Os autores são gratos pela ajuda experimental no desenvolvimento do método de imunização em camundongos intralinfática de Iris Erdmann, Barbara von Beust, e Julia Maria Martínez-Gómez. Obrigado também a Maggy Arras e Nikola Cesarovic por nos deixar usar seu teatro cirúrgico para esta produção de vídeo.

1. Anestesia dos Ratos <ol><li> Prepare os anestésicos pela mistura de quetamina (anestésico dissociativo) e xilazina (sedativo e analgésico) em salina. As concentrações de cetamina e xilazina na solução final é de 12,5 e 2 mg / ml, respectivamente. </li><li> Injectar os anestésicos para a ratinhos por via intraperitoneal usando uma seringa com uma agulha G 25-30. Use 0,1 ml/10 g de peso corporal. </li><li> Aplique uma pomada oftálmica para os olhos dos ratos, a fim de evitar que resseque das córneas. </li><li> Assegurar que o mouse é suficientemente anestesiados por beliscar o seu pé ou dedo do pé com a pinça. Se o rato não reage com reflexos para o aperto, proceder à cirurgia. Se o rato reage ao beliscão com reflexos ou contrações musculares, espere 1-2 minutos e repita o teste de pressão. Se o mouse ainda reage, substituir o mouse com um novo animal e repita os procedimentos a partir do passo 1.2 em diante. </li></ol> 2. Eu Surgicalncision da região inguinal do Rato <ol><li> Posicione o mouse sobre as suas costas. </li><li> Molhar uma região inguinal com etanol desinfecção (70%). Para proporcionar uma melhor desinfecção, a região inguinal podem ser raspada para remover pele desinfecção prévia com etanol. </li><li> Pegue a perna e dobrar a articulação do quadril para produzir um ângulo de aproximadamente 90 ° da articulação do quadril. </li><li> Usando um fórceps curvos microdissecting, tirar a pele do rato na área inguinal, onde a articulação do quadril é dobrado e puxe a pele molhada ligeiramente. </li><li> Enquanto mantém a pele com a pinça, corte uma pequena incisão (&lt;5 mm) através da pele utilizando uma tesoura cirúrgica. </li><li> Coloque a ponta da tesoura fechados na incisão e abrir ainda mais a incisão, abrindo a tesoura, mantendo-o dentro da incisão. Isto fará com que a pele se rasgar e deve produzir um diâmetro de menos de 10 mm. Nota: A fonte de luz fria, com guias de luz são flexíveis e podem ser utilizados para melhorar a visibilidade. Em mais velhosratinhos, especialmente do sexo masculino, a identificação do nó de linfa pode ser difícil devido à muito tecido adiposo na região inguinal. </li></ol> 3. Injeção intralinfática <ol><li> Prepara-se uma seringa (0,5 ml ou menos) com uma agulha hipodérmica de 28-30 G; bisel curto pode ser preferível a um bisel longo. Aspirar 10 mL da vacina a ser injectado e garantir que a seringa é livre de ar. </li><li> Localizar o nó de linfa inguinal com a ajuda da pinça curvos e a ponta da tesoura fechada. O linfonodo aparecerá acinzentado dentro do tecido adiposo mais esbranquiçada e pode ser ainda identificados através de aferentes e eferentes capilares que entram e saem do linfonodo. </li><li> Imobilizar o linfonodo, segurando-o entre os ramos das pinças curvas. </li><li> Pegue na seringa e insira a agulha no nódulo linfático com o bisel virado para cima, certificando-se de todo o bisel entra no linfonodo. </li><li> Injectar a vacina (10 ul). Se o aceno linfae é o inchaço (explodir), a injecção pode ser assumida de sucesso. Se a agulha não está colocada a uma profundidade suficiente para o linfonodo, alguns ou toda a vacina pode sair e não entrar no linfonodo. Se a agulha é inserida muito profundo, a vacina injetada será lançado via subcutânea abaixo do nó de linfa. Em caso deste último, repetir a injecção ou substituir o rato com uma nova rato não tratado. </li></ol> 4. Fechando a incisão com sutura <ol><li> Abrir um pacote de sutura cirúrgica estéril. </li><li> Segure a agulha de sutura com um suporte de agulha na porção distal do corpo da agulha. Apertar o suporte de agulha, apertando-o até que as primeiras capturas de roquete. </li><li> Segure a pele de um dos lados da incisão com a pinça (dependendo da preferência do cirurgião, dentada ou un-dentes fórceps ou ganchos na pele pode ser usado). Inserir a agulha de ca. 2-3 mm a partir da borda da incisão, que entra a partir do lado de fora da pele. </li><li> Loosen preensão da pele com a pinça e agarrar o lado contrário ao da incisão com a pinça. Inserir a agulha de ca. 2-3 mm a partir da borda da incisão, que entra a partir do interior da pele. </li><li> Soltar o suporte de agulha e agarrar a ponta da agulha com a pinça. Puxe a agulha com o piso através da pele, deixando um comprimento conveniente da banda de rodagem do lado de fora do primeiro ponto de agulha de inserção (se vários ratos estão a ser tratados, deixe uma extremidade mais curta; 5-10 camundongos pode ser operado com uma agulha de sutura / pisar). </li><li> Fazer o nó preferido de acordo com protocolos padrão cirurgião. Um ponto é suficiente se a incisão não é maior do que 10 mm. Para incisões maiores, fazer um segundo ponto. </li></ol> 5. Tratamento Pós-operacional <ol><li> Posicione o mouse na gaiola e cubra com tecidos para manter aquecido. Ao tratar vários mouses, coloque-os próximos uns dos outros para se manter aquecido. Alternativamente, coloque os ratos em uma almofada quente até que tenham acordadopara cima. </li><li> Observe os ratos até que eles acordam. </li><li> Observe os ratos diariamente com relação à cicatrização de feridas, bem como outros sintomas clínicos, tais como infecções de feridas. A ferida é geralmente suficientemente fechado dentro de dois dias e curado dentro de sete dias do procedimento. </li></ol>

