미카엘라 홀, 라리사 스포 및 기술 지원에 대한 구스타보 타바레스에게 감사드립니다.

원시 먹거나 가볍게 조리 식품은 인간의 건강에 가장 관심사이다. 예를 들면 샐러드 야채, 과일, 어패류와 갑각류를 포함한다. 1. 샘플 컬렉션 <ol><li> 오염을 최소화 조건에서 샘플을 수집 및 전송시 별도의 청소 가방에 저장된다. 수집되면, 샘플은 4 ℃에서 보관하고 24 시간 이내에 처리해야한다. </li></ol> 2. 농축 문화 준비 <ol><li> 과일과 야채 : <ol><li> 튼튼한 비닐 봉지에 재료의 약 10g을 놓습니다. 큰 재료를 처리하는 경우, 청과물의 피부에 집중한다. 30 초 동안 패들 블렌더에 90 ml의 0.1 M 인산 나트륨 완충액, pH가 7.0 및 프로세스를 추가한다. 패들 믹서를 사용할 수없는 경우, 대안 적으로, 재료는 수동으로 교반 할 수있다. </li><li> 이 50 ㎖ 팔콘 튜브에 액체를 수집합니다. 펠렛 박테리아에 7 분 동안 4,000 XG에 원심 분리기 튜브. </lI&gt; <li> 조심스럽게 멸균 루리아 베르 타니 (LB) 배지 30 ml의 펠렛 박테리아를 뜨는을 제거하고 일시 중지합니다. </li><li> 37 ° C에서 다른 25 ° C에서 하나의 튜브를 잡고, 통 O / N에 품어. 문화는 분당 200 진동 (OPM)에서 동요한다. 4 ℃에서 보관 배양 될 때까지이 필요합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 해산물 : <ol><li> 멸균 된 핀셋 및 핀셋을 사용하여 위장 (굴) 또는 소화관 (새우)를 해부하고 0.1 M 인산 나트륨 완충액, pH가 7.0의 200 μl를 함유하는 멸균 된 1.5 ㎖의 튜브에 배치했다. 균질를 만들 수있는 샘플을 담가서 부드럽게. </li><li> 이 멸균을 5 ml 튜브에 LB 배지 5 mL를 분배하고, 해산물 균질 각각 접종. </li><li> 25 ° C와 다른 37 ° C에서 하나의 튜브를 들고, 셰이커 O / N에 품어. 문화는 200 OPM에서 동요한다. 4 ℃에서 보관 배양 될 때까지이 필요합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> Integrons 3. 선별 문화 2. 필요한 경우, 로렌스 (2011) (24)는이 저널의 이전 문제에 PCR 최적화 및 문제 해결 방법을 설명하고있다. <ol><li> 삶은 DNA 준비 : <ol><li> 멸균 0.5 ㎖의 PCR 튜브에 풍부한 문화의 100 μl를 분배. 수욕 또는 열차 단을 사용하여, 10 분간 99 ° C로 샘플을 가열한다. 2 분 동안 얼음에 진정을 스냅. </li><li> 5 분 14,000 XG에 마이크로 원심은 세포 파편 펠렛합니다. 얼음으로 돌아갑니다. DNA 샘플은 요구 될 때까지 -20 ℃에서 냉동 될 수 있지만, 얼음 위에서 해동되어야한다. </li></ol></li><li> PCR을 사용하여 클래스 1 integrons 선별 : 참고 : O / N 배양에서 혼합 문화가 HS463a / HS464 PCR 프로토콜 (표 1)를 사용하여 클래스 1 integrons 상영된다. <ol><li> 잠재적 SOU에서 멀리, 얼음에 모든 PCR 시약을 녹여DNA를 오염의 경우 RCEs. 음성 대조군 (표 2)를 포함하여, 샘플 당 48 μL의 PCR mastermix을 확인합니다. 배리어 팁을 사용하여, 각각의 튜브에 PCR 마스터 믹스의 48 μl를 분배. </li><li> 장벽 팁을 사용하여 개별 PCR 튜브에 해동 DNA의 2 μl를 추가합니다. PCR의 열 순환기에 적절한 프로그램을 실행합니다. </li><li> 증폭의 결과를 평가하기 붓고 TBE 완충액 (90 mM 트리스 - 보레이트, 2 mM의 EDTA)에서 실행되는 2 % 아가 로즈 겔상에서 PCR 생성물 7 μl를 electrophorese. 100 bp의 사다리 같은 분자량 마커를 포함한다. </li><li> 포스트 DNA 얼룩 겔을 염색하고, UV 트랜스 일루미네이터를 이용하여 시각화. 음성 대조군에서 더 증폭이 없었다 있는지 확인합니다. 특정 샘플에 대한 약 470 BP에 강한 밴드가 혼합 된 문화 클래스 1 integron을 가지고 박테리아가 포함되어 있음을 나타냅니다. 