The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Paul Kubes for his guidance and mentoring that were central in the construction of this work.

NOTA: Todas as experiências foram conduzidos de acordo com as diretrizes éticas institucionais locais. Desenho 1. Sangue <ol><li> Através venipucture antecubital, coletar 14 tubos de sangue de voluntários saudáveis ​​em top verde tubos (heparina) e inverta cada tubo antes de se estabelecer em gelo. Recolha de sangue dentro de 10-15 min de experiência para garantir um rendimento óptimo de neutrófilos. </li></ol> 2. Neutrophil Isolamento de Sangue Total <ol><li> Lave cada tubo superior verde do sangue com 5 ml de PBS sem Ca e Mg para diluir o sangue. Em cada uma de 4 x 50 ml tubos cónicos, adicionar 15 ml de Meios de Separação de Linfócitos (LSM) à TA. Usando uma agulha de 18 G, montado em uma seringa de 60 ml, a camada cuidadosamente o sangue diluído para o LSM, criando uma interface de LSM-sangue afiado. NOTA: Evitar a mistura das camadas, tanto quanto possível. </li><li> Centrifuga-se a 800 xg durante 30 min a 21 ° C, sem ruptura. NOTA: Sudden pausas podemprovocar a mistura das diferentes camadas. </li><li> Observe a eritrócitos e neutrófilos sedimento no fundo. Aspirar e descartar o top 2 camadas (plasma e LSM) certificando-se para se livrar da interface entre essas camadas que contém linfócitos e células mononucleares, deixando apenas a camada vermelha de fundo. </li><li> Para cada tubo, adicionar 20 ml de Tampão de fosfato salino (PBS) e Dextran 20 ml de 6%. Inverter cuidadosamente cada tubo para misturar com a camada de eritrócitos e neutrófilos e permitir a sentar-se à TA durante 30 min. NOTA: Este irá permitir que as células vermelhas do sangue (RBC) para sedimentar no fundo. </li><li> Depois de 30 minutos, transferir o sobrenadante rico neutrófilos para tubos frescos e descartar as pelotas de RBC. Sobrenadantes de centrifugação a 450 xg, a 4 ° C durante 5 minutos. Após centrifugação, o sobrenadante descartar. O sedimento conterá principalmente neutrófilos e poucos glóbulos vermelhos. </li><li> Prepara-se uma solução de lise pela adição de 0,5 ml de tampão de lise de 4.5 ml de água estéril. Lyse restante RBC com tele preparou 5 ml de solução de lise, transferindo todos os sedimentos ressuspensos em um tubo. Permita que a lise à temperatura ambiente, no escuro, durante 10 min. </li><li> Centrifuga-se a 450 xg a 4 ° C durante 5 min. Elimine o sobrenadante e lavar pellet com 5 ml PBS sem Ca e Mg e centrifugar novamente a 450 xg a 4 ° C para se livrar de qualquer solução de lise restante. O sedimento obtido neste ponto contém os neutrófilos. Ressuspender o sedimento em 30 ml de RPMI frio 3% e colocado em gelo. NOTA: 3% de RPMI é feita suplementando meio RPMI com 3% de Soro Fetal Bovino (FBS) </li><li> Verifique a pureza da amostra, utilizando coloração com azul de metileno. &gt; 95% das células devem ser granulócitos com núcleos múltiplos lobares. Use coloração com azul de Trypan para verificar&gt; 95% de viabilidade de células e contar o rendimento final de neutrófilos. Dilui-se neutrófilos de gelo frio de 3% de RPMI para se obter uma concentração final de 5 x 10 6 / ml neutrófilos. </li></ol> 3. NETs Generation <ol><li> Estimular neutrófilos com 500 nM de PMA (30 por ml de solução de neutrófilos) e incuba-se em um prato de cultura de tecido plana 150 mm x 25 mm com grelha de 20 mm para 4 horas a 37 ° C, 5% de CO 2. Isto irá permitir que NETosis. </li><li> Depois de 4 horas de estimulação, aspirar cuidadosamente e descartar a mídia, deixando a camada de redes e neutrófilos aderidos na parte inferior. Não perturbar essa camada. </li><li> Usando um total de 15 ml de PBS frio, sem Ca e Mg por placa, lava-se a parte inferior de cada prato por pipetagem de 15 ml de PBS no fundo do prato de forma a levantar todo o material aderente da parte inferior. </li><li> Recolhe solução obtida a partir de lavar cada prato (passo 3.3) em um tubo de 15 ml e centrifugar