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TMK é apontado como inventor de patentes relacionadas com a imunoterapia intralinfática no homem. TMK foi consultor científico e recebeu as despesas de viagem de ImVisioN GmbH, Cytos Biotechnology, MannKind Corporation, e XBiotech EUA Inc. PJ não tem interesse conflito de divulgar.

Imunização intralinfática e imunoterapia demonstraram ser apropriados para a estimulação de ambas as respostas de anticorpos e respostas de células-T. Como demonstrado neste vídeo-artigo, o procedimento de vacinação é intralinfática um método rápido e fácil para estimular fortes respostas imunitárias em ratinhos. Um cirurgião treinado pode realizar o procedimento durante 3-4 min. A sessão também pode ser compartilhada entre dois cirurgiões onde normalmente é fazer a anestesia ea sutura eo segundo cir...

As vacinas são tipicamente injectados por via subcutânea ou intramuscular para a estimulação de respostas imunitárias. O sucesso deste procedimento requer a drenagem eficiente da vacina para os nódulos linfáticos onde as células apresentadoras de antigénio pode interagir com os linfócitos para a geração de t-e as respostas de células-B. Além disso, a força e o tipo de respostas imunitárias induzidas também depender da densidade ou da frequência de tais interacções, bem como o próprio microambiente, especialmente o teor de citocinas. Como apenas uma pequena fração de uma vacina injetada em um tecido periférico atinge um gânglio linfático, a vacinação de camundongos e humanos por injeção direta de vacina para os gânglios linfáticos, o site foram gerados respostas imunes, foram realizados. No homem, o procedimento é guiada por ultra-sons, um procedimento também utilizados para a administração de agentes de imagem para visualização de diagnóstico e do sistema linfático. Em ratinhos, o procedimento é invasivo. Aqui, uma pequena (5-10 mm) incision é feita na região inguinal de animais anestesiados 1, o nó de linfa é localizada e imobilizada com uma pinça, e um volume de 10-20 mL da vacina é injectada sob controlo visual, 10 ul é usado para as primeiras injecções e em ratos jovens com linfonodos pequenos, enquanto que 20 l pode ser injetado em linfonodos do mais velho ou camundongos já vacinadas, que têm nódulos linfáticos maiores. A incisão pode ser fechada com um único ponto com suturas cirúrgicas. Por este método, os ratos foram vacinados com plasmídeo de DNA de 2,3, o RNA mensageiro 4, 1,3,5,6 péptido, proteína 7-10, as partículas 11, 12 bactérias, bem como adjuvantes de 7,13, e uma forte melhoria da imunitário respostas contra todos os tipos de vacinas têm sido observados. O método intralinfática da vacinação é especialmente adequada em situações onde a vacinação convencional produz imunidade insuficiente, ou quando a quantidade de vacina disponível é limitado ou very dispendioso. Em humanos, o método intralinfática de imunização foi aplicada a pacientes alérgicos 14,15 ou para pacientes com cancro 16-21. Embora a noção corrente de que o método é intralinfática é mais invasiva do que outros métodos de injectáveis, tais como injecções