The authors thank Colleen Van Kirk for mouse retina and cerebellum samples, and Peter Gregory for figure generation. The authors also thank Dr. Allison Gillaspy and the Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Cytometry Research core for access to the MiSeq. This work was supported by NIH grants DA029405, EY021716, and AG026607 and the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

BSAS permite focado, precisa quantificação metilação do DNA com recursos de alto rendimento, tanto em número de amostras e número de alvos. Adicionalmente, esta biblioteca utilizando geração tagmentation mediada por transposome requer menos ADN de entrada, é mais rápido e contém menos passos do que as técnicas de corte tradicional e adaptador de ligação subsequentes. Estas melhorias sobre os métodos existentes permitem-nível-base de análise de metilação do DNA precisa de qualquer alvo de interesse. Além disso, BSAS proporciona um novo método para a confirmação de regiões de interesse (regiões de metilação diferencialmente (DMRS), ilhas CpG, regiões reguladoras) que foram identificados por meio de todo o genoma bissulfito 22 ou capturar 23 abordagens. Utilizando as abordagens confirmação ortogonais e mais quantitativamente métodos precisos melhora o rigor analítico de estudos epigenômicos. A profundidade de leitura de alta alcançada com BSAS permite a quantificação precisa em um intervalo de confiança estreito, resulta na quantificação exacta 16. Além disso, a capacidade de executar muitas amostras em um único experimento pode aumentar o tamanho da amostra para confirmação de métodos de genomas inteiros, o que irá aumentar o poder estatístico; uma fraqueza de muitos estudos epigenéticos atuais. Importante, BSAS fornece uma quantificação metilação CpG base-específicos, que permite a geração de hipóteses testáveis ​​para pesquisa epigenética. Hipóteses, tais como o aumento da metilação a um elemento de resposta específica irá resultar numa diminuição da ligação de um factor de transcrição específico. BSAS, combinados com os dados de expressão de mRNA emparelhados, proporciona um método para a obtenção de ambos regulação epigenética e a expressão do mRNA dentro de um único pedaço de tecido ou população de células. Medidas pareadas de regulação e expressão também aumentar o rigor científico e impacto dos resultados. As etapas críticas no âmbito do protocolo BSAS incluem design primer, otimização amplicon, e geração de biblioteca /QC. Viés PCR é introduzida se primers não são projetados corretamente e amplificar em diferentes eficiências 8. O uso de padrões de metilação, tal como gerados enzimaticamente 100% e 0% de citosina metilados padrões, pode ser usada para determinar o grau, se houver, de viés metilação quantificação, e é um bom controlo metodológico para quantificar metilação 16. Da mesma forma, o cuidado deve ser tomado quando otimizando reações de PCR para a geração de um único fragmento amplificado de alta qualidade. Se nenhum amplicon está presente utilizando as diretrizes sugeridas detalhadas no protocolo, a passos de otimização incluem aumento do número de ciclos de PCR ou quantidade de entrada bsDNA. Se houver vários produtos de PCR, incluindo dimeros de iniciadores, a passos de otimização incluem diminuir quantidade de entrada bsDNA, diminuindo as concentrações de entrada molares PCR primers, o aumento da temperatura de recozimento, ou diminuindo PCR número ciclo. Um ou uma combinação destes procedimentos de optimização produz resultados suficientes para gerar uma única higamplicão h-qualidade. Alternativamente, redesenhando primers é uma boa abordagem para conjuntos de iniciadores que não produzem um único amplicon. Para as regiões onde redesign não é adequado ou possível, degenerar conjuntos de iniciadores incluindo ambos podem trabalhar de citosina e timina em locais de CpG em primers para a frente e de adenina e guanina em locais de CpG em primers reversos. No entanto, estes conjuntos de iniciadores necessitam ainda de optimização para garantir que não haja PCR polarização está a ocorrer, um processo fora do âmbito deste protocolo. Bibliotecas de qualidade são extremamente importantes para o sucesso. Certifique-se de que as medidas de QC são realizadas para determinar o tamanho, qualidade e quantidade de bibliotecas antes de seqüenciamento. As reacções de sequenciação são propensos a falhas com o contributo das bibliotecas de baixa qualidade. Viés de metilação quantificação pode ser atenuado através da garantia de que as frequências de metilação estão presentes em ambos frente e verso, sequenciamento lê. Além disso, dezenas de bases alinhando aos locais CpG de qualidade deve ser ≥Q30 em alta confidence na quantificação. Enquanto outros têm mostrado anteriormente pouco ou nenhum viés em reações tagmentation de DNA convertido bissulfito 19, garantindo as métricas acima descritas permite a confirmação da baixa quantificação viés metilação. BSAS atualmente mede a metilação em locais CpG, no entanto, futuras expansões deste método permitirá medidas pareadas de CpG 5-HMC com a adição de medidas experimentais, distinguindo entre 5-MC e 5-HMC como a introdução de perrutenato de potássio antes da conversão bissulfito 24. Isto irá aumentar o impacto de utilidade BSAS, permitindo metilação emparelhados, tanto os dados de expressão 5-mC e 5-HMC, e em ordem para determinar a expressão do gene papéis reguladores de metilação do ADN. Preparação biblioteca transposome-mediada de amplicons de PCR não resultam na diminuição da profundidade de sequenciação nas extremidades de regiões amplificadas. Portanto, regiões de grande interesse deve ser projetado para residir no meio de amplicons. Comosempre, porque BSAS gera sequenciamento ler profundidades de&gt; 1.000 X, a precisão quantitativa de 5-MC medições perto das extremidades das regiões amplificadas permanece elevado.