durante 10 minutos a 450 xg, a 4 ° C. Os neutrófilos e as células restantes irá sedimentar no fundo, deixando uma rica em NET sobrenadante livre de células. </li><li> Dividir o sobrenadante para tubos de 1,5 ml de micro-centrifugação e centrifugação durante 10 min a 18.000 xg, a 4 ° C. Isso permitirá que todo o ADN para sedimentar. NOTA: A centrifugação em maior tubes tempo é mais fácil e menos demorado se velocidades tão altas são atingíveis na centrífuga normal, caso contrário, será necessário dividir os sobrenadantes em tubos de menor diâmetro, a fim de utilizar micro-centrífuga de alta velocidade. </li><li> Rejeitar sobrenadante e ressuspender todas granulados obtidos em conjunto em PBS gelado a uma concentração correspondente a 2 x 10 7 neutrófilos por 100 ul de PBS. Isto vai dar origem ao estoque NET isento de células que podem ser utilizadas para as experiências subsequentes. </li><li> Medir a concentração de ADN na amostra obtida utilizando espectrofotometria ou ferramenta de quantificação do ADN alternativo. Uma concentração adequada na amostra deve variar entre 140-180 ng / ul. </li></ol> 4. NET-celular do cancro Ensaio de Adesão estática <ol><li> Adicionar 100 ul de estoque líquido obtido anteriormente por poço numa placa de fundo plano 96 e assim permitir a revestir poços de O / N a 4 ° C no escuro. </li><li> Entre 12 e 20 h mais tarde, verificar a formação de uma monocamada uniforme de célulasNET livres no fundo dos poços, sob o microscópio (Figura 1). Neste ponto, aspirar delicadamente todo o material não aderente dos poços, tomando cuidado para não perturbar a monocamada NET na parte inferior. </li><li> Adicionar 100 uL de 1% de Albumina de Soro Bovino (BSA) a solução de bloqueio a cada poço e deixar durante 1 hora à TA. </li><li> Separar as células cancerosas A549 a partir de um frasco T-75 utilizando 2 ml de solução de tripsina a 0,25%. Uma vez separado, adicionar 10 ml de meio de células A549 tratadas com tripsina e centrifugar a 450 xg, a 4 ° C durante 5 min. Rejeitar sobrenadante e ressuspender as células em meio para se obter uma concentração de 2 x 10 4 células cancerosas por 100 ul meios. NOTA: As células A549 foram cultivadas em separado. Resumidamente, as células foram cultivadas e mantidas em meio DMEM F12, contendo 10% de FBS e 1% de penicilina estreptomicina e incubou-se a 37 ° C, 5% de CO 2. Uma vez que 70-80% de confluência de células foi alcançado, eles foram destacadas usando 0,25% de tripsina-EDTA e ressuspensas no mesmo meiodescrito acima. </li><li> Células de cancro da mancha usando CFSE por adição de 1 ul de CFSE por ml de meio e deixar a manchar a TA durante 10 min. Após a coloração, centrifugar a 450 xg para baixo a 4 ° C durante 5 min e depois descartar sobrenadante e ressuspender as células em volume inicial de meio para se obter uma concentração de 2 x 10 4 células cancerosas por 100 ul meios. </li><li> Após 1 hr de NET bloqueio, suavemente aspirado solução de bloqueio e adicionar 2 x10 4 células cancerosas em meio, o que é equivalente a 100 ul, por poço através da monocamada NET e permitir a aderir durante 90 min a 37 ° C, 5% de CO 2. Suavemente aspirar as células e adicionar 100 ul de PBS a cada poço para lavar quaisquer células não aderentes. </li><li> Em alguns poços, adicionar 1000U de DNAse1 por poço durante 10 minutos antes da lavagem para degradar NET. Isso servirá como controle negativo. Em outras cavidades, adicionar 100 uL de água estéril por poço durante 10 min, o que vai servir como o controlo de veículo (VC). NOTA: 3 replicados por condition são geralmente realizadas para aumentar o tamanho da amostra. </li><li> Aspirar e descartar todos solução nas cavidades, deixando apenas NET e células cancerosas aderentes ao fundo. Adicionar 100 ul de solução de formaldeído a 4% por poço para fixar as células cancerosas aderentes para NETS e ler ensaio sob o microscópio de fluorescência (Figura 1). Plot e analisar os resultados (Figura 3). </li></ol>