intramusculares e subcutâneas, a percepção da dor não é maior do que após a punção venosa de 15. Espera-se que a vacinação intralinfática vai se tornar uma alternativa ou complemento a outros métodos de vacinas profiláticas e terapêuticas, especialmente. Este artigo descreve em pormenor a forma como o processo de vacinação intralinfática é realizada em ratinhos. Todos os procedimentos descritos, foram aprovados pela Agência Veterinária Cantonal de Zurique e realizada de acordo com as diretrizes federais suíços e directivas relativas à protecção dos animais utilizados para fins científicos.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Ketamine (Ketasol-100)</td><td>Graeub AG, Switzerland</td><td></td><td>Anesthetics</td></tr><tr><td>Xylazine (Rompun)</td><td>Bayer, Germany</td><td></td><td>Anesthetics</td></tr><tr><td>Viscotears Eye-Gel</td><td>Novartis, Switzerland</td><td></td><td>To keep eyes from drying out during anesthesia.</td></tr><tr><td>BD Micro-Fine 0.5 ml</td><td>BD Medical, France</td><td></td><td>29 G Insulin syringes with permanently attached needles</td></tr><tr><td>6-0 Dermalon Monofilament Nylon</td><td>Covidien, MA, USA</td><td></td><td>For sutures (0.7 metric, 18 G, 45 cm, Blue)</td></tr><tr><td>Curved forceps, 4.5 in</td><td>Polymed, Switzerland</td><td></td><td>For incision and holding of lymph node</td></tr><tr><td>Straight surgical scissors, 4.5 in</td><td>Polymed, Switzerland</td><td></td><td>For incision</td></tr><tr><td>Needle holder, 5.5 in</td><td>Polymed, Switzerland</td><td></td><td>To close incision with suture</td></tr></tbody></table>

intralymphatic immunotherapy and vaccination in mice

Vacinas são tipicamente injectado subcutaneamente ou intramuscularmente para estimulação de respostas imunes. O sucesso desta requer drenagem eficiente da vacina para os nódulos linfáticos onde as células apresentadoras de antigénio pode interagir com os linfócitos para a geração das respostas imunitárias desejadas. A força e o tipo de respostas imunitárias induzidas também depender da densidade ou da frequência de interacções bem como o microambiente, especialmente o teor de citocinas. Como apenas uma fração mínima de vacinas perifericamente injetados atinge os gânglios linfáticos, a vacinação de camundongos e humanos foram realizados por injecção directa da vacina em linfonodos inguinais, ou seja, injeção intralinfática. No homem, o procedimento é guiada por ultra-sons. Nos ratos, uma pequena (5-10 mm) incisão é feita na região inguinal de animais anestesiados, o nó de linfa é localizada e imobilizada com uma pinça, e um volume de 10-20 mL da vacina é injectada sob controle visual.A incisão é fechada com um único ponto com suturas cirúrgicas. Os ratinhos foram vacinados com ADN de plasmídeo, ARN, péptidos, proteínas, partículas, e bactérias, bem como adjuvantes, e foi observada forte melhoria da resposta imune contra todos os tipos de vacinas. O método intralinfática da vacinação é especialmente adequada em situações onde a vacinação convencional produz imunidade insuficientes ou quando a quantidade de vacina disponível é limitado.