Já faz mais de meio século desde o primeiro relatório de ocorrência natural modificações no DNA na forma de metilação da citosina 1. Metilação da citosina é uma base de citosina nucleótido modificado em que o 5 th de carbono no anel de base tem um grupo metil (5-MC), que ocorre mais frequentemente no motivo dinucleótido CpG em genomas de mamíferos. A presença funcional de 5-mC em promotores de genes está geralmente associada com a repressão transcricional, enquanto que a ausência está associada com a actividade de transcrição 2. Tremendos avanços têm sido feitos em nossa compreensão do papel da metilação do DNA no desenvolvimento 3, propagação transgeracional de perfis epigenéticos 4, a patogênese do câncer de 5,6, e uma série de outras áreas de pesquisa. Muitos desses avanços vieram nos últimos anos, como novas metodologias têm sido desenvolvidas ao perfil de metilação do DNA 7. Com o advento epopularização da próxima geração de técnicas de sequenciamento (NGS) há agora uma série de métodos para o perfil de metilação do DNA através de um genoma inteiro ou grandes regiões do genoma 8. Estas abordagens em aberto a possibilidade de estudos de descoberta que quantificam padrões de metilação de DNA e as diferenças na metilação do DNA. Em adição a estas abordagens hipótese de geração, existe uma necessidade significativa de / ADN alvo testes de hipóteses metilação métodos de quantificação. Pyrosequencing, PCR específica de metilação e sequenciamento Sanger de DNA convertido bissulfito têm sido os métodos mais utilizados para a análise de regiões-alvo (ou seja, uma região promotora de um único gene ou uma ilha CpG) 9-12. Todos estes métodos baseiam-se na conversão de bissulfito, uma reacção química em que a desaminação de citosina não metilados de são convertidos em uracilo de, enquanto citosina metilados de permanecer intacta 13,14. A amplificação por PCR de bisulfite-resultados de ADN convertidas em substituição de uracila de timina com 15 permitindo que a metilação diferencial para ler como uma diferença de base. Embora muito útil, às limitações desses métodos incluem baixa precisão quantitativa, comprimento de leitura curta, e baixo rendimento da amostra. Para lidar com essas limitações, desenvolvemos um método que chamamos Bisulfite Amplicon Sequencing (BSAS) 16. O objectivo deste método é a de ser capaz de analisar regiões genómicas alvo de interesse por um grande número de amostras, com alta precisão quantitativa. BSAS usa elementos de métodos existentes (conversão bissulfito e amplificação PCR específicas da região) e combina-los com simples construção da próxima geração biblioteca (mediada por transposome) 17 e de bancada NGS 18 (Figura 1). Esta abordagem proporciona um método de transferência mais quantitativa e mais elevado para examinar a metilação da citosina em qualquer região de interesse. Aqui apresentamos ométodo em detalhes e descrever abordagens para a resolução de problemas e verificação da qualidade do processo de BSAS.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="840">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:304px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:255px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">Cat #</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Agilent 2100 Bioanlyzer</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>G29393AA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Agilent RNA 6000 Nano kit</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>5067-1511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Agilent High Sensitivity DNA kit</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>5067-4626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Typhoon 9200</td>
			<td>Amersham/GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Agencourt AMPure XP - PCR Purification</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A63880</td>
			<td>5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PowerPac Basic Power Supply</td>
			<td>Bio Rad</td>
			<td>164-5050</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">twin.tech PCR plate 96&#160;</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>951020362</td>
			<td>semi-skirted</td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Heatsealing Film</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030127838</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Heatsealing Foil</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030127854</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Heat Sealer</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5390000.024</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.1-10ul Tips</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030073.002</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">2-200ul Tips</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030073.045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">50-1000ul Tips</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030073.100</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MixMate&#160;</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5353000.014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1.5 mL Microcentrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030121.023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Centrifuge 5424</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5424000.010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">2.0 mL Microcentrifuge Tube</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>022363352</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nextera XT DNA Sample Preparation Kit</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td>FC-131-1024</td>
			<td>24 rxn</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nextera XT Index Kit</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td>FC-131-1001</td>
			<td>24 indexes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MiSeq Desktop Sequencer</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MiSeq Reagent Kit v2</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td>MS-102-2002</td>
			<td>300cycle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">KAPA SYBR FAST Universal qPCR kit</td>
			<td>KAPA Biosystems</td>
			<td>KK4824</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Assay kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P7589</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Quant-iT RiboGreen RNA Assay kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>R11490</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">ProFlex 96-well PCR system</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>4484075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Novex 6% TBE DNA gel</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>EC6261BOX</td>
			<td>10-well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Novex TBE Running Buffer</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>LC6675</td>
			<td>5X (1 L)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Novex Hi-Density TBE Sample Buffer</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>LC6678</td>
			<td>5X (10 mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 Kb Plus DNA Ladder</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10787-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Xcell SureLock Mini-Cell</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>EI0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">UltraPure 10mg/mL Ethidium Bromide</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15585-011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR system</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>4329001</td>
			<td>384well block</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DynaMag-96 Side Skirted</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SpectroMax M2 Multi-Mode Microplate Reader</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices/VWR</td>
			<td>89429-532</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">AllPrep DNA/RNA Mini Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>80204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Stainless Steel Beads</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>69989</td>
			<td>5 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CLC Genomics Workbench</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Software for methylation pipeline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">QIAQuick PCR Purification kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28104</td>
			<td>50 rxn</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TissueLyser II</td>
			<td>Retsch/Qiagen</td>
			<td>85300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nuclease-Free Water</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>W4502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TRIS hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>PHG0002-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9416-50ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NanoDrop 2000</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">384-well Full-Skirted Plate, Standard</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>AB-1384</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Absolute qPCR Seal</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>AB-1170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EZ DNA Methylation-Lightning kit</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td>D5030</td>
			<td>50 rxn</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">ZymoTaq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td>E2001</td>
			<td>50 rxn</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