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O protocolo de isolamento Armadilha de Neutrófilos Extracelular demonstrado neste vídeo combina diferentes técnicas utilizadas na literatura para o isolamento dos neutrófilos e de formação NET. Ele simplifica um processo bastante complexo e variável e oferece uma maneira muito confiável e replicável para isolar NETs livres de células purificadas com menos etapas do que outros protocolos. Além disso, reagentes prontamente disponíveis são empregados adicionando à simplicidade protocolos e reduzindo significa...

Armadilhas extracelulares dos neutrófilos (NETs) são recém-descoberto elementos derivadas de neutrófilos compostas de cadeias de DNA extracelular decoradas por centenas de proteínas e histonas. Eles são segregadas por neutrófilos no contexto da infecção e inflamação seguintes estímulos específicos e eles foram reconhecidos inicialmente fazer parte dos mecanismos de defesa contra as infecções de neutrófilos. Eles foram mostrados primeiro a promover a captura de vários invasores microbianos, incluindo bactérias, vírus e fungos 1-3. Aprisionando do micróbio, então, levar a sua destruição tanto diretamente pelo proteínas associadas a NET 3,4 e indiretamente através de recrutamento local de células fagocíticas 5,6. O papel de NET, contudo, não parece ser limitado a defesa do hospedeiro. Mais recentemente, têm sido mostrado desempenhar um importante papel em doenças auto-imunes 7,8, trombose 9, desordens relacionadas com a gravidez 10 e ainda a progressão do cancro11,12. Por conseguinte, afigura-se que as redes de desempenhar um papel importante em um grande número de diversos processos fisiológicos. No entanto, dada a natureza inovadora de tais pesquisas, ainda há muito a ser elucidado com respeito aos mecanismos pelos quais NETs exercem os seus efeitos. Este trabalho apresenta um método simplificado para o isolamento de NET na ausência de neutrófilos. No vídeo a seguir, demonstramos uma técnica simplificada e fácil de isolar NETs de sangue humano. NET isentos de células podem então ser utilizados em uma série de experiências in vitro, incluindo coloração, imuunofluorescence, apagando assim como um certo número de ensaios, tais como adesão, migração e proliferação. Outros protocolos de existir 13, 19, no entanto eles são geralmente longos, complexos, caros, e frequentemente, baixo rendimento 13. Este protocolo simplificado utiliza reagentes básicos e diminui o número de passos necessários para isolar neutrófilos, minimizando assim o comprimento da procedure ao mesmo tempo maximizar o rendimento. O método a seguir combina diferentes técnicas para isolamento de neutrófilos anteriormente descrito na literatura para obtenção de um protocolo simples, obtendo-se uma amostra muito pura de neutrófilos vivos. Tal como sugerido na literatura, o sangue venoso é recolhido em tubos com EDTA e utilizado dentro de 10 minutos para evitar a activação de neutrófilos 14. Usamos Meios de Separação de Linfócitos (LSM) centrifugação com gradiente de densidade para isolar granulócitos e células vermelhas do sangue heparinizado a partir de sangue total, um método adaptado de a técnica de centrifugação de densidade Ficoll inicialmente descrito por Boyum et al 15. LSM é uma modificação da formulação Boyum que substitui o diatrizoato de sódio para o metrizoato de sódio e foi utilizada com sucesso em muitos estudos para isolar neutrófilos 16-18. Após centrifugação diferencial de densidade, monócitos e linfócitos são descartados; células vermelhas do sangue são então sedimentadoutilizando uma solução de dextrano a 6% e os 14 restantes glóbulos vermelhos são lisadas para se obter uma população de neutrófilos puros, que é verificada com azul de Tripano e coloração com azul de metileno. Numerosos agentes têm sido utilizados para induzir NETosis tanto in vitro e in vivo, incluindo lipopolissacárido (LPS), e acetato de miristato de forbol (PMA) e as interleucinas (IL-8) 3,5,6. No seguinte protocolo, isolados neutrófilos são estimuladas com PMA 500 ​​nM durante 4 horas, o que tem sido demonstrado ser uma concentração adequada para permitir a formação NET consistente e fiável sem promover a apoptose 19,20. Após o isolamento, é mostrado como NET isentos de células obtidos a partir deste protocolo pode ser utilizado em um ensaio de adesão. DNAse1 é utilizado para digerir ou degradar NET como descrito anteriormente e, portanto, serve como um controlo 2,3,11. Outras opções incluem a utilização de inibidor de elastase de neutrófilos (NEI) para inibir formati NET, o que é uma alternativa aceitável quando o objectivo é inibir a formação de NET, em vez de efectuar a sua degradação 11. Embora NEi tem um número de funções variadas, foi previamente mostrado que a deposição NET pode ser inibida por NEi por bloqueio da descondensação de cromatina, a desgranulação de neutrófilos e a morte nuclear 12