O procedimento de injeções intralinfática em ratos, apesar da natureza cirúrgica, é direto e relativamente rápido. Uma pessoa treinada pode realizar o procedimento em 3-4 min. A incisão que é fechada com um ponto de cura normalmente dentro de dois dias (Figura 1) Intralinfática vacinação ou imunização foi realizada com o ARNm, ADN plasmídeo, peptídeos, proteínas, vírus e bactérias. Figura 2 ilustra a produção de anticorpos após a imuniza...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice at JoVE.com

Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice

Vacinação profilática e terapêutica, muitas vezes não estimulam fortes respostas imunes, devido à semana de drenagem da vacina para os gânglios linfáticos e, consequentemente, fraco envolvimento das células do sistema imunológico. Por injecção directa de vacina para os nódulos linfáticos, assim chamada injecção intralinfática, a eficácia da vacina pode ser fortemente melhorada e as doses de vacina podem ser reduzidos.

Intralinfática imunoterapia e vacinação em camundongos

Vaccines are typically injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly for stimulation of immune responses. The success of this requires efficient drainage of ...

intralymphatic-immunotherapy-and-vaccination-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

23.0K visualizações.  University Hospital Zurich.  Vacinação profilática e terapêutica, muitas vezes não estimulam fortes respostas imunes, devido à semana de drenagem da vacina para os gânglios linfáticos e, consequentemente, fraco envolvimento das células do sistema imunológico. Por injecção directa de vacina para os nódulos linfáticos, assim chamada injecção intralinfática, a eficácia da vacina pode ser fortemente melhorada e as doses de vacina podem ser reduzidos. 

Vídeo: Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice

Non-surgical Intratracheal Instillation of Mice with Analysis of Lungs and Lung Draining Lymph Nodes by Flow Cytometry

Phagocytic cells such as alveolar macrophages and lung dendritic cells (LDCs) continuously sample antigens from the alveolar spaces in the 
lungs. LDCs, in particular, are known to migrate to the lung draining lymph nodes (LDLNs) where they present inhaled antigens to T cells initiating an 
appropriate immune response to a variety of immunogens1,2. To model interactions between the lungs and airborne antigens in mice, antigens can be 
administered intranasally1,3,4, intratracheally5 or as aerosols6. Delivery by each route involves distinct technical skills and limitations that need to be 
considered before designing an experiment. For example, intranasal and aerosolized exposure delivers antigens to both the lungs and the upper respiratory 
tract. Hence antigens can access the nasal associated lymphoid tissue (NALT)7, potentially complicating interpretation of the results. In addition, swallowing, 
sneezing and the breathing rate of the mouse may also lead to inconsistencies in the doses delivered. Although the involvement of the upper respiratory tract may 
be preferred for some studies, it can complicate experiments focusing on events specifically initiated in the lungs. In this setting, the intratracheal (i.t) 
route is preferable as it delivers test materials directly into the lungs and bypasses the NALT. Many i.t injection protocols involve either blind intubation of the 
trachea through the oral cavity or surgical exposure of the trachea to access the lungs. Herein, we describe a simple, consistent, non-surgical method for i.t 
instillation. The opening of the trachea is visualized using a laryngoscope and a bent gavage needle is then inserted directly into the trachea to deliver the 
innoculum. We also describe procedures for harvesting and processing of LDLNs and lungs for analysis of antigen trafficking by flow cytometry.