targeted dna methylation analysis by next-generation sequencing

The role of epigenetic processes in the control of gene expression has been known for a number of years. DNA methylation at cytosine residues is of particular interest for epigenetic studies as it has been demonstrated to be both a long lasting and a dynamic regulator of gene expression. Efforts to examine epigenetic changes in health and disease have been hindered by the lack of high-throughput, quantitatively accurate methods. With the advent and popularization of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, these tools are now being applied to epigenomics in addition to existing genomic and transcriptomic methodologies. For epigenetic investigations of cytosine methylation where regions of interest, such as specific gene promoters or CpG islands, have been identified and there is a need to examine significant numbers of samples with high quantitative accuracy, we have developed a method called Bisulfite Amplicon Sequencing (BSAS). This method combines bisulfite conversion with targeted amplification of regions of interest, transposome-mediated library construction and benchtop NGS. BSAS offers a rapid and efficient method for analysis of up to 10 kb of targeted regions in up to 96 samples at a time that can be performed by most research groups with basic molecular biology skills. The results provide absolute quantitation of cytosine methylation with base specificity. BSAS can be applied to any genomic region from any DNA source. This method is useful for hypothesis testing studies of target regions of interest as well as confirmation of regions identified in genome-wide methylation analyses such as whole genome bisulfite sequencing, reduced representation bisulfite sequencing, and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing.

