Graças a Michaela Hall, Larissa Bispo e Gustavo Tavares de Assistência Técnica.

Os géneros alimentícios que são comidos crus ou levemente cozidos são de maior preocupação para a saúde humana. Exemplos incluem hortaliças, frutas, mariscos e crustáceos. Coleção 1. Amostra <ol><li> Recolha de amostras sob condições que minimizam a contaminação, e armazenadas em sacos separados, limpas durante o transporte. Uma vez recolhidas, as amostras devem ser armazenadas a 4 ° C e processados ​​dentro de 24 horas. </li></ol> 2. Enriquecido Cultura Preparação <ol><li> Frutas e vegetais: <ol><li> Colocar aproximadamente 10 g de material em um saco de plástico durável. Se a transformação de matérias maior, concentrar-se na pele do fruto ou legume. Adicionar 90 ml de tampão 0,1 M de fosfato de sódio, pH 7,0 e processo num misturador de pás durante 30 s. Em alternativa, o material pode ser agitada manualmente, se um misturador de pás não está disponível. </li><li> Recolhe-se o líquido em dois tubos Falcon de 50 ml. Tubos de centrifugação a 4.000 xg por 7 min de bactérias de pelotização. </li&gt; <li> Remova cuidadosamente o sobrenadante e suspender as bactérias peletizadas em 30 ml de Luria estéril Bertani (LB). </li><li> Incubar num agitador de O / N, que prende um tubo a 25 ° C e o outro a 37 ° C. As culturas deverão ser agitados a 200 oscilações por minuto (OPM). Armazenar as culturas a 4 ° C até serem necessárias. </li></ol></li><li> Seafood: <ol><li> Dissecar o estômago (ostras) ou do tracto digestivo (camarão), utilizando fórceps e pinças estéreis e colocar num tubo de 1,5 ml esterilizado, contendo 200 ul de tampão de fosfato de sódio 0,1 M, pH 7,0. Macerar o exemplo para criar um homogeneizado. </li><li> Pipetar 5 ml de caldo LB estéril em dois tubos de 5 ml, e inocular cada um com o homogeneizado de marisco. </li><li> Incubar num agitador de O / N, que prende um tubo a 25 ° C e o outro a 37 ° C. As culturas deverão ser agitados a 200 opm. Armazenar as culturas a 4 ° C até serem necessárias. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. As culturas de rastreio para integrons MgCl2 de 2,5 mM. Se necessário, Lorenz (2011) 24 delineou PCR otimização e solução de problemas métodos em uma edição anterior desta revista. <ol><li> Preparação de ADN fervido: <ol><li> Dispensar 100 l de cultura enriquecido em um estéril 0,5 ml tubo de PCR. Aquece-se a amostra a 99 ° C durante 10 min, utilizando um banho-maria ou bloco de aquecimento. Encaixe frio em gelo durante 2 min. </li><li> Microcentrífuga a 14000 xg durante 5 min para sedimentar os detritos celulares. Retornar ao gelo. As amostras de ADN podem ser congeladas a -20 ° C até serem necessárias, mas deve ser descongelada em gelo. </li></ol></li><li> Rastreio de classe 1 integrons usando PCR: NOTA: culturas mistas do O / N incubação são selecionados para a classe 1 integrons usando o protocolo HS463a / HS464 PCR (Tabela 1). <ol><li> Descongelar todos os reagentes de PCR em gelo, longe de qualquer potencial de souRCEs de ADN contaminante. Compõem 48 ul PCR mastermix por amostra, incluindo controlos negativos (Tabela 2). Dispense 48 ul de PCR master mix para cada tubo, usando dicas de barreira. </li><li> Adicionar 2 mL de ADN descongeladas para tubos de PCR individuais, utilizando pontas de barreira. Executar programa adequado no termociclador de PCR. </li><li> Para avaliar os resultados da amplificação, electroforese 7 uL de produto de PCR num gel de agarose a 2% e executar vertida em tampão TBE (90 mM Tris-borato, 2 mM de EDTA). Incluem um marcador de peso molecular, tais como uma escada de 100 pb. </li><li> Adicione mancha do gel com um corante de ADN, e visualizar utilizando um transiluminador de UV. Verificar que não houve nenhuma amplificação no controlo negativo. A banda forte em torno de 470 pb para qualquer determinada amostra indica que a cultura mista contém bactérias que carregam uma classe 1 integron. Colónias puras vai agora ser isolado a partir de qualquer cultura mista que devolvido um PCR positivo. </li></ol></li></ol><ol><li> Diluições em série e placas espalhadas: NOTA: Para isolar colónias simples a partir das culturas mistas de PCR-positivas, a cultura mista é diluída em série de 10 vezes em tampão de fosfato de sódio, e depois plaqueadas para recuperar as colónias individuais. <ol><li> Adicionar 1 ml de cultura mista a 9 ml de tampão de fosfato de sódio 0,1 M, pH 7,0 e misturar por inversão. Adicionar 