We illustrate non-surgical delivery of test materials into the lungs of anesthetized mice via the trachea. This method permits lung exposure to bacterial and viral pathogens, cytokines, antibodies, beads, chemicals, or dyes. We further describe harvesting and processing of lungs and lung draining lymph nodes (LDLNs) for flow cytometry.

Não-cirúrgico instilação endotraqueal de camundongos com Análise de Pulmões e Drenagem Linfática Nodes Lung por citometria de fluxo

Phagocytic cells such as alveolar macrophages and lung dendritic cells (LDCs) continuously sample antigens from the alveolar spaces in the 
lungs. LDCs, ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Intra-lymph Node Injection of Biodegradable Polymer Particles

Generation of adaptive immune response relies on efficient drainage or trafficking of antigen to lymph nodes for processing and presentation of these foreign molecules to T and B lymphocytes. Lymph nodes have thus become critical targets for new vaccines and immunotherapies. A recent strategy for targeting these tissues is direct lymph node injection of soluble vaccine components, and clinical trials involving this technique have been promising. Several biomaterial strategies have also been investigated to improve lymph node targeting, for example, tuning particle size for optimal drainage of biomaterial vaccine particles. In this paper we present a new method that combines direct lymph node injection with biodegradable polymer particles that can be laden with antigen, adjuvant, or other vaccine components. In this method polymeric microparticles or nanoparticles are synthesized by a modified double emulsion protocol incorporating lipid stabilizers. Particle properties (e.g.&#160;size, cargo loading) are confirmed by laser diffraction and fluorescent microscopy, respectively. Mouse lymph nodes are then identified by peripheral injection of a nontoxic tracer dye that allows visualization of the target injection site and subsequent deposition of polymer particles in lymph nodes. This technique allows direct control over the doses and combinations of biomaterials and vaccine components delivered to lymph nodes and could be harnessed in the development of new biomaterial-based vaccines.

Lymph nodes are the immunological tissues that orchestrate immune response and are a critical target for vaccines. Biomaterials have been employed to better target lymph nodes and to control delivery of antigens or adjuvants. This paper describes a technique combining these ideas to inject biocompatible polymer particles into lymph nodes.

Injeção de linfonodo intra-linfático de partículas de polímeros biodegradáveis

Generation of adaptive immune response relies on efficient drainage or trafficking of antigen to lymph nodes for processing and presentation of these ...

Bioengenharia

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice:  A Model for Immunotherapy Development

A preclinical model of invasive bladder cancer was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice for the purpose of evaluating immunotherapy and/or cytotoxic chemotherapy. To induce bladder cancer, C57BL/6 mice (MUC1.Tg and wild type) were treated orally with the carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN) at 3.0 mg/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks. To assess the effects of OH-BBN on serum cytokine profile during tumor development, whole blood was collected via submandibular bleeds prior to treatment and every four weeks. In addition, a MUC1-targeted peptide vaccine and placebo were administered to groups of mice weekly for eight weeks. Multiplex fluorometric microbead immunoanalyses of serum cytokines during tumor development and following vaccination were performed. At termination, interferon gamma (IFN-&#947;)/interleukin-4 (IL-4) ELISpot analysis for MUC1 specific T-cell immune response and histopathological evaluations of tumor type and grade were performed. The results showed that: (1) the incidence of bladder cancer in both MUC1.Tg and wild type mice was 67%; (2) transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) developed at a 2:1 ratio compared to squamous cell carcinomas (SCC); (3) inflammatory cytokines increased with time during tumor development; and (4) administration of the peptide vaccine induces a Th1-polarized serum cytokine profile and a MUC1 specific T-cell response. All tumors in MUC1.Tg mice were positive for MUC1 expression, and half of all tumors in MUC1.Tg and wild type mice were invasive. In conclusion, using a team approach through the coordination of the efforts of pharmacologists, immunologists, pathologists and molecular biologists, we have developed an immune intact transgenic mouse model of bladder cancer that expresses hMUC1.