BSAS lê correctamente alinhado com a sequência de referência convertido será semelhante Figura 5. Dinucleótidos CpG podem ser claramente identificadas e estados de metilação pode ser estimado por observação chamadas de base nos locais de CpG na mapeado lê. Por exemplo, com controles de metilação, 0% de metilação resultará em toda a lê mapeados para locais contendo CpG (Figura 5A) do T. Os controlos 100% de metilação resultará em todo o lê lê mapeados para locais de CpG que contêm de C (Figura 5B). A determinação quantitativa da frequência de citosina (C / C + T) nos locais CpG produz a frequência de metilação na amostra original. Um representante curva padrão gerada a partir de controlos de metilação do genoma inteiro (n = 3 / relação de metilação) mostra linearidade da metilação, bem como a quantificação de precisão na quantificação em cada proporção de metilação (Figura 6). Como um exemplo deste método, no total, RNA e DNA foram co-iso<html> lada do cerebelo e da retina do rato (n = 4 / grupo). Expressão rodopsina, selectivamente expressa em tecido da retina, foi medida utilizando qPCR. A expressão foi detectada apenas em retina (Figura 7A). Usando BSAS, os níveis de metilação de CpG foram quantificados na região do promotor da rodopsina. Níveis de metilação cumulativos em toda a região do promotor foram&gt; 80% no cerebelo em comparação com &lt;15% na retina (p &lt;0,001, t-teste paramétrico) (Figura 7B). BSA benefícios metilação de quantificação de metilação específico do local, e quantificação dos níveis de metilação podem ser comparadas com base na CpG-específica em qualquer dada região genómica. Níveis de metilação de CpG em todo o promotor rodopsina foram significativamente mais elevadas em amostras de cerebelo quando comparado com as amostras de retina (p &lt;0,001, t-teste paramétrico em cada sítio CpG) (Figura 7C). 1highres.jpg &quot;/&gt; Figura 1:. Esquemática do método BSAS Neste método, o ADN genómico é o bissulfito convertido para modificar as citosinas unmethylation para uracilos. Posteriormente, durante a PCR estes uracilos são alterados para timinas. Amplificação PCR está orientado para as regiões de interesse e altamente enriquece por apenas essas sequências. Os amplicons de PCR resultantes são transformados em bibliotecas de dupla indexação por meio de um processo simples tagmentation. Posteriormente, as bibliotecas são sequenciados em um sequenciador de bancada próxima geração eo seqüenciamento leituras são mapeados para o in silico convertido sequência de referência e por cento de metilação da citosina do é determinado de um modo específico-base. <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52488/52488fig2highres.jpg" /> Figura 2:. Em silico conversão bissulfito de região de interesse Qualquer região de interesse de qualquer referência genômica pode ser selected para in silico conversão bissulfito. Citosinas não CpG são substituídos com timina da sequência de referência. Citosinas CpG permanecem citosinas na bissulfito convertido referência. <img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52488/52488fig3highres.jpg" /> Figura 3:. Primers colocação Primer Bisulfite PCR são projetados contra um in silico bissulfito convertido sequência de referência. Primers devem ser concebidos de modo que não se sobreponham dinucleï¿½idos CG ou concebidas ao lado dinucleï¿½idos CG. <img alt="Figura 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/52488/52488fig4highres.jpg" /> Figura 4: Exemplos de amplicons altas e pobres PCR qualidade e bibliotecas de sequenciamento vestígios electroferograma representativos e show de gel (A) amplicon ideal para a geração de biblioteca mediada por transposome com um único alto.concentração do produto. (B) da biblioteca gerada a partir deste amplicão mostra alta concentração e distribuição uniforme de tamanho. (C) Fraca amplicons de PCR de qualidade pode ser baixo em tamanho, concentração, e contêm vários produtos e / ou dimeros de iniciadores. Estes amplicons de má qualidade vai levar a (D) falhou geração biblioteca com baixa concentração e baixa distribuição de tamanho. <img alt="Figura 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52488/52488fig5highres.jpg" /> Figura 5: Exemplos de saídas de sequenciamento de controles de metilação. (A) Em silico convertido sequenciamento de referência com locais CpG destacadas em vermelho. 0% de controle de metilação mapeados lê à região, demonstrando timinas selecionados (realce ganância) de mapeamento em sites CpG. Controle (B) 100% metilação mapeados lê mostrar (no destaque azul) mapeamento da citosina em locais CpG. Figura 6:. A metilação quantificação através de uma série de controlos de metilação controlos de metilação do genoma inteiro misturados em proporções de metilação (n = 3 / razão) entre 0% e 100% foram quantificadas usando BSAS. Traçando quantificação de espera em relação quantificada demonstra linearidade de controle de metilação quantificação. Em todos os controles, houve alta precisão na metilação quantificação. <img alt="Figura 7" src="/files/ftp_upload/52488/52488fig7highres.jpg" /> Figura 7: Exemplo de metilação do DNA e a expressão do gene análise emparelhado a partir de amostras de tecido. (A) A rodopsina expressão relativa de ARNm a partir do cerebelo de rato e tecido da retina. (B) A rodopsina metilação média promotor quantificada por BSAS entre cerebelo e da retina ADN (*** p &lt;0,001, t-teste paramétrico). &lt;strong&gt; níveis de metilação C) específicas do local CpG em todo promotor rodopsina (-244 a 6, em relação ao local de início da transcrição [TSS]) no cerebelo mouse e DNA retina.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Targeted DNA Methylation Analysis by Next-generation Sequencing at JoVE.com

Targeted DNA Methylation Analysis by Next-generation Sequencing

Bisulfite amplicon sequencing (BSAS) is a method for quantifying cytosine methylation in targeted genomic regions of interest. This method uses bisulfite conversion paired with PCR amplification of target regions prior to next-generation sequencing to produce absolute quantitation of DNA methylation at a base-specific level.