1 ml da diluição para uma mais 9 ml de tampão de fosfato, e repetir até uma diluição em série de 10 -8 é atingido. </li><li> Espalhe 100 ul dos 10 -4 a 10 -8 diluições em agar LB, em duplicado. Incubar as placas de O / N à mesma temperatura utilizada para a cultura mista inicial. As placas podem então ser armazenadas a 4 ° C até ser necessário, no entanto, é melhor para processar as colónias individuais relativamente prontamente. </li></ol></li><li> Selecção de colónias únicas e o ADN fervido preparação: <ol><li> Escolha colónias individuais das placas de diluição em série, SElecting como muitos tipos diferentes de colónias possível, usando critérios como tamanho da colônia, forma e cor. Use palitos esterilizados para selecionar colônias individuais da placa propagação. </li><li> Toque no palito para a colônia, e depois transferir para um tubo de PCR contendo 100 ml de água estéril. Se um grande número de colónias estão a ser pesquisadas, em seguida, as colónias podem ser preparados num tabuleiro de microtitulação. Girar o palito entre os dedos para deslocar algumas das células na água. </li><li> Usando o mesmo palito, inocular uma placa de LB com uma raia da colônia. Um grande número de colónias pode ser armazenada em placas marcadas se cada raia é de cerca de 1 cm de comprimento. Repita os passos 1 a 3 até que você tenha selecionado um número apropriado de isolados. </li><li> Incubar a placas LB O / N, à mesma temperatura que o utilizado para a cultura enriquecido inicial. As culturas podem depois ser armazenado a 4 ° C até serem necessárias. </li><li> Para a preparação de DNA a partir das suspensões bacterianas, siga os passos como UOtlined na secção 3.1. Para o rastreio de lisados ​​de cultura pura, execute o HS463a / HS464 PCR, conforme descrito no ponto 3.2. Os isolados que retornar um PCR positivo será utilizado para a preparação de ADN genómico (seção 5), e para análises posteriores. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. As colónias individuais Genomic DNA Extração de Integron-positivos Usando Bead Batendo 25 <ol><li> Inocular 5 ml de caldo de LB com uma amostra de cultura pura isolada na secção 4.2. Incubar S / N, agitando à mesma temperatura que foi utilizado para a cultura enriquecido inicial. </li><li> Células de pelotas em 4000 g durante 7 min, em seguida, remover o sobrenadante. Volte a suspender as células sedimentadas em 1 ml de solução CLS-TC em um Lysing Matrix E tubo de preparação rápida. Usando uma máquina de talão de espancamento, processar a amostra em 5,5 m / s por 30 s. </li><li> Tubo de centrifugação a 14000 xg durante 5 min e recuperar 700 ul de sobrenadante para um tubo esterilizado de 1,5 mL. </li><li> Adicionar 700 ul de matriz obrigatório diluído 1: 5 com 6 M guanidinium tiocianato e misturar à temperatura ambiente durante 5 min. Centrifugar a 14.000 xg durante 1 min, o sobrenadante de descarte. </li><li> Adicionar 800 ul de lavagem com etanol sal (etanol a 70%, acetato de sódio 0,1 M) e agitar com vortex até que o sedimento é ressuspenso completamente. Lavar durante 5 min à temperatura ambiente, centrifugar a 14.000 xg durante 1 min e descartar o sobrenadante. Assegurar-se que o sobrenadante foi removido, utilizando uma micropipeta, se necessário, em seguida deixar secar ao ar durante 5 min. </li><li> Ressuspender o sedimento em matriz de 200 ul de TE (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM de EDTA, pH 7,6), pipetando para cima e para baixo. Incubar à temperatura ambiente durante 3 min. Centrifugar a 14.000 xg durante 3 min e a transferência de 160 uL do ADN eluído em um tubo estéril. Executar uma alíquota da extracção do ADN genómico em um 2% w / v de gel de agarose para verificar a integridade e rendimento da extracção do ADN. O ADN genómico purificado é armazenado a -20 ° C e descongelados em gelo, quando necessário para o teste de PCR. </li></ol> 6. PCRs de Diagnóstico e seqüenciamento de DNA NOTA: ODNA genómico preparado na seção 5 será usado para todos os PCRs de diagnóstico, e para confirmar o teste positivo para a classe 1 integrons. <ol><li> Descongele DNA genômico em gelo, vortex brevemente a amostra de DNA e pulso rotação a 14.000 xg por 20 s. Repetir a PCR para o gene da integrase íntegron-classe 1 usando HS463a / HS464 (Tabela 1), confirmando que o isolado é positivo para o amplicão 471 pb (Secção 3.2). </li><li> Identificação de culturas positivas ao nível de espécie é conseguida