An N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced bladder cancer model was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic mice for the purpose of testing MUC1-directed immunotherapy. After administering a MUC1-targeted peptide vaccine, a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to MUC1 was confirmed by measuring serum cytokine levels and T-cell specific activity.

Indução de carcinoma da bexiga invasivo de células transicionais em imunológico intacto Humanos MUC1 Ratos transgênicos: um modelo de desenvolvimento Imunoterapia

A preclinical model of invasive bladder cancer was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice for the purpose of evaluating immunotherapy ...

Medicina

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine

Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) is a hematopoietic cytokine that promotes the survival and differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs). It has been used in tumor vaccines to activate innate immunity and enhance antitumor responses. This protocol demonstrates a therapeutic model using cell-based tumor vaccine consisting of Flt3L-expressing B16-F10 melanoma cells along with phenotypic and functional analysis of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Procedures for cultured tumor cell preparation, tumor implantation, cell irradiation, tumor size measurement, intratumoral immune cell isolation, and flow cytometry analysis are described. The overall goal of this protocol is to provide a preclinical solid tumor immunotherapy model, and a research platform to study the relationship between tumor cells and infiltrating immune cells. The immunotherapy protocol described here can be combined with other therapeutic modalities, such as immune checkpoint blockade (anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1 antibodies) or chemotherapy in order to improve the cancer therapeutic effect of melanoma.

The protocol presents a cancer immunotherapy model using cell-based tumor vaccination with Flt3L-expressing B16-F10 melanoma. This protocol demonstrates the procedures, including preparation of cultured tumor cells, tumor implantation, cell irradiation, measurement of tumor growth, isolation of intratumoral immune cells, and flow cytometry analysis.

Modelo Experimental de Imunoterapia para Melanoma utilizando Vacinação Tumoral com Citocina Hematopoiética

Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) is a hematopoietic cytokine that promotes the survival and differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs). It has been ...

Pesquisa do câncer

Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections

Sublingual route has been widely used to deliver small molecules into the bloodstream and to modulate the immune response at different sites. It has been shown to effectively induce humoral and cellular responses at systemic and mucosal sites, namely the lungs and urogenital tract. Sublingual vaccination can promote protection against infections at the lower and upper respiratory tract; it can also promote tolerance to allergens and ameliorate asthma symptoms. Modulation of lung&#8217;s immune response by sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is safer than direct administration of formulations by intranasal route because it does not require delivery of potentially harmful molecules directly into the airways. In contrast to intranasal delivery, side effects involving brain toxicity or facial paralysis are not promoted by SLIT. The immune mechanisms underlying SLIT remain elusive and its use for the treatment of acute lung infections has not yet been explored. Thus, development of appropriate animal models of SLIT is needed to further explore its potential advantages. 
This work shows how to perform sublingual administration of therapeutic agents in mice to evaluate their ability to protect against acute pneumococcal pneumonia. Technical aspects of mouse handling during sublingual inoculation, precise identification of sublingual mucosa, draining lymph nodes and isolation of tissues, bronchoalveolar lavage and lungs are illustrated. Protocols for single cell suspension preparation for FACS analysis are described in detail. Other downstream applications for the analysis of the immune response are discussed. Technical aspects of the preparation of Streptococcus pneumoniae inoculum and intranasal challenge of mice are also explained.
SLIT is a simple technique that allows screening of candidate molecules to modulate lungs&#8217; immune response. Parameters affecting the success of SLIT are related to molecular size, susceptibility to degradation and stability of highly concentrated formulations.

The present work illustrates the convenience of using sublingual immunotherapy to boost the innate immune response in the lungs and confer protection against acute pneumococcal pneumonia in mouse.

