine functional properties of isolated adipose tissue arterioles in response to physiological and pharmacological stimuli. This technique can be used to examine microvascular phenotypes in different adipose tissue domains in obese humans.

Avaliação da função Microvascular de tecido adiposo humano usando tele-microscopia

While obesity is closely linked to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease, little is known about mechanisms that govern these processes. ...

Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis

Urethroplasty is considered to be the standard treatment for urethral strictures since it provides excellent long-term success rates. For isolated short bulbar or posterior urethral strictures, urethroplasty by excision and primary anastomosis (EPA) is recommended. As EPA only requires the excision of the narrowed segment and the surrounding spongiofibrosis, a full-thickness transection of the corpus spongiosum, as performed in the traditional transecting EPA (tEPA), is usually unnecessary. Jordan et al. introduced the idea of a vessel-sparing approach in 2007, aiming to reduce surgical trauma, especially to the dual arterial blood supply of the urethra, and, thus, potentially reducing the risk of postoperative erectile dysfunction or glans ischemia. This approach could also be beneficial for subsequent urethral interventions such as redo urethroplasty using a free graft, in which a well-vascularized graft bed is imperative. Nevertheless, these potential benefits are only assumptions as prospective studies comparing the functional outcome of both techniques with validated questionnaires are currently lacking. Moreover, vessel-sparing EPA (vsEPA) should at least be able to provide similar surgical outcomes as tEPA. The aim of this paper is to give an elaborate, step-by-step overview of how to manage patients with isolated short bulbar or posterior urethral strictures with vsEPA. The main objective of this manuscript is to outline the surgical technique and to report the representative surgical outcome. A total of 117 patients were managed according to the described protocol. The analysis was performed on the entire patient cohort and on the bulbar (n = 91) and posterior (n = 26) vsEPA group separately. Success rates were 93.4% and 88.5% for the bulbar and posterior vsEPA, respectively. To conclude, vsEPA, as outlined in the protocol, provides excellent success rates with low complication rates for isolated short bulbar and posterior urethral strictures.

Here, we present an elaborate and efficient protocol to treat isolated short bulbar or posterior urethral strictures with vessel-sparing excision and primary anastomosis.

Excisão de poupadores de navio e anastomose primária

Urethroplasty is considered to be the standard treatment for urethral strictures since it provides excellent long-term success rates. For isolated short ...

Electromagnetic Navigation Transthoracic Nodule Localization for Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery

The increased use of chest computed tomography (CT) has led to an increased detection of pulmonary nodules requiring diagnostic evaluation and/or excision. Many of these nodules are identified and excised via minimally invasive thoracic surgery; however, subcentimeter and subsolid nodules are frequently difficult to identify intra-operatively. This can be mitigated by the use of electromagnetic transthoracic needle localization. This protocol delineates the step-by-step process of electromagnetic localization from the pre-operative period to the postoperative period and is an adaptation of the electromagnetically guided percutaneous biopsy previously described by Arias et al. Pre-operative steps include obtaining a same day CT followed by the generation of a three-dimensional virtual map of the lung. From this map, the target lesion(s) and an entry site are chosen. In the operating room, the virtual reconstruction of the lung is then calibrated with the patient and the electromagnetic navigation platform. The patient is then sedated, intubated, and placed in the lateral decubitus position. Using a sterile technique and visualization from multiple views, the needle is inserted into the chest wall at the prechosen skin entry site and driven down to the target lesion. Dye is then injected into the lesion and, then, continuously during needle withdrawal, creating a tract for visualization intra-operatively. This method has many potential benefits when compared to the CT-guided localization, including a decreased radiation exposure and decreased time between the dye injection and the surgery. Dye diffusion from the pathway occurs over time, thereby limiting intra-operative nodule identification. By decreasing the time to surgery, there is a decrease in wait time for the patient, and less time for dye diffusion to occur, resulting in an improvement in nodule localization. When compared to electromagnetic bronchoscopy, airway architecture is no longer a limitation as the target nodule is accessed via a transparenchymal approach. Details of this procedure are described in a step-by-step fashion.

Presented here is a protocol for lung nodule localization using dye marking via electromagnetically navigated transthoracic needle access. The technique described here can be accomplished in the peri-operative period to optimize nodule localization and to successful resection when performing minimally invasive thoracic surgery.

Localização do nódulo transtorácico de navegação eletromagnética para cirurgia torácica minimamente invasiva

The increased use of chest computed tomography (CT) has led to an increased detection of pulmonary nodules requiring diagnostic evaluation and/or ...

Murine Appendectomy Model of Chronic Colitis Associated Colorectal Cancer by Precise Localization of Caecal Patch

The human appendix has been recently implicated to play important biological roles in the pathogenesis of various complex diseases, such as colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and Parkinson&#8217;s disease. To study the function of the appendix, a gut disease-associated murine appendectomy model has been established and its step-by-step protocol is described here. This report introduces a facile protocol for caecal patch removal in mice followed by the chemical induction of chronic colitis-associated colorectal cancer using a combination of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and azoxymethane (AOM). IgA specific cells and IgA concentration were significantly reduced upon removal of the caecal patch in male C57BL/6 mice&#160;compared to those in the sham group. Simultaneously administering 2% DSS and AOM resulted in nearly 80% mice survival in both sham and appendectomy groups without significant body weight loss. Histological results confirmed colonic inflammation and different degrees of adenocarcinoma. This model can be used for the study of the functional role of the appendix in maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis and pathogenesis of gut colitis and malignancies, as well as for the potential development of drug targeting therapies.

The presented protocol describes a facile surgical removal of the appendix (caecal patch) in a mouse followed by the induction of inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal cancer. This murine appendectomy model enables investigation of the biological role of the appendix in the pathogenesis of human gastrointestinal disease.

Modelo de apendicectomia Murina de colite crônica câncer colorretal associado por localização precisa do remendo de Caecal

The human appendix has been recently implicated to play important biological roles in the pathogenesis of various complex diseases, such as colorectal ...

Inguinal Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue (ISWAT) Transplantation Model of Murine Islets

Pancreatic islet transplantation is a well-established therapeutic treatment for type 1 diabetes. The kidney capsule is the most commonly used site for islet transplantation in rodent models. However, the tight kidney capsule limits the transplantation of sufficient islets in large animals and humans. The inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue (ISWAT), a new subcutaneous space, was found to be a potentially valuable site for islet transplantation. This site has better blood supply than other subcutaneous spaces. Moreover, the ISWAT accommodates a larger islet mass than the kidney capsule, and transplantation into it is simple. This manuscript describes the procedure of mouse islet isolation and transplantation in the ISWAT site of syngeneic diabetic mouse recipients. Using this protocol, murine pancreatic islets were isolated by standard collagenase digestion and a basement membrane matrix hydrogel was used for fixing the purified islets in the ISWAT site. The blood glucose levels of the recipient mice were monitored for more than 100 days. Islet grafts were retrieved at day 100 after transplantation for histological analysis. The protocol for islet transplantation in the ISWAT site described in this manuscript is simple and effective.

Inguinal Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue ISWAT Transplantation Model of Murine Islets

In this protocol, a method of murine islet isolation and transplantation into the inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue is described. Isolated syngeneic murine islets are transplanted into a murine recipient using a basement membrane hydrogel. The blood glucose level of the recipients is monitored, and histology analysis of the islet grafts is performed.

Modelo de transplante de tecido adiposo branco subcutâneo inguinal (ISWAT) de Isletas murina

Pancreatic islet transplantation is a well-established therapeutic treatment for type 1 diabetes. The kidney capsule is the most commonly used site for ...