por análise da pequena subunidade do gene de rRNA (16S ADNr). Amplificar o gene 16S utilizando os iniciadores F27 / r1492 (Tabela 1). Confira os produtos de PCR utilizando eletroforese. Todos os alvos bacterianos deve gerar um 16S amplicon de cerca de 1450 pb. </li><li> Sequência do amplicão do gene 16S rRNA para determinar a identidade das espécies, mas uma vez que não é provável que sejam múltiplos PCR positivos a partir do passo 6.2, e muitos destes positivos serão as mesmas espécies bacterianas, vamos primeiro distinguir as diferentes espécies using digestão de restrição do produto de PCR 16S. <ol><li> Digerir uma aliquota do PCR 16S com a enzima de restrição Hinf 1. Qualquer enzima que reconhece sítios de clivagem 4 pb vai fazer, mas Hinf 1 gera boa diversidade de alvos 16S, e é uma enzima confiável e barata. </li></ol></li><li> Configurar uma restrição de 30 ul digerir mastermix (Tabela 2) em um tubo estéril e adicionar 20 l de produto de PCR 16S purfied-un. Incubar em um banho de água a 37 ° C O / N. Verificar o produto da digestão num gel de agarose a 2%. </li><li> Pontuação dos padrões de digestão produzidos por Hinf 1. Os isolados com o mesmo perfil de restrição 16S são susceptíveis de ser da mesma espécie. Em vez de seqüenciar todos os produtos de PCR 16S, seqüência, no máximo, três representantes de cada padrão de restrição Hinf 1. </li><li> Purifica-se os produtos de PCR 16S utilizando um kit comercial. Um único conjunto de exonuclease de cadeia pode ser usado, mas com base em coluna ou métodos de precipitação também funciona bem para remover unincprimers orporated e ADN de cadeia simples. Sequência os amplicons 16S usando R910 iniciador (Tabela 1), que estabelecem as reações como especificado pelo serviço de sequenciação. </li><li> Use a sequência de DNA resultante para interrogar o banco de dados de DNA NCBI com a função blastn ( <a href="http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi" target="_blank">http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi</a> ). Mais do que 97% de identidade de nucleótidos geralmente é tomado como a identidade das espécies. </li></ol> 7. Mapeamento e Caracterização de integrons e cassete Arrays NOTA: Classe 1 integrons que emanam de ecossistemas dominados pelo homem tendem a ser os integrons mais comuns em todas as suas amostras. Estes integrons todos têm uma origem única recente e, portanto, têm uma sequência de DNA altamente conservado 5. <ol><li> Diferenciar entre uma classe 1 integrões que emanam a partir de fontes humanas e as que ocorrem naturalmente em amostras ambientais através da realização de umPCR com iniciadores definido intI1F165 / intI1R476 10 (Tabela 1). NOTA: Classe 1 integrons de bactérias comensais clínicos ou irá gerar um produto de ~ 300 pb, enquanto classe ambiental 1 integrons não irá gerar qualquer produto. </li><li> Caracterizar os integrons clínicos, amplificando a matriz cassete com conjunto de primers HS458 / HS459. Esta PCR amplifica a região entre intI1 e segmento conservado a 3 &#39;no terminal da maior parte das matrizes de cassetes. Uma vez que o número e identidade de cassetes é variável, o tamanho do produto de PCR também irá variar. </li><li> Purifica-se produtos de amplificação e a sequência de ADN utilizando cada um dos iniciadores de amplificação. Use seqüências para interrogar bases de dados de ADN utilizando a função blastn ( <a href="http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi" target="_blank">http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi</a> ). </li><li> Certifique-se de nomear de cassetes siga nomenclatura padronizada 9, uma vez que muitos depoimentos dados para cassete gene integrons usar nomes inconsistentes ou ambíguas. Dê especial atenção às cassetes de genes novos, uma vez que estes podem codificar novos fenótipos, incluindo genes que conferem aumento transmissibilidade, patogenicidade ou virulência 8,21. NOTA: pré-clínica formas da classe 1 integron ainda circulam em ambientes naturais. Em particular, aqueles que estão ligados a ativos Tn 402 transposons são de maior interesse 26. As matrizes de cassetes dessas integrons não vai amplificar com conjunto de primers HS458 / HS459, mas pode ser amplificado com o MRG284 / MRG285 primário conjunto (Tabela 1), gerando amplicons de tamanho variável dependente conteúdo cassete. Os produtos de PCR deve ser purificado e o ADN sequenciado conforme descrito em 7.2. </li></ol>