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="983">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:573px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS), Modified, without calcium chloride and magnesium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">Wisent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">311-425-CL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Lymphocyte Separation Medium (LSM)</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">Wisent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">305-010-CL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dextran hydrochloride (powder)</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">Spectrum</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DE130</td>
			<td>6% Dextran solution is made by supplementing PBS with Ca and Mg with 6% Dextran powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">RPMI-1640 Medium with L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">Wisent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">350-000-CL</td>
			<td>3% RPMI solution is made by supplementing RPMI with 3% Fetal Bovine serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">BD Pharm Lyse Lysing buffer</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">555899</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">Sigma-Alrdrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNAse1</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11284932001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">F12 DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">Wisent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">319-075-CL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">Wisent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">080-150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CFSE</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C1157</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Integrid tissue culture dish with 20mm grid (150 x 25mm)</td>
			<td style="width:75px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">353025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

simplified human neutrophil extracellular traps (nets) isolation and handling

Neutrófilos extracelulares Armadilhas (NETS), foram recentemente identificadas como parte do arsenal antimicrobiano da neutrófilo. Para além do seu papel no combate às infecções, investigação recente demonstrou que eles podem ser envolvidos em muitos outros processos de doença, incluindo a progressão do cancro. Isolando NETs purificadas é um elemento crucial para permitir que o estudo dessas funções. Neste vídeo, demonstramos um método simplificado de célula livre isolamento NET a partir de sangue humano utilizando reagentes facilmente disponíveis. Isolado NET pode então ser utilizado para a coloração de imunofluorescência, blotting ou vários ensaios funcionais. Isto permite uma avaliação das suas propriedades biológicas na ausência dos potenciais efeitos de confusão dos próprios neutrófilos. Uma técnica de separação por gradiente de densidade é utilizada para isolar os neutrófilos a partir de sangue completo de dadores saudáveis. Isolado neutrófilos são então estimulados por forbol 12-myrsiState 13-acetato (PMA) para induzir NETosis. Os neutrófilos activados são então descartados, e um estoque NET livre de células é obtida. Em seguida, demonstram como NET isolado pode ser utilizado em um ensaio de adesão com células de cancro do pulmão humano A549. O estoque NET é utilizado para revestir os poços de uma cultura de células de 96 poços da placa S / N, e depois de se assegurar a formação de uma monocamada NET adequada no fundo dos poços, CFSE rotulados células A549 são adicionados. As células aderentes são quantificados utilizando um microscópio de fluorescência Nikon TE300. Em alguns poços, 1000U DNAse1 é adicionado 10 minutos antes da contagem de degradar NET

Realização bem sucedida de um ensaio de adesão estático com NET requer revestimento adequada dos poços com uma monocamada de NET antes da adição de células de cancro (Figura 1). Todos os passos subsequentes deve ser feito com cuidado para não perturbar essa camada. Quando uma camada adequada de NET é formada, espera-se ver as células cancerosas significativa adesão às NET como pode ser visto na Figura 2A e 2C. Este efeito é abolida pela adição de DNAse1,...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simplified Human Neutrophil Extracellular Traps NETs Isolation and Handling at JoVE.com

Simplified Human Neutrophil Extracellular Traps NETs Isolation and Handling

No seguinte protocolo, descrevemos um modo muito simples para isolar armadilhas de Neutrófilos extracelulares (NETS) a partir de sangue total humano utilizando reagentes prontamente disponíveis. Em seguida, demonstram como os NET isolado pode ser utilizado em um ensaio de adesão in vitro com células cancerosas.