Alvejado DNA análise de metilação por Sequenciação de próxima geração

The role of epigenetic processes in the control of gene expression has been known for a number of years. DNA methylation at cytosine residues is of ...

targeted-dna-methylation-analysis-by-next-generation-sequencing

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

36.9K visualizações.  University of Oklahoma College of Medicine. Bisulfite amplicon sequencing (BSAS) is a method for quantifying cytosine methylation in targeted genomic regions of interest. This method uses bisulfite conversion paired with PCR amplification of target regions prior to next-generation sequencing to produce absolute quantitation of DNA methylation at a base-specific level.

Vídeo: Targeted DNA Methylation Analysis by Next-generation Sequencing

Determination of DNA Methylation of Imprinted Genes in Arabidopsis Endosperm

Arabidopsis thaliana is an excellent model organism for studying epigenetic mechanisms. One of the reasons is the loss-of-function null mutant of DNA methyltransferases is viable, thus providing a system to study how loss of DNA methylation in a genome affects growth and development. Imprinting refers to differential expression of maternal and paternal alleles and plays an important role in reproduction development in both mammal and plants. DNA methylation is critical for determining whether the maternal or paternal alleles of an imprinted gene is expressed or silenced. In flowering plants, there is a double fertilization event in reproduction: one sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell to form embryo and a second sperm fuses with the central cell to give rise to endosperm. Endosperm is the tissue where imprinting occurs in plants. MEDEA, a SET domain Polycomb group gene, and FWA, a transcription factor regulating flowering, are the first two genes shown to be imprinted in endosperm and their expression is controlled by DNA methylation and demethylation in plants. In order to determine imprinting status of a gene and methylation pattern in endosperm, we need to be able to isolate endosperm first. Since seed is tiny in Arabidopsis, it remains challenging to isolate Arabidopsis endosperm and examine its methylation. In this video protocol, we report how to conduct a genetic cross, to isolate endosperm tissue from seeds, and to determine the methylation status by bisulfite sequencing.

Determination of DNA Methylation of Imprinted Genes in Arabidopsis Endosperm

Imprinting is a phenomenon in plant and mammal reproduction. DNA methylation plays an important role in mechanisms of imprinting. Isolating endosperm and determining methylation status of imprinted genes in Arabidopsis can be difficult. In this protocol, we describe how to isolate endosperm and determine methylation by bisulfite sequencing.

Determinação de metilação de DNA de genes marcados em Arabidopsis Endosperma

Arabidopsis thaliana is an excellent model organism for studying epigenetic mechanisms. One of the reasons is the loss-of-function null mutant of DNA ...

Biologia

DNA Methylation: Bisulphite Modification and Analysis

Epigenetics describes the heritable changes in gene function that occur independently to the DNA sequence. The molecular basis of epigenetic gene regulation is complex, but essentially involves modifications to the DNA itself or the proteins with which DNA associates. The predominant epigenetic modification of DNA in mammalian genomes is methylation of cytosine nucleotides (5-MeC). DNA methylation provides instruction to gene expression machinery as to where and when the gene should be expressed. The primary target sequence for DNA methylation in mammals is 5'-CpG-3' dinucleotides (Figure 1). CpG dinucleotides are not uniformly distributed throughout the genome, but are concentrated in regions of repetitive genomic sequences and CpG "islands" commonly associated with gene promoters (Figure 1). DNA methylation patterns are established early in development, modulated during tissue specific differentiation and disrupted in many disease states including cancer. To understand the biological role of DNA methylation and its role in human disease, precise, efficient and reproducible methods are required to detect and quantify individual 5-MeCs.
This protocol for bisulphite conversion is the "gold standard" for DNA methylation analysis and facilitates identification and quantification of DNA methylation at single nucleotide resolution. The chemistry of cytosine deamination by sodium bisulphite involves three steps (Figure 2). (1) Sulphonation: The addition of bisulphite to the 5-6 double bond of cytosine (2) Hydrolic Deamination: hydrolytic deamination of the resulting cytosine-bisulphite derivative to give a uracil-bisulphite derivative (3) Alkali Desulphonation: Removal of the sulphonate group by an alkali treatment, to give uracil. Bisulphite preferentially deaminates cytosine to uracil in single stranded DNA, whereas 5-MeC, is refractory to bisulphite-mediated deamination. Upon PCR amplification, uracil is amplified as thymine while 5-MeC residues remain as cytosines, allowing methylated CpGs to be distinguished from unmethylated CpGs by presence of a cytosine "C" versus thymine "T" residue during sequencing.
DNA modification by bisulphite conversion is a well-established protocol that can be exploited for many methods of DNA methylation analysis. Since the detection of 5-MeC by bisulphite conversion was first demonstrated by Frommer et al.1 and Clark et al.2, methods based around bisulphite conversion of genomic DNA account for the majority of new data on DNA methylation. Different methods of post PCR analysis may be utilized, depending on the degree of specificity and resolution of methylation required. Cloning and sequencing is still the most readily available method that can give single nucleotide resolution for methylation across the DNA molecule.