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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibiotic+resistance+in+the+environment:+A+link+to+the+clinic.">Antibiotic resistance in the environment: A link to the clinic.</a> Curr. Opinion Microbiol. 13 (5), 589-594 (2010).</li><li>Stokes, H., Nesbo, C., Holley, M., Bahl, M., Gillings, M., Boucher, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Class+1+integrons+predating+the+association+with+Tn402.-like+transposition+genes+are+present+in+a+sediment+microbial+community.">Class 1 integrons predating the association with Tn402.-like transposition genes are present in a sediment microbial community.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 188, 5722-5730 (2006).</li><li>Lane, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Nucleic Acid Techniques in Bacterial Systematics. , 115-175 (1991).</li><li>Holmes, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombination+activity+of+a+distinctive+integron-gene+cassette+system+associated+with+stutzeri.+populations+in+soil.">Recombination activity of a distinctive integron-gene cassette system associated with stutzeri. populations in soil.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 185, 918-928 (2003).</li></ol>

Os autores não têm nada de relevante a divulgar.

A identificação de integrons e suas cassetes de genes associados é potencialmente um passo fundamental para prever o surgimento de novos patógenos oportunistas, acompanhamento de percursos para patógenos na cadeia alimentar humana e identificando nova resistência e virulência determinantes 8,21,26. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever uma abordagem simplificada para a triagem de amostras para a classe 1 integrons, caracterizando suas matrizes cassete e identificar as espécies de bactérias em que r...

A descoberta dos antibióticos foi uma das maiores conquistas científicas do século 20. No entanto, o uso e abuso de antibióticos levou à rápida evolução de bactérias resistentes aos antibióticos, e estes agora representam uma séria ameaça para a saúde pública no século 21. O surgimento de cepas bacterianas resistentes à maioria das opções de tratamento levanta a possibilidade de que estamos entrando em uma era onde as drogas antimicrobianas não são mais eficazes 1,2. A maquinaria genética que confere resistência aos antibióticos é um sistema antigo, anterior a seres humanos e pressões de seleção de antibióticos por milhões de anos 3. Elementos genéticos móveis, tais como plasmídeos, transposões, ilhas genômicas, elementos conjugativos integrativas e integrons podem disseminar genes de resistência a antibióticos (ARG) tanto dentro como entre espécies bacterianas 4. Destes, integrões têm desempenhado um papel central na propagação de Arg, apesar dafato de que eles dependem de plasmídeos e transposons de mobilização e de inserção no genoma bacteriano 5. Integrons capturar cassetes de genes que utilizam um íntegron-integrase, e, em seguida, expressar as cassetes utilizando um promotor codificado íntegron 6,7 (Figura 1). Integron gene cassetes são pequenos elementos móveis consistindo de quadros individuais de leitura abertas (ORF), cujos produtos podem conferir resistência a antibióticos ou desinfectantes 8. Classe 1 integrons são os integrons mais comumente recuperados a partir de isolados clínicos 5, onde têm adquiriu coletivamente mais de 130 diferentes cassetes de genes de resistência a antibióticos 9. A propagação da classe 1 integrons em comensais e patogênicas de bactérias associadas a humanos gera fluxos de resíduos humanos que contêm um grande número destes elementos genéticos 10. Estima-se que 10 19 bactérias que contêm uma classe integrons são liberados via lodo de esgoto cada ano in o Reino Unido 11. Portanto, não é surpreendente que uma classe integrons conferem resistências a antibióticos estão agora a ser detectado em microbiota das aves selvagens, peixes e outros animais selvagens nativos 12-14. Soltar integrons volta para o ambiente constitui uma ameaça grave de saúde pública, desde a aquisição de novos cassetes de genes e rearranjos complexos com outros elementos móveis continua a ocorrer, particularmente em estações de tratamento de esgoto e outros corpos d&#39;água 15-18. O ambiente natural, em seguida, torna-se um terreno fértil para o recrutamento de novos determinantes de resistência e patógenos oportunistas 19,20. Bactéria contendo integron novos e novos ARGs pode circular de volta para a comunidade humana através de água e alimentos contaminados 21,22. Vigilância de ARGs ambientais é uma estratégia fundamental para a compreensão e manejo da resistência aos antibióticos no futuro 23. Em particular, deve ser dada atenção aos géneros alimentícios que são comidos crus oulevemente cozidos, uma vez que estes apresentam a maior ameaça para a transmissão de novos elementos celulares e patógenos. Neste protocolo, uma abordagem simplificada para a detecção, identificação e caracterização de classe 1 integrons e suas cassetes de genes associados nos alimentos são descritas (Figura 2). Usando uma combinação de reacção cultura e polimerase em cadeia (PCR), integrões pode ser rapidamente detectada em comunidades bacterianas e complexos isolados individuais. Métodos de identificação das espécies de bactérias e a conformação ea identidade das cassetes de genes associados a integron são dadas. O método é adequado para uma ampla variedade de alimentos de origem vegetal e animal, e exemplos de fluxos típicos são dados para cada um destes tipos de alimentos.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>GoTaq Colourless Mastermix</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M7132</td>
			<td>Used in all PCRs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAse (Ribonuclease A from bovine pancreas)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R6513-10MG</td>
			<td>Used in all PCRs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HinFI restriction enzyme</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>R6201</td>
			<td>Used to digest 16S rDNA PCR poducts. Enzyme comes with optimal buffer and BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 bp ladder</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>27400701</td>
			<td>Used as a size standard on all agarose gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GelRed DNA stain</td>
			<td>Biotium</td>
			<td>41003</td>
			<td>CAUTION: Personal protection must be worn when handling this material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guanidinium Thiocyanate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AM9422</td>
			<td>CAUTION: Personal protection must be worn when handling this material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CLS-TC Solution</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>6540409</td>
			<td>Resuspension solution used at the begining of the genomic DNA extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysing Matrix E FastPrep tubes</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>116914500</td>
			<td>Tube required for mechanical disruption of bacterial cell walls. This code is used for packs of 500 tubes, smaller quantities are available.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>binding matrix</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>116540408</td>
			<td>Diluted 1:5 with 6M guanidinium thiocyanate and used in the genomic DNA extraction method.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast Prep machine</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>Number of options available</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals has a number of FastPrep machines available to purchase. Visit http://www.mpbio.com for more information</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