Simplificado Humanos neutrófilos extracelulares Traps (NETs) Isolamento e Manuseio

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) have been recently identified as part of the neutrophil&#8217;s antimicrobial armamentarium. Apart from their role ...

simplified-human-neutrophil-extracellular-traps-nets-isolation

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Simplified Human Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Isolation and Handling

29.7K visualizações.  McGill University.  No seguinte protocolo, descrevemos um modo muito simples para isolar armadilhas de Neutrófilos extracelulares (NETS) a partir de sangue total humano utilizando reagentes prontamente disponíveis. Em seguida, demonstram como os NET isolado pode ser utilizado em um ensaio de adesão in vitro com células cancerosas. 

Vídeo: Simplified Human Neutrophil Extracellular Traps NETs Isolation and Handling

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: How to Generate and Visualize Them

Neutrophil granulocytes are the most abundant group of leukocytes in the peripheral blood. As professional phagocytes, they engulf bacteria and kill them intracellularly when their antimicrobial granules fuse with the phagosome. We found that neutrophils have an additional way of killing microorganisms: upon activation, they release granule proteins and chromatin that together form extracellular fibers that bind pathogens. These novel structures, or Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), degrade virulence factors and kill bacteria1, fungi2 and parasites3. The structural backbone of NETs is DNA, and they are quickly degraded in the presence of DNases. Thus, bacteria expressing DNases are more virulent4. Using correlative microscopy combining TEM, SEM, immunofluorescence and live cell imaging techniques, we could show that upon stimulation, the nuclei of neutrophils lose their shape and the eu- and heterochromatin homogenize. Later, the nuclear envelope and the granule membranes disintegrate allowing the mixing of NET components. Finally, the NETs are released as the cell membrane breaks. This cell death program (NETosis) is distinct from apoptosis and necrosis and depends on the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species by NADPH oxidase5. 
Neutrophil extracellular traps are abundant at sites of acute inflammation. NETs appear to be a form of innate immune response that bind microorganisms, prevent them from spreading, and ensure a high local concentration of antimicrobial agents to degrade virulence factors and kill pathogens thus allowing neutrophils to fulfill their antimicrobial function even beyond their life span. There is increasing evidence, however, that NETs are also involved in diseases that range from auto-immune syndromes to infertility6.
We describe methods to isolate Neutrophil Granulocytes from peripheral human blood7 and stimulate them to form NETs. Also we include protocols to visualize the NETs in light and electron microscopy.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) are an important innate immune mechanism to fight pathogenic bacteria, fungi and parasites. Here we describe methods to isolate neutrophil granulocytes from human blood and to activate them to form NETs. We present preparation techniques to visualize NETs in light and electron microscopy.

Neutrófilos Traps Extracelular: Como Gerar e visualizá-los

Neutrophil granulocytes are the most abundant group of leukocytes in the peripheral blood. As professional phagocytes, they engulf bacteria and kill them ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Isolation of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells and Their Use in the Study of Neutrophil Transmigration Under Flow Conditions

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell. They form an essential part of the innate immune system1. During acute inflammation, neutrophils are the first inflammatory cells to migrate to the site of injury. Recruitment of neutrophils to an injury site is a stepwise process that includes first, dilation of blood vessels to increase blood flow; second, microvascular structural changes and escape of plasma proteins from the bloodstream; third, rolling, adhesion and transmigration of the neutrophil across the endothelium; and fourth accumulation of neutrophils at the site of injury2,3. A wide array of in vivo and in vitro methods has evolved to enable the study of these processes4. This method focuses on neutrophil transmigration across human endothelial cells.
One popular method for examining the molecular processes involved in neutrophil transmigration utilizes human neutrophils interacting with primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)5. Neutrophil isolation has been described visually elsewhere6; thus this article will show the method for isolation of HUVEC. Once isolated and grown to confluence, endothelial cells are activated resulting in the upregulation of adhesion and activation molecules. For example, activation of endothelial cells with cytokines like TNF-&alpha; results in increased E-selectin and IL-8 expression7. E-selectin mediates capture and rolling of neutrophils and IL-8 mediates activation and firm adhesion of neutrophils. After adhesion neutrophils transmigrate. Transmigration can occur paracellularly (through endothelial cell junctions) or transcellularly (through the endothelial cell itself). In most cases, these interactions occur under flow conditions found in the vasculature7,8.
The parallel plate flow chamber is a widely used system that mimics the hydrodynamic shear stresses found in vivo and enables the study of neutrophil recruitment under flow condition in vitro9,10. Several companies produce parallel plate flow chambers and each have advantages and disadvantages. If fluorescent imaging is needed, glass or an optically similar polymer needs to be used. Endothelial cells do not grow well on glass.
Here we present an easy and rapid method for phase-contrast, DIC and fluorescent imaging of neutrophil transmigration using a low volume ibidi channel slide made of a polymer that supports the rapid adhesion and growth of human endothelial cells and has optical qualities that are comparable to glass. In this method, endothelial cells were grown and stimulated in an ibidi &mu;slide. Neutrophils were introduced under flow conditions and transmigration was assessed. Fluorescent imaging of the junctions enabled real-time determination of the extent of paracellular versus transcellular transmigration.