The gold standard for DNA methylation analysis is genomic sequencing of bisulphite converted DNA. This method takes advantage of the increased sensitivity of cytosine compared with 5-methylcytosine (5-MeC) to bisulphite deamination under acidic conditions. Unmethylated cytosines can be distinguished from methylated cytosines after PCR amplification of the target genomic DNA.

A metilação do DNA: Modificação e Análise de bissulfito

Epigenetics describes the heritable changes in gene function that occur independently to the DNA sequence. The molecular basis of epigenetic gene ...

Fluorescence-microscopy Screening and Next-generation Sequencing: Useful Tools for the Identification of Genes Involved in Organelle Integrity

This protocol describes a fluorescence microscope-based screening of Arabidopsis seedlings and describes how to map recessive mutations that alter the subcellular distribution of a specific tagged fluorescent marker in the secretory pathway. Arabidopsis is a powerful biological model for genetic studies because of its genome size, generation time, and conservation of molecular mechanisms among kingdoms. The array genotyping as an approach to map the mutation in alternative to the traditional method based on molecular markers is advantageous because it is relatively faster and may allow the mapping of several mutants in a really short time frame. This method allows the identification of proteins that can influence the integrity of any organelle in plants. Here, as an example, we propose a screen to map genes important for the integrity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Our approach, however, can be easily extended to other plant cell organelles (for example see1,2), and thus represents an important step toward understanding the molecular basis governing other subcellular structures.

A fundamental quest in cell biology is to define the mechanisms that underlie the identity of the organelles that make eukaryotic cells. Here we propose a method to identify the genes responsible for the morphological and functional integrity of plant organelles using fluorescence microscopy and next-generation sequencing tools.

Microscopia de fluorescência de Triagem e seqüenciamento da próxima geração: Ferramentas úteis para a identificação de genes envolvidos na integridade das Organelas

This protocol describes a fluorescence microscope-based screening of Arabidopsis seedlings and describes how to map recessive mutations that alter the ...

Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons

One of the major questions in microbial ecology is &#8220;who is there?&#8221; This question can be answered using various tools, but one of the long-lasting gold standards is to sequence 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicons generated by domain-level PCR reactions amplifying from genomic DNA. Traditionally, this was performed by cloning and Sanger (capillary electrophoresis) sequencing of PCR amplicons. The advent of next-generation sequencing has tremendously simplified and increased the sequencing depth for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The introduction of benchtop sequencers now allows small labs to perform their 16S rRNA sequencing in-house in a matter of days. Here, an approach for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing using a benchtop next-generation sequencer is detailed. The environmental DNA is first amplified by PCR using primers that contain sequencing adapters and barcodes. They are then coupled to spherical particles via emulsion PCR. The particles are loaded on a disposable chip and the chip is inserted in the sequencing machine after which the sequencing is performed. The sequences are retrieved in fastq format, filtered and the barcodes are used to establish the sample membership of the reads. The filtered and binned reads are then further analyzed using publically available tools. An example analysis where the reads were classified with a taxonomy-finding algorithm within the software package Mothur is given. The method outlined here is simple, inexpensive and straightforward and should help smaller labs to take advantage from the ongoing genomic revolution.

Characterizing microbial community has been a longstanding goal in environmental microbiology. Next-generation sequencing methods now allow for the characterization of microbial communities at an unprecedented depth with minimal cost and labor. We detail here our approach to sequence bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes using a benchtop sequencer.

O sequenciamento de próxima geração de 16S RNA ribossomal Gene amplicons

One of the major questions in microbial ecology is &#8220;who is there?&#8221; This question can be answered using various tools, but one of the ...

Enhanced Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing for Assessment of DNA Methylation at Base Pair Resolution

DNA methylation pattern mapping is heavily studied in normal and diseased tissues. A variety of methods have been established to interrogate the cytosine methylation patterns in cells. Reduced representation of whole genome bisulfite sequencing was developed to detect quantitative base pair resolution cytosine methylation patterns at GC-rich genomic loci. This is accomplished by combining the use of a restriction enzyme followed by bisulfite conversion. Enhanced Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (ERRBS) increases the biologically relevant genomic loci covered and has been used to profile cytosine methylation in DNA from human, mouse and other organisms. ERRBS initiates with restriction enzyme digestion of DNA to generate low molecular weight fragments for use in library preparation. These fragments are subjected to standard library construction for next generation sequencing. Bisulfite conversion of unmethylated cytosines prior to the final amplification step allows for quantitative base resolution of cytosine methylation levels in covered genomic loci. The protocol can be completed within four days. Despite low complexity in the first three bases sequenced, ERRBS libraries yield high quality data when using a designated sequencing control lane. Mapping and bioinformatics analysis is then performed and yields data that can be easily integrated with a variety of genome-wide platforms. ERRBS can utilize small input material quantities making it feasible to process human clinical samples and applicable in a range of research applications. The video produced demonstrates critical steps of the ERRBS protocol.