screening foodstuffs for class 1 integrons and gene cassettes

Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest threats to health in the 21st century. Acquisition of resistance genes via lateral gene transfer is a major factor in the spread of diverse resistance mechanisms. Amongst the DNA elements facilitating lateral transfer, the class 1 integrons have largely been responsible for spreading antibiotic resistance determinants amongst Gram negative pathogens. In total, these integrons have acquired and disseminated over 130 different antibiotic resistance genes. With continued antibiotic use, class 1 integrons have become ubiquitous in commensals and pathogens of humans and their domesticated animals. As a consequence, they can now be found in all human waste streams, where they continue to acquire new genes, and have the potential to cycle back into humans via the food chain. This protocol details a streamlined approach for detecting class 1 integrons and their associated resistance gene cassettes in foodstuffs, using culturing and PCR. Using this protocol, researchers should be able to: collect and prepare samples to make enriched cultures and screen for class 1 integrons; isolate single bacterial colonies to identify integron-positive isolates; identify bacterial species that contain class 1 integrons; and characterize these integrons and their associated gene cassettes.

Triagem de culturas mistas e isolados bacterianos para intI1 O conjunto iniciador HS463a / HS464 PCR pode ser usado para detectar a presença do gene da integrase íntegron-classe 1, intI1 (Figura 1). Este conjunto de iniciadores para a detecção trabalha bem intI1 em culturas mistas, e também é utilizado para rastrear colónias bacterianas colhidas a partir de placas de propagação (Figura 2). Isolados positivos devem gerar uma única ban...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Screening Foodstuffs for Class 1 Integrons and Gene Cassettes at JoVE.com

Screening Foodstuffs for Class 1 Integrons and Gene Cassettes

This protocol describes the detection of class 1 integrons and their associated gene cassettes in foodstuffs.

Triagem géneros alimentícios destinados a uma classe integrons e Gene Cassetes

Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest threats to health in the 21st century. Acquisition of resistance genes via lateral gene transfer is a major ...

screening-foodstuffs-for-class-1-integrons-and-gene-cassettes

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8.9K visualizações.  Macquarie University. This protocol describes the detection of class 1 integrons and their associated gene cassettes in foodstuffs. 

Vídeo: Screening Foodstuffs for Class 1 Integrons and Gene Cassettes

Transient Gene Expression in Tobacco using Gibson Assembly and the Gene Gun

In order to target a single protein to multiple subcellular organelles, plants typically duplicate the relevant genes, and express each gene separately using complex regulatory strategies including differential promoters and/or signal sequences. Metabolic engineers and synthetic biologists interested in targeting enzymes to a particular organelle are faced with a challenge: For a protein that is to be localized to more than one organelle, the engineer must clone the same gene multiple times. This work presents a solution to this strategy: harnessing alternative splicing of mRNA. This technology takes advantage of established chloroplast and peroxisome targeting sequences and combines them into a single mRNA that is alternatively spliced. Some splice variants are sent to the chloroplast, some to the peroxisome, and some to the cytosol. Here the system is designed for multiple-organelle targeting with alternative splicing. In this work, GFP was expected to be expressed in the chloroplast, cytosol, and peroxisome by a series of rationally designed 5&#8217; mRNA tags. These tags have the potential to reduce the amount of cloning required when heterologous genes need to be expressed in multiple subcellular organelles. The constructs were designed in previous work11, and were cloned using Gibson assembly, a ligation independent cloning method that does not require restriction enzymes. The resultant plasmids were introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal leaf cells with a modified Gene Gun protocol. Finally, transformed leaves were observed with confocal microscopy.