순수한 식민지 이제 긍정적 인 PCR을 반환 된 혼합 된 문화에서 고립 될 것이다. </li></ol></li></ol><ol><li> 직렬 희석 및 확산 판 : 주 : PCR 양성 혼합 배양 물로부터 단일 콜로니를 분리는, 혼합 배양 직렬 인산 나트륨 완충액에서 10 배 희석 한 후 단일 콜로니를 복구하기 위해 도금된다. <ol><li> 0.1M 인산 나트륨 완충액, pH가 7.0 9 ml의 혼합 문화의 한 ML을 추가하고 반전에 의해 혼합. 10-8의 일련의 희석 될 때까지 인산염 버퍼의 또 9 ml의 희석 1 mL를 넣어 반복하는 것은 도달한다. </li><li> 중복, LB 한천 상 10-4 -8 10 희석액 100 ㎕를 확산. 초기의 혼합 배양에 사용 된 동일 온도에서 플레이트 O / N을 부화. 플레이트는 그러나 그것은 매우 신속하게 단일 콜로니를 처리하는 것이 가장 좋습니다, 필요한 때까지 4 ° C에 저장할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 단일 콜로니 선택과 삶은 DNA 준비 : <ol><li> 자체 직렬 희석 판에서 하나의 식민지를 선택이러한 콜로니의 크기, 모양, 색 등의 기준을 사용하여 가능한 한 많은 다른 유형의 콜로니 lecting. 확산 판에서 하나의 식민지를 선택 멸균 이쑤시개를 사용합니다. </li><li> 식민지에 이쑤시개를 터치 한 다음 멸균 물 100 μl를 포함하는 PCR 튜브에 전송할 수 있습니다. 콜로니 다수가 상영되어야하는 경우, 콜로니에서 마이크로 타이 터 트레이를 제조 할 수있다. 물에 일부 셀을 제거하는 손가락 사이 이쑤시개 스핀. </li><li> 동일한 이쑤시개를 이용하여 콜로니의 연속로 LB 플레이트에 접종. 각 연속 약 1cm 길면 큰 콜로니 번호 표지 플레이트 상에 저장 될 수있다. 당신이 분리의 적절한 수를 선택할 때까지 3 단계 1을 반복합니다. </li><li> 초기의 농축 된 배양에 사용 된 것과 동일 온도에서, LB 플레이트 O / N을 부화. 필요한까지 배양 후 4 ℃에서 저장 될 수있다. </li><li> 세균 현탁액에서 DNA를 제조, OU 등의 단계를 따릅니다3.1 절에 tlined. 3.2 절에 설명 된대로 순수 배양 용 해물의 심사를 들어, HS463a / HS464 PCR을 수행합니다. 즉 양성 PCR은 게놈 DNA (5 장)의 제조에 사용하고, 또한 분석을 위해 복귀한다 분리합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 구슬이 25 잔 사용 (5)의 게놈 DNA를 추출 Integron 양성 단일 콜로니 <ol><li> 4.2 절에 고립 된 순수 문화의 샘플 LB 배지 5 mL를 접종한다. 초기 농축 배양에 사용 된 동일한 온도에서 떨고, O / N을 품어. </li><li> 펠렛 세포는 7 분 동안 4,000 XG에서, 다음 상층 액을 제거합니다. 용균 매트릭스 E 빨리 준비 튜브에서 1 mL의 CLS-TC 용액 중에 펠렛 세포를 재현 탁. 비드 박동 기계를 사용하여, 30 초 동안 5.5 m / sec의 샘플을 처리합니다. </li><li> 원심 분리기 5 분 14,000 XG에 튜브 및 멸균 1.5 ML 튜브에 뜨는 70​​0 μl를 복구 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 6 M의 구안과 5 : 1로 희석 결합 매트릭스의 700 μl를 추가idinium 티오 시아 네이트는 5 분 동안 실온에서 혼합한다. 1 분, 폐기 뜨는 14,000 XG에 원심 분리기. </li><li> 펠렛을 완전히 재현 탁 될 때까지 800 ㎕의 염수 세척 에탄올 (70 % 에탄올, 0.1 M 아세트산 나트륨) 및 소용돌이를 추가한다. 1 분 동안 14,000 XG에 실온에서 5 분, 원심 분리기에 대한 세척하고 상층 액을 버린다. 다음 5 분 동안 공기 건조하도록 허용 필요한 경우 마이크로 피펫을 사용하여, 모든 상층 액이 제거 된 확인합니다. </li><li> 로 pipetting 아래 200 ㎕의 TE (10 mM 트리스 - 염산, 1mM의 EDTA, pH를 7.6)의 펠렛 행렬을 재현 탁. 3 분 동안 실온에서 품어. 3 분 및 멸균 튜브에 전송 용출 된 DNA의 160 μl를 14,000 XG에 원심 분리기. DNA 추출 수율 및 무결성을 확인하는 2 % w / v를 아가 로스 겔에서 게놈 DNA 추출의 분취 량을 실행. 정제 된 게놈 DNA는 -20 ° C에서 저장 및 PCR 시험을 위해 필요할 때 얼음에 해동된다. </li></ol> 6. 진단의 PCR 및 DNA 시퀀싱 참고 :섹션 5에서 제조 게놈 DNA는 모든 진단의 PCR에 사용되며, 클래스 1 integrons에 대한 양성 반응을 확인합니다. <ol><li> 간단히 20 초 동안 14,000 XG에서 DNA 샘플 및 펄스 스핀 와동, 얼음에 게놈 DNA를 녹여. 