Enhanced Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing is a method for the preparation of sequencing libraries for DNA methylation analysis based on restriction enzyme digestion combined with cytosine bisulfite conversion. This protocol requires 50 ng of starting material and yields base pair resolution data at GC-rich genomic regions.

Aprimorada Redução Representação Bisulfite Sequencing para a Avaliação de metilação de DNA na resolução de pares de bases

DNA methylation pattern mapping is heavily studied in normal and diseased tissues. A variety of methods have been established to interrogate the cytosine ...

Amplification, Next-generation Sequencing, and Genomic DNA Mapping of Retroviral Integration Sites

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of diverse libraries of retroviral integration sites using ligation-mediated PCR (LM-PCR) amplification and next-generation sequencing (NGS), (2) mapping the genomic location of each virus-host junction using BEDTools, and (3) analyzing the data for statistical relevance. Genomic DNA extracted from infected cells is fragmented by digestion with restriction enzymes or by sonication. After suitable DNA end-repair, double-stranded linkers are ligated onto the DNA ends, and semi-nested PCR is conducted using primers complementary to both the long terminal repeat (LTR) end of the virus and the ligated linker DNA. The PCR primers carry sequences required for DNA clustering during NGS, negating the requirement for separate adapter ligation. Quality control (QC) is conducted to assess DNA fragment size distribution and adapter DNA incorporation prior to NGS. Sequence output files are filtered for LTR-containing reads, and the sequences defining the LTR and the linker are cropped away. Trimmed host cell sequences are mapped to a reference genome using BLAT and are filtered for minimally 97% identity to a unique point in the reference genome. Unique integration sites are scrutinized for adjacent nucleotide (nt) sequence and distribution relative to various genomic features. Using this protocol, integration site libraries of high complexity can be constructed from genomic DNA in three days. The entire protocol that encompasses exogenous viral infection of susceptible tissue culture cells to integration site analysis can therefore be conducted in approximately one to two weeks. Recent applications of this technology pertain to longitudinal analysis of integration sites from HIV-infected patients.

We describe a protocol for amplifying retroviral integration sites from the genomic DNA of infected cells, sequencing the amplified virus-host junctions, and then mapping these sequences to a reference genome. We also describe techniques to quantify the distribution of integration sites relative to various genomic annotations using BEDTools.

Amplificação, sequenciamento de próxima geração, e Genomic DNA Mapeamento das retrovirais Integração Sites

Retroviruses exhibit signature integration preferences on both the local and global scales. Here, we present a detailed protocol for (1) generation of ...

Interactome-Seq: A Protocol for Domainome Library Construction, Validation and Selection by Phage Display and Next Generation Sequencing

Folding reporters are proteins with easily identifiable phenotypes, such as antibiotic resistance, whose folding and function is compromised when fused to poorly folding proteins or random open reading frames. We have developed a strategy where, by using TEM-1 &#946;-lactamase (the enzyme conferring ampicillin resistance) on a genomic scale, we can select collections of correctly folded protein domains from the coding portion of the DNA of any intronless genome. The protein fragments obtained by this approach, the so called &#34;domainome&#34;, will be well expressed and soluble, making them suitable for structural/functional studies.
By cloning and displaying the &#34;domainome&#34; directly in a phage display system, we have showed that it is possible to select specific protein domains with the desired binding properties (e.g., to other proteins or to antibodies), thus providing essential experimental information for gene annotation or antigen identification.
The identification of the most enriched clones in a selected polyclonal population can be achieved by using novel next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS). For these reasons, we introduce deep sequencing analysis of the library itself and the selection outputs to provide complete information on diversity, abundance and precise mapping of each of the selected fragment. The protocols presented here show the key steps for library construction, characterization, and validation.

The protocols described allow the construction, characterization and selection (against the target of choice) of a &#34;domainome&#34; library made from any DNA source. This is achieved by a research pipeline that combines different technologies: phage display, a folding reporter and next generation sequencing with a web tool for data analysis.

Interactome-Seq: Um protocolo para a construção da biblioteca de Domainome, a validação e a seleção por Phage Display e a próxima geração de sequenciamento

Folding reporters are proteins with easily identifiable phenotypes, such as antibiotic resistance, whose folding and function is compromised when fused to ...