This work describes a novel method for selectively targeting subcellular organelles in plants, assayed using the BioRad Gene Gun.

Expressão Gênica transiente em tabaco usando Assembleia Gibson eo Gene Gun

In order to target a single protein to multiple subcellular organelles, plants typically duplicate the relevant genes, and express each gene separately ...

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Semi-High Throughput Screening for Potential Drought-tolerance in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Germplasm Collections

This protocol describes a method by which a large collection of the leafy green vegetable lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) germplasm was screened for likely drought-tolerance traits. Fresh water availability for agricultural use is a growing concern across the United States as well as many regions of the world. Short-term drought events along with regulatory intervention in the regulation of water availability coupled with the looming threat of long-term climate shifts that may lead to reduced precipitation in many important agricultural regions has increased the need to hasten the development of crops adapted for improved water use efficiency in order to maintain or expand production in the coming years. This protocol is not meant as a step-by-step guide to identifying at either the physiological or molecular level drought-tolerance traits in lettuce, but rather is a method developed and refined through the screening of thousands of different lettuce varieties. The nature of this screen is based in part on the streamlined measurements focusing on only three water-stress indicators: leaf relative water content, wilt, and differential plant growth following drought-stress. The purpose of rapidly screening a large germplasm collection is to narrow the candidate pool to a point in which more intensive physiological, molecular, and genetic methods can be applied to identify specific drought-tolerant traits in either the lab or field. Candidates can also be directly incorporated into breeding programs as a source of drought-tolerance traits.

Semi-High Throughput Screening for Potential Drought-tolerance in Lettuce Lactuca sativa Germplasm Collections

This protocol was developed to screen a large germplasm collection of the leafy vegetable lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) for drought-tolerance, in order to identify a small candidate pool of lettuce for use in physiological, molecular, and genetic studies to identify underlying drought-tolerance traits along with breeding programs.

Screening Semi-High Throughput para o Potencial tolerância à seca em alface ( Lactuca sativa) Germoplasma Colecções

This protocol describes a method by which a large collection of the leafy green vegetable lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) germplasm was screened for likely ...

High-throughput Screening of Recalcitrance Variations in Lignocellulosic Biomass: Total Lignin, Lignin Monomers, and Enzymatic Sugar Release

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, chemicals, and other commodities has been explored as one possible pathway toward reductions in the use of non-renewable energy sources. In order to identify which plants, out of a diverse pool, have the desired chemical traits for downstream applications, attributes, such as cellulose and lignin content, or monomeric sugar release following an enzymatic saccharification, must be compared. The experimental and data analysis protocols of the standard methods of analysis can be time-consuming, thereby limiting the number of samples that can be measured. High-throughput (HTP) methods alleviate the shortcomings of the standard methods, and permit the rapid screening of available samples to isolate those possessing the desired traits. This study illustrates the HTP sugar release and pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry pipelines employed at the National Renewable Energy Lab. These pipelines have enabled the efficient assessment of thousands of plants while decreasing experimental time and costs through reductions in labor and consumables.

Plant cell wall structure and chemistry traits are evaluated to identify ideal feedstocks for biofuels and bio-materials. Standard methods have limitations when applied to large data sets. These high-throughput pretreatment, enzyme saccharification, and pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry methods compare large numbers of biomass samples with decreased experimental time and cost.

Rastreio de alto rendimento de Variações recalcitrância da biomassa lignocelulósica em: Total lignina, a lignina monómeros, e enzimática Sugar lançamento

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, chemicals, and other commodities has been explored as one possible pathway toward reductions in the ...

Assaying Predatory Feeding Behaviors in Pristionchus and Other Nematodes

This protocol provides multiple methods for the analysis and quantification of predatory feeding behaviors in nematodes. Many nematode species including Pristionchus pacificus display complex behaviors, the most striking of which is the predation of other nematode larvae. However, as these behaviors are absent in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, they have thus far only recently been described in detail along with the development of reliable behavioral assays 1. These predatory behaviors are dependent upon phenotypically plastic but fixed mouth morphs making the correct identification and categorization of these animals essential. In P. pacificus there are two mouth types, the stenostomatous and eurystomatous morphs 2, with only the wide mouthed eurystomatous containing an extra tooth and being capable of killing other nematode larvae. Through the isolation of an abundance of size matched prey larvae and subsequent exposure to predatory nematodes, assays including both "corpse assays" and "bite assays" on correctly identified mouth morph nematodes are possible. These assays provide a means to rapidly quantify predation success rates and provide a detailed behavioral analysis of individual nematodes engaged in predatory feeding activities. In addition, with the use of a high-speed camera, visualization of changes in pharyngeal activity including tooth and pumping dynamics are also possible.