This article first describes a procedure for isolating human endothelial cells from umbilical veins and then shows how to use these cells to examine neutrophil transmigration under flow conditions. By using a low-volume flow chamber made from a polymer with the optical characteristics of glass, live-cell fluorescent imaging of rare cell populations is also possible.

Isolamento de Células endoteliais da veia umbilical humana e sua utilização no estudo de transmigração de Neutrófilos sob condições de fluxo

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell. They form an essential part of the innate immune system1. During acute inflammation, ...

Human Neutrophil Flow Chamber Adhesion Assay

Neutrophil firm adhesion to endothelial cells plays a critical role in inflammation in both health and disease. The process of neutrophil firm adhesion involves many different adhesion molecules including members of the &beta;2 integrin family and their counter-receptors of the ICAM family. Recently, naturally occurring genetic variants in both &beta;2 integrins and ICAMs are reported to be associated with autoimmune disease. Thus, the quantitative adhesive capacity of neutrophils from individuals with varying allelic forms of these adhesion molecules is important to study in relation to mechanisms underlying development of autoimmunity. Adhesion studies in flow chamber systems can create an environment with fluid shear stress similar to that observed in the blood vessel environment in vivo. Here, we present a method using a flow chamber assay system to study the quantitative adhesive properties of human peripheral blood neutrophils to human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and to purified ligand substrates. With this method, the neutrophil adhesive capacities from donors with different allelic variants in adhesion receptors can be assessed and compared. This method can also be modified to assess adhesion of other primary cell types or cell lines.

A method of quantitating neutrophil adhesion is reported. This method creates a dynamic flow environment similar to that encountered in a blood vessel. It allows the investigation of neutrophil adhesion to either purified adhesion molecules (ligand) or endothelial cell substrate (HUVEC) in a context similar to the in vivo environment with sheer stress.

Fluxo de Neutrófilos Humanos Secção Ensaio de Adesão

Neutrophil firm adhesion to endothelial cells plays a critical role in inflammation in both health and disease. The process of neutrophil firm adhesion ...

Methods to Study Lipid Alterations in Neutrophils and the Subsequent Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

Lipid analysis performed by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a relatively simple, cost-effective method of analyzing a broad range of lipids. The function of lipids (e.g., in host-pathogen interactions or host entry) has been reported to play a crucial role in cellular processes. Here, we show a method to determine lipid composition, with a focus on the cholesterol level of primary blood-derived neutrophils, by HPTLC in comparison to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The aim was to investigate the role of lipid/cholesterol alterations in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NET release is known as a host defense mechanism to prevent pathogens from spreading within the host. Therefore, blood-derived human neutrophils were treated with methyl-&#946;-cyclodextrin (M&#946;CD) to induce lipid alterations in the cells. Using HPTLC and HPLC, we have shown that M&#946;CD treatment of the cells leads to lipid alterations associated with a significant reduction in the cholesterol content of the cell. At the same time, M&#946;CD treatment of the neutrophils led to the formation of NETs, as shown by immunofluorescence microscopy. In summary, here we present a detailed method to study lipid alterations in neutrophils and the formation of NETs.

Lipids are known to play an important role in cellular functions. Here, we describe a method to determine the lipid composition of neutrophils, with emphasis on the cholesterol level, by using both HPTLC and HPLC to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of neutrophil extracellular trap formation.

Métodos de estudo de lipídios Alterações nos neutrófilos ea subsequente formação de neutrófilos Extracelular Traps

Lipid analysis performed by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a relatively simple, cost-effective method of analyzing a broad range of ...