Tick Microbiome Characterization by Next-Generation 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing

In recent decades, vector-borne diseases have re-emerged and expanded at alarming rates, causing considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Effective and widely available vaccines are lacking for a majority of these diseases, necessitating the development of novel disease mitigation strategies. To this end, a promising avenue of disease control involves targeting the vector microbiome, the community of microbes inhabiting the vector. The vector microbiome plays a pivotal role in pathogen dynamics, and manipulations of the microbiome have led to reduced vector abundance or pathogen transmission for a handful of vector-borne diseases. However, translating these findings into disease control applications requires a thorough understanding of vector microbial ecology, historically limited by insufficient technology in this field. The advent of next-generation sequencing approaches has enabled rapid, highly parallel sequencing of diverse microbial communities. Targeting the highly-conserved 16S rRNA gene has facilitated characterizations of microbes present within vectors under varying ecological and experimental conditions. This technique involves amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, sample barcoding via PCR, loading samples onto a flow cell for sequencing, and bioinformatics approaches to match sequence data with phylogenetic information. Species or genus-level identification for a high number of replicates can typically be achieved through this approach, thus circumventing challenges of low detection, resolution, and output from traditional culturing, microscopy, or histological staining techniques. Therefore, this method is well-suited for characterizing vector microbes under diverse conditions but cannot currently provide information on microbial function, location within the vector, or response to antibiotic treatment. Overall, 16S next-generation sequencing is a powerful technique for better understanding the identity and role of vector microbes in disease dynamics.

Here we present a next-generation sequencing protocol for 16S rRNA sequencing which enables identification and characterization of microbial communities within vectors. This method involves DNA extraction, amplification and barcoding of samples through PCR, sequencing on a flow-cell, and bioinformatics to match sequence data to phylogenetic information.

Caracterização de Microbiome carrapato de próxima geração 16S rRNA Amplicon sequenciação

In recent decades, vector-borne diseases have re-emerged and expanded at alarming rates, causing considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Effective ...

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

The human gut is colonized by trillions of bacteria that support physiologic functions such as food metabolism, energy harvesting, and regulation of the immune system. Perturbation of the healthy gut microbiome has been suggested to play a role in the development of inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Environmental and genetic factors can influence the composition of the microbiome; therefore, identification of microbial communities linked with a disease phenotype has become the first step towards defining the microbiome&#8217;s role in health and disease. Use of 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing for profiling bacterial community has helped in advancing microbiome research. Despite its wide use, there is no uniform protocol for 16S rRNA-based taxonomic profiling analysis. Another limitation is the low resolution of taxonomic assignment due to technical difficulties such as smaller sequencing reads, as well as use of only forward (R1) reads in the final analysis due to low quality of reverse (R2) reads. There is need for a simplified method with high resolution to characterize bacterial diversity in a given biospecimen. Advancements in sequencing technology with the ability to sequence longer reads at high resolution have helped to overcome some of these challenges. Present sequencing technology combined with a publicly available metagenomic analysis pipeline such as R-based Divisive Amplicon Denoising Algorithm-2 (DADA2) has helped advance microbial profiling at high resolution, as DADA2 can assign sequence at the genus and species levels. Described here is a guide for performing bacterial profiling using two-step amplification of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, followed by analysis using freely available analysis tools (i.e., DADA2, Phyloseq, and METAGENassist). It is believed that this simple and complete workflow will serve as an excellent tool for researchers interested in performing microbiome profiling studies.

Described here is a simplified standard operating procedure for microbiome profiling using 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing and analysis using freely available tools. This protocol will help researchers who are new to the microbiome field as well as those requiring updates on methods to achieve bacterial profiling at a higher resolution.

Análise de microbiota usando PCR de duas etapas e sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA de próxima geração

The human gut is colonized by trillions of bacteria that support physiologic functions such as food metabolism, energy harvesting, and regulation of the ...

A Magnetic-Bead-Based Mosquito DNA Extraction Protocol for Next-Generation Sequencing

A recently published DNA extraction protocol using magnetic beads and an automated DNA extraction instrument suggested that it is possible to extract high quality and quantity DNA from a well-preserved individual mosquito sufficient for downstream whole genome sequencing. However, reliance on an expensive automated DNA extraction instrument can be prohibitive for many laboratories. Here, the study provides a budget-friendly magnetic-bead-based DNA extraction protocol, which is suitable for low to medium throughput. The protocol described here was successfully tested using individual Aedes aegypti mosquito samples. The reduced costs associated with high quality DNA extraction will increase the application of high throughput sequencing to resource limited labs and studies.

Described here is a DNA extraction protocol using magnetic beads to produce high quality DNA extractions from mosquitoes. These extractions are suitable for a downstream next-generation sequencing approach.

Um protocolo de extração de DNA de mosquito baseado em contas magnéticas para sequenciamento de próxima geração

A recently published DNA extraction protocol using magnetic beads and an automated DNA extraction instrument suggested that it is possible to extract high ...