Assaying Predatory Feeding Behaviors in Pristionchus and Other Nematodes

Behavioral assays provide powerful tools for understanding neuronal function. Here we present several protocols for quantifying predatory feeding behavior found in the model nematode Pristionchus pacificus and its relatives. Additionally, we provide methods for analyzing predatory feeding adaptations including mouth structures and teeth.

Ensaiar comportamentos alimentares predadores em<em&gt; Pristionchus</em&gt; E outros nematóides

This protocol provides multiple methods for the analysis and quantification of predatory feeding behaviors in nematodes. Many nematode species including ...

Screening for Endocrine Activity in Water Using Commercially-available In Vitro Transactivation Bioassays

In vitro transactivation bioassays have shown promise as water quality monitoring tools, however their adoption and widespread application has been hindered partly due to a lack of standardized methods and availability of robust, user-friendly technology. In this study, commercially available, division-arrested cell lines were employed to quantitatively screen for endocrine activity of chemicals present in water samples of interest to environmental quality professionals. A single, standardized protocol that included comprehensive quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) checks was developed for Estrogen and Glucocorticoid Receptor activity (ER and GR, respectively) using a cell-based Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) assay. Samples of treated municipal wastewater effluent and surface water from freshwater systems in California (USA), were extracted using solid phase extraction and analyzed for endocrine activity using the standardized protocol. Background and dose-response for endpoint-specific reference chemicals met QA/QC guidelines deemed necessary for reliable measurement. The bioassay screening response for surface water samples was largely not detectable. In contrast, effluent samples from secondary treatment plants had the highest measurable activity, with estimated bioassay equivalent concentrations (BEQs) up to 392 ng dexamethasone/L for GR and 17 ng 17&#946;-estradiol/L for ER. The bioassay response for a tertiary effluent sample was lower than that measured for secondary effluents, indicating a lower residual of endocrine active chemicals after advanced treatment. This protocol showed that in vitro transactivation bioassays that utilize commercially available, division-arrested cell &#34;kits&#34;, can be adapted to screen for endocrine activity in water.

Screening for Endocrine Activity in Water Using Commercially-available In Vitro Transactivation Bioassays

A protocol to screen for endocrine activity in organic extracts of water samples, including treated wastewater effluent and surface (receiving) water, was adapted using commercially available division-arrested ("freeze and thaw") in vitro transactivation bioassays.

Triagem para Endocrine Atividade em Água Utilizando disponíveis comercialmente<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Transativação Bioensaios

In vitro transactivation bioassays have shown promise as water quality monitoring tools, however their adoption and widespread application has been ...

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of scientific publications address microplastic pollution of the sea surface. The protocol below describes the methodology for sampling, sample preparation, separation and chemical identification of microplastic particles. A manta net fixed on an &#187;A frame&#171; attached to the side of the vessel was used for sampling. Microplastic particles caught in the cod end of the net were separated from samples by visual identification and use of stereomicroscopes. Particles were analyzed for their size using an image analysis program and for their chemical structure using ATR-FTIR and micro FTIR spectroscopy. The described protocol is in line with recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter. This written protocol with video guide will support the work of researchers that deal with microplastics monitoring all over the world.

The protocol below describes the methodology for: microplastics sampling on the sea surface, separation of microplastic and chemical identification of particles. This protocol is in line with the recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the MSFD Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter.

Protocolo para Microplásticos Amostragem na superfície do mar e análise de amostras

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment during manufacturing and transport. Because of their environmental persistence, they are widely distributed in the oceans and on beaches all over the world. They can act as a vector of potentially toxic organic compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) and might consequently negatively affect marine organisms. Their possible impacts along the food chain are not yet well understood. In order to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of plastic pellets in the marine environment, it is necessary to develop methodologies that allow for rapid determination of associated organic contaminant levels. The present protocol describes the different steps required for sampling resin pellets, analyzing adsorbed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and identifying the plastic type. The focus is on the extraction of OCPs from plastic pellets by means of a pressurized fluid extractor (PFE) and on the polymer chemical analysis applying Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The developed methodology focuses on 11 OCPs and related compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its two main metabolites, lindane and two production isomers, as well as the two biologically active isomers of technical endosulfan. This protocol constitutes a simple and rapid alternative to existing methodology for evaluating the concentration of organic contaminants adsorbed on plastic pieces.