A Simple Fluorescence Assay for Quantification of Canine Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Release

Neutrophil extracellular traps are networks of DNA, histones and neutrophil proteins released in response to infectious and inflammatory stimuli. Although a component of the innate immune response, NETs are implicated in a range of disease processes including autoimmunity and thrombosis. This protocol describes a simple method for canine neutrophil isolation and quantification of NETs using a microplate fluorescence assay. Blood is collected using conventional venipuncture techniques. Neutrophils are isolated using dextran sedimentation and a density gradient using conditions optimized for dog blood. After allowing time for attachment to the wells of a 96 well plate, neutrophils are treated with NET-inducing agonists such as phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate or platelet activating factor. DNA release is measured by the fluorescence of a cell-impermeable nucleic acid dye. This assay is a simple, inexpensive method for quantifying NET release, but NET formation rather than other causes of cell death must be confirmed with alternative methods.

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of DNA, histones and neutrophil proteins. Although a component of the innate immune response, NETs are implicated in autoimmunity and thrombosis. This protocol describes a simple method for canine neutrophil isolation and quantification of NETs using a microplate fluorescence assay.

A fluorescência ensaio simples para a quantificação de Canine neutrófilos Extracelular Armadilha lançamento

Neutrophil extracellular traps are networks of DNA, histones and neutrophil proteins released in response to infectious and inflammatory stimuli. Although ...

Visualizing Macrophage Extracellular Traps Using Confocal Microscopy

A primary method used to define the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is confocal microscopy. We have modified established confocal microscopy methods to visualize macrophage extracellular traps (METs). These extracellular traps are defined by the presence of extracellular chromatin with co-expression of other components such as granule proteases, citrullinated histones, and peptidyl arginase deiminase (PAD). The expression of METs is generally measured after exposure to a stimulus and compared to un-stimulated samples. Samples are also included for background and isotype control. Cells are analyzed using well-defined image analysis software. Confocal microscopy may be used to define the presence of METs both in vitro and in vivo in lung tissue.

Macrophage extracellular traps are a newly described entity. This article will concentrate on confocal microscopy methods and how they are visualized in vitro and in vivo from lung samples.

Visualizando o macrófago armadilhas extracelular usando microscopia Confocal

A primary method used to define the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is confocal microscopy. We have modified established confocal ...

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophil-derived Microparticles for Functional Studies

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived microparticles (PMN)-MPs) are lipid bilayer, spherical microvesicles with sizes ranging from 50&#8211;1,000 nm in diameter. MPs are a newly evolving, important part of cell-to-cell communication and signaling machinery. Because of their size and the nature of their release, until recently MP existence was overlooked. However, with improved technology and analytical methods their function in health and disease is now emerging. The protocols presented here are aimed at isolating and characterizing PMN-MPs by flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Moreover, several implementation examples are given. These protocols for MP isolation are fast, low-cost, and do not require the use of expensive kits. Furthermore, they allow for the labeling of MPs following isolation, as well as pre-labeling of source cells prior to MP release, using a membrane-specific fluorescent dye for visualization and analysis by flow cytometry. These methods, however, have several limitations including purity of PMNs and MPs and the need for sophisticated analytical instrumentation. A high-end flow cytometer is needed to reliably analyze MPs and minimize false positive reads due to noise or auto-fluorescence. The described protocols can be used to isolate and define MP biogenesis, and characterize their markers and variation in composition under different stimulating conditions. Size heterogeneity can be exploited to investigate whether the content of membrane particles versus exosomes is different, and whether they fulfill different roles in tissue homeostasis. Finally, following isolation and characterization of MPs, their function in cellular responses and various disease models (including, PMN-associated inflammatory disorders, such as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases or Acute Lung Injury) can be explored.

New protocols are described here to isolate and characterize microparticles derived from human and mouse neutrophils. These protocols utilize ultracentrifugation, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting techniques to analyze microparticle content, and they can be used to study the role of microparticles derived from various cell types in cellular function.

Isolamento e caracterização de micropartículas de neutrófilos-derivado para estudos funcionais

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived microparticles (PMN)-MPs) are lipid bilayer, spherical microvesicles with sizes ranging from 50&#8211;1,000 nm in ...