Imunoterapia sublingual como uma alternativa para induzir protecção contra Infecções Respiratórias Agudas

Sublingual route has been widely used to deliver small molecules into the bloodstream and to modulate the immune response at different sites. It has been ...

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

Despite global coverage of intradermal BCG vaccination, tuberculosis remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world. Preclinical data have encouraged pulmonary tuberculosis vaccines as a promising strategy to prevent pulmonary disease, which is responsible for transmission. In this work, we describe the methodology used to demonstrate in the mouse model the benefits of intranasal BCG vaccination when compared to subcutaneous. Our data revealed greater protective efficacy following intranasal BCG administration. In addition, our results indicate that pulmonary vaccination triggers a higher immune response in lungs, including Th1 and Th17 responses, as well as an increase of immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration in respiratory airways. Our data show correlation between protective efficacy and the presence of IL17-producing cells in lungs post-Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge, suggesting a role for this cytokine in the protective response conferred by pulmonary vaccination. Finally, we detail the global workflow we have developed to study respiratory vaccination in the mouse model, which could be extrapolated to other tuberculosis vaccines, apart from BCG, targeting the mucosal response or other pulmonary routes of administration such as the intratracheal or aerosol.

We herein detail the methodology followed to compare protective efficacy and lung immune response induced by intranasal and subcutaneous immunization with BCG in mouse model. Our results show the benefits of pulmonary vaccination and suggest a role for IL17-mediated response in vaccine-induced protection.

A eficácia de protecção e Pulmonar resposta imune Seguindo subcutânea e intranasal BCG Administração em Ratinhos

Despite global coverage of intradermal BCG vaccination, tuberculosis remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world. Preclinical data ...

Antigenic Liposomes for Generation of Disease-specific Antibodies

Antibody responses provide critical protective immunity to a wide array of pathogens. There remains a high interest in generating robust antibodies for vaccination as well as understand how pathogenic antibody responses develop in allergies and autoimmune disease. Generating robust antigen-specific antibody responses is not always trivial. In mouse models, it often requires multiple rounds of immunizations with adjuvant that leads to a great deal of variability in the levels of induced antibodies. One example is in mouse models of peanut allergies where more robust and reproducible models that minimize mouse numbers and the use of adjuvant would be beneficial. Presented here is a highly reproducible mouse model of peanut allergy anaphylaxis. This new model relies on two key factors: (1) antigen-specific splenocytes are adoptively transferred from a peanut-sensitized mouse into a na&#239;ve recipient mouse, normalizing the number of antigen-specific memory B- and T-cells across a large number of mice; and (2) recipient mice are subsequently boosted with a strong multivalent immunogen in the form of liposomal nanoparticles displaying the major peanut allergen (Ara h 2). The major advantage of this model is its reproducibility, which ultimately lowers the number of animals used in each study, while minimizing the number of animals receiving multiple injections of adjuvant. The modular assembly of these immunogenic liposomes provides relatively facile adaptability to other allergic or autoimmune models that involve pathogenic antibodies.

Described is the preparation of antigenic liposomal nanoparticles and their use in stimulating B-cell activation in vitro and in vivo. Consistent and robust antibody responses led to the development of a new peanut allergy model. The protocol for generating antigenic liposomes can be extended to different antigens and immunization models.

Antigênicos lipossomas para a geração de anticorpos específicos de doença

Antibody responses provide critical protective immunity to a wide array of pathogens. There remains a high interest in generating robust antibodies for ...

Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy

Overwhelming tissue accumulation of highly activated immune cells represents a hallmark of various chronic inflammatory diseases and emerged as an attractive therapeutic target in the clinical management of affected patients. In order to further optimize strategies aiming at therapeutic regulation of pathologically imbalanced tissue infiltration of pro-inflammatory immune cells, it will be of particular importance to achieve improved insights into disease- and organ-specific homing properties of peripheral lymphocytes. The here described experimental protocol allows to monitor lung accumulation of fluorescently labeled and adoptively transferred human lymphocytes in the context of papain-induced pulmonary inflammation. In contrast to standard in vitro assays frequently used for the analysis of immune cell migration and chemotaxis, the now introduced in vivo setting takes into account lung-specific aspects of tissue organization and the influence of the complex inflammatory scenario taking place in the living murine organism. Moreover, three-dimensional cross-sectional light-sheet fluorescence microscopic imaging does not only provide quantitative data on infiltrating immune cells, but also depicts the pattern of immune cell localization within the inflamed lung. Overall, we are able to introduce an innovative technique of high value for immunological research in the field of chronic inflammatory lung diseases, which can be easily applied by following the provided step-by-step protocol.

The here introduced protocol allows characterization of the lung homing capacity of primary human lymphocytes under in vivo inflammatory conditions. Pulmonary infiltration of adoptively transferred human immune cells in a mouse model of allergic inflammation can be imaged and quantified by light-sheet fluorescence microscopy of chemically cleared lung tissue.

Avançado de imagem do pulmão Homing linfócitos humanos em um Experimental em modelo Vivo de inflamação alérgica baseada em microscopia de luz-folha

Overwhelming tissue accumulation of highly activated immune cells represents a hallmark of various chronic inflammatory diseases and emerged as an ...

A Minimally Invasive, Accurate, and Efficient Technique for Intrathymic Injection in Mice

Intrathymic injection in mouse models is an important technique for studying thymic and immune function, including genetic and acquired T cell disorders. This requires methods for the direct deposition of reagents and/or cells into the thymus of living mice. Traditional methods of intrathymic injection include thoracic surgery or minimally invasive percutaneous blind injections, both of which have significant limitations. Ultra-high frequency ultrasound imaging devices have made image-guided percutaneous injections possible in mice, greatly improving the injection accuracy of the percutaneous injection approach and enabling the injection of smaller targets. However, image-guided injections rely on the utilization of an integrated rail system, making this a rigid and time-consuming procedure. A unique, safe, and efficient method for percutaneous intrathymic injections in mice is presented here, eliminating reliance on the rail system for injections. The technique relies on using a high-resolution micro-ultrasound unit to image the mouse thymus noninvasively. Using a free-hand technique, a radiologist can place a needle tip directly into the mouse thymus under sonographic guidance. Mice are cleaned and anesthetized before imaging. For an experienced radiologist adept at ultrasound-guided procedures, the learning period for the stated technique is quite short, typically within one session. The method has a low morbidity and mortality rate for the mice and is much faster than current mechanically assisted techniques for percutaneous injection. It allows the investigator to efficiently perform precise and reliable percutaneous injections of thymuses of any size (including very small organs such as the thymus of aged or immunodeficient mice) with minimal stress on the animal. This method enables the injection of individual lobes if desired and facilitates large-scale experiments due to the time-saving nature of the procedure.

The present protocol describes an interventional radiology procedure established for intrathymic injection in mice to avoid the risk of open surgery and improve the accuracy of blind percutaneous injections.

Uma técnica minimamente invasiva, precisa e eficiente para injeção intratímica em camundongos

Intrathymic injection in mouse models is an important technique for studying thymic and immune function, including genetic and acquired T cell disorders. ...

Tumor Implantation and Injection of a Tumor Vaccine in a Mouse Model

Source: Liu, H. Y., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/64082">Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2023).
This video demonstrates a cell-based tumor vaccination assay. A mouse, intradermally injected with B16-F10 melanoma cells for tumor formation, is vaccinated with B16-F10 cells secreting Flt3L cytokine near the developed tumor. The secreted Flt3L from the vaccine promotes the maturation and proliferation of dendritic cells that then present tumor antigens to T cells in lymph nodes, triggering a targeted anti-tumor immune response.

Implantação tumoral e injeção de uma vacina tumoral em um modelo de camundongo

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
All mice ...