Microplastics act as vector of potentially toxic organic contaminants with unpredictable effects. This protocol describes an alternative methodology for assessing the levels of organochlorine pesticides adsorbed on plastic pellets and identifying the polymer chemical structure. The focus is on pressurized fluid extraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Extração de Pesticidas Organoclorados de Pelotização de Plástico e Análise de Tipo de Plástico

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in the Earth&#39;s atmosphere, a central process in meteorology, hydrology, and for the climate system. But because specific extraction and characterization of these compounds have been lacking for decades, very little is known on their identity, properties, mode of action and origins, thus preventing the full understanding of cloud formation and its potential links with the Earth&#39;s ecosystems.
In this paper we present recently developed methods for 1) the targeted extraction of all the surfactants from atmospheric aerosol samples and for the determination of 2) their absolute concentrations in the aerosol phase and 3) their static surface tension curves in water, including their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). These methods have been validated with 9 references surfactants, including anionic, cationic and non-ionic ones. Examples of results are presented for surfactants found in fine aerosol particles (diameter &#60;1 &#956;m) collected at a coastal site in Croatia and suggestions for future improvements and other characterizations than those presented are discussed.

Methods are presented for the targeted extraction of surfactants present in atmospheric aerosols and the determination of their absolute concentrations and surface tension curves in water, including their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC).

Extração e caracterização de surfactantes de aerossóis atmosféricos

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in ...

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

Barnacles are marine crustaceans with a sessile adult and free-swimming, planktonic larvae. The barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus is particularly relevant as a model for the studies of osmoregulatory mechanisms because of its extreme tolerance to low salinity. It is also widely used as a model of settling biology, in particular in relation to antifouling research. However, natural seasonal spawning yields an unpredictable supply of cyprid larvae for studies. A protocol for the all-year-round culturing of B. improvisus has been developed and a detailed description of all steps in the production line is outlined (i.e., the establishment of adult cultures on panels, the collection and rearing of barnacle larvae, and the administration of feed for adults and larvae). The description also provides guidance on troubleshooting and discusses critical parameters (e.g., the removal of contamination, the production of high-quality feed, the manpower needed, and the importance of high-quality seawater). Each batch from the culturing system maximally yields roughly 12,000 nauplii and can deliver four batches in a week, so up to almost 50,000 larvae per week can be produced. The method used to culture B. improvisus is, probably, to a large extent also applicable to other marine invertebrates with free-swimminglarvae. Protocols are presented for the dissection of various tissues from adults as well as the production of high-quality RNA for studies on gene expression. It is also described how cultured adults and reared cyprids can be utilized in a wide array of experimental designs for examining gene expression in relation to external factors. The use of cultured barnacles in gene expression is illustrated with studies of possible osmoregulatory roles of Na+/K+ ATPase and aquaporins.

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

The barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus is a model for studying osmoregulation and antifouling. However, natural seasonal spawning yields an unpredictable supply of cyprid larvae. Here, a protocol for the all-year-round culturing of B. improvisus is described, including the production of larvae. The use of cultured barnacles in gene expression studies is illustrated.

A craca Balanus improvisus como modelo Marine - cultivo e expressão gênica

Barnacles are marine crustaceans with a sessile adult and free-swimming, planktonic larvae. The barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus is particularly ...

Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Potato and the Promoter Activity of a Suberin Gene by GUS Staining

Agrobacterium sp. is one of the most widely used methods to obtain transgenic plants as it has the ability to transfer and integrate its own T-DNA into the plant&#39;s genome. Here, we present two transformation systems to genetically modify potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants. In A. tumefaciens transformation, leaves are infected, the transformed cells are selected and a new complete transformed plant is regenerated using phytohormones in 18 weeks. In A. rhizogenes transformation, stems are infected by injecting the bacteria with a needle, the new emerged transformed hairy roots are detected using a red fluorescent marker and the non-transformed roots are removed. In 5-6 weeks, the resulting plant is a composite of a wild type shoot with fully developed transformed hairy roots. To increase the biomass, the transformed hairy roots can be excised and self-propagated. We applied both Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods to obtain roots expressing the GUS reporter gene driven by a suberin biosynthetic gene promoter. The GUS staining procedure is provided and allows the cell localization of the promoter induction. In both methods, the transformed potato roots showed GUS staining in the suberized endodermis and exodermis, and additionally, in A. rhizogenes transformed roots the GUS activity was also detected in the emergence of lateral roots. These results suggest that A. rhizogenes can be a fast alternative tool to study the genes that are expressed&#160;in roots.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Potato and the Promoter Activity of a Suberin Gene by GUS Staining

Here, we present two protocols to transform potato plants. The Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation leads to a complete transgenic plant while the Agrobacterium rhizogenes produces transgenic hairy roots in a wild type shoot that can be self-propagated. We then detect promoter activity by GUS staining in the transformed roots.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens e Agrobacterium rhizogenes-transformação mediada de batata e a atividade de promotor de um Gene de suberina por GUS Staining

Agrobacterium sp. is one of the most widely used methods to obtain transgenic plants as it has the ability to transfer and integrate its own T-DNA into ...