In Vitro Canine Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation: Dynamic and Quantitative Analysis by Fluorescence Microscopy

In response to invading pathogens, neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are extracellular networks of DNA decorated with histones and antimicrobial proteins. Excessive NET formation (NETosis) and citH3 release during sepsis is associated with multiple organ dysfunction and mortality in mice and humans but its implications in dogs are unknown. Herein, we describe a technique to isolate canine neutrophils from whole blood for observation and quantification of NETosis. Leukocyte-rich plasma, generated by dextran sedimentation, is separated by commercially available density gradient separation media and granulocytes collected for cell count and viability testing. To observe real-time NETosis in live neutrophils, cell permeant and cell impermeant fluorescent nucleic acid stains are added to neutrophils activated either by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Changes in nuclear morphology and NET formation are observed over time by fluorescence microscopy. In vitro NETosis is further characterized by co-colocalization of cell-free DNA (cfDNA), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and citrullinated histone H3 (citH3) using a modified double-immunolabelling protocol. To objectively quantify NET formation and citH3 expression using fluorescence microscopy, NETs and citH3-positive cells are quantified in a blinded manner using available software. This technique is a specific assay to evaluate the in vitro capacity of canine neutrophils to undergo NETosis.

In Vitro Canine Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation: Dynamic and Quantitative Analysis by Fluorescence Microscopy

We describe methods to isolate canine neutrophils from whole blood and visualize NET formation in live neutrophils using fluorescence microscopy. Also described are protocols to quantify NET formation and citrullinated histone H3 (citH3) expression using immunofluorescence microscopy.

In Vitro Formação canina neutrófilos extracelular armadilha: Análise dinâmica e quantitativa por microscopia de fluorescência

In response to invading pathogens, neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are extracellular networks of DNA decorated with ...

Automated Image-Based Quantification of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Using NETQUANT

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like antimicrobial structures consisting of DNA and granule derived antimicrobial proteins. Immunofluorescence microscopy and image-based quantification methods remain important tools to quantitate neutrophil extracellular trap formation. However, there are key limitations to the immunofluorescence-based methods that are currently available for quantifying NETs. Manual methods of image-based NET quantification are often subjective, prone to error and tedious for users, especially non-experienced users. Also, presently available software options for quantification are either semi-automatic or require training prior to operation. Here, we demonstrate the implementation of an automated immunofluorescence-based image quantification method to evaluate NET formation called NETQUANT. The software is easy to use and has a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI). It considers biologically relevant parameters such as an increase in the surface area and DNA:NET marker protein ratio, and nuclear deformation to define NET formation. Furthermore, this tool is built as a freely available app, and allows for single-cell resolution quantification and analysis.

Here, we present a protocol for generating neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and operating NETQUANT, a fully automatic software option for quantification of NETs in immunofluorescence images.

Quantificação automatizada baseada em imagem de armadilhas extracelulares de neutrófilos usando NETQUANT

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like antimicrobial structures consisting of DNA and granule derived antimicrobial proteins. ...

A High-throughput Assay to Assess and Quantify Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are immunogenic extracellular DNA structures that can be released by neutrophils upon a wide variety of triggers. NETs have been demonstrated to serve as an important host defense mechanism that traps and kills microorganisms. On the other hand, they have been implicated in diverse systemic autoimmune diseases. NETs are immunogenic and toxic structures that contain a pool of relevant autoantigens including anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Different forms of NETs can be induced depending on the stimulus. The amount of NETs can be quantified using different techniques including measuring DNA release in supernatants, measuring DNA-complexed with NET-molecules like myeloperoxidase (MPO) or neutrophil elastase (NE), measuring the presence of citrullinated histones by fluorescence microscopy, or flow cytometric detection of NET-components which all have different features regarding their specificity, sensitivity, objectivity, and quantity. Here is a protocol to quantify ex vivo NET formation in a highly-sensitive, high-throughput manner by using three-dimensional immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. This protocol can be applied to address various research questions about NET formation and degradation in health and disease.

This protocol describes a highly sensitive and high throughput neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) assay for the semi-automated quantification of ex vivo NET formation by immunofluorescence three-dimensional confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used to evaluate NET formation and degradation after different stimuli and can be used to study potential NET-targeted therapies.

Um ensaio de alta produtividade para avaliar e quantificar a formação de neutrófilos extracelular armadilha

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are immunogenic extracellular DNA structures that can be released by neutrophils upon a wide variety of triggers. ...