분리가 471 bp의 증폭 물 (3.2 절)에 대한 긍정적 인 것을 확인한 HS463a / HS464 (표 1)를 사용하여 클래스 1 integron - 인테그라 유전자에 대한 PCR을 반복합니다. </li><li> 종 양성 문화 수준의 식별 작은 소단위 rRNA 유전자 (16S rDNA 염기)를 분석함으로써 달성된다. 프라이머 F27 / r1492 (표 1)를 사용하여 유전자를 증폭 16S. 전기를 사용하여 PCR 제품을 확인합니다. 모든 박테리아 타겟은 약 1,450 BP의 16S 증폭 물을 생성한다. </li><li> 시퀀스 16S rRNA 유전자 증폭 물은 종의 신분을 확인하는,하지만 같은 종의 박테리아 수 있습니다 단계 6.2에서 여러 긍정적 인 PCR들을 될 가능성, 이러한 긍정적 많은 있기 때문에, 우리는 먼저저기서 다른 종을 구별한다16S PCR 생성물 g 제한 소화. <ol><li> 제한 효소 Hinf 1 16S PCR의 분취 다이제스트. 상관 4 BP 절단 부위는 인식 할 것이다 효소하지만 Hinf 1 16S 타겟으로부터 양호한 다이버 시티를 생성하고, 신뢰성, 저렴 효소이다. </li></ol></li><li> 30 μL 제한은 멸균 튜브에 mastermix (표 2) 소화되지 않은 purfied 16S PCR 산물 20 μL를 추가 설정합니다. 37 ° C의 물을 욕조의 O / N에 품어. 2 % 아가 로스 겔에 다이제스트를 확인합니다. </li><li> Hinf 일 소화에 의해 생성 된 패턴 점수. 동일한 16S 제한 프로파일과 균주 같은 종 될 가능성이 높다. 오히려 각 Hinf 1 제한 패턴의 가장 세 대표에 모든 16S PCR 제품, 순서를 시퀀싱보다. </li><li> 상업용 키트를 사용하여 PCR (16S)의 제품을 정제. 단일 가닥 엑소 뉴 클레아 키트를 사용할 수 있지만, 열 기반 또는 석출 방법도 uninc 제거 잘 작동orporated 프라이머 및 단일 가닥 DNA를. 서열 프라이머 R910 (표 1)를 이용하여 시퀀싱 기능에 의해 지정된대로 반응을 설정 16S 증폭. </li><li> BLASTN 기능 (함께 NCBI의 DNA 데이터베이스를 심문 얻어진 DNA 서열을 사용 <a href="http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi" target="_blank">http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi</a> ). 보다 큰 97 %의 염기 ID는 보통 종의 신분으로한다. </li></ol> 7. 매핑 및 Integrons 및 카세트 배열의 특성 참고 : 인간이 지배하는 생태계에서 나오는 1 급 integrons은 모든 시료에서 가장 흔한 integrons 될 가능성이 있습니다. 이러한 integrons 모든 최근 단일 기점을 가지며, 따라서 고도로 보존 된 DNA 서열 (5)를 갖는다. <ol><li> 클래스 사이에 한 사람의 소스에서 나오는 integrons과를 수행하여 환경 시료에서 자연적으로 발생하는 것과 차별화프라이머와 PCR을 intI1F165 / intI1R476 10 (표 1)을 설정합니다. 참고 : 환경 클래스 1 integrons이 제품을 생성하지 않습니다 동안 임상 또는 공생 박테리아에서 1 등급 integrons는 ~ 300 bp의 제품을 생성합니다. </li><li> 프라이머 세트 HS458 / HS459와 카세트 배열을 증폭하여 임상 integrons을 특성화. 이 PCR은 가장 카세트 배열 intI1 말단과 3 &#39;보존 된 세그먼트 사이의 영역을 증폭한다. 카세트의 번호 및 ID가 가변이기 때문에, PCR 산물의 크기도 달라진다. </li><li> 증폭 산물을 정제하고 증폭 프라이머를 이용하여 각 DNA 시퀀싱. BLASTN 기능 (사용의 DNA 데이터베이스 심문 시퀀스를 사용 <a href="http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi" target="_blank">http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi을</a> ). </li><li> integron 유전자 카세트에 대한 많은 데이터 침착하기 때문에, 표준화 된 명칭 (9)에 따라 카세트의 이름을 확인합니다S는 일관성이 없거나 모호한 이름을 사용합니다. 이러한 전달률, 병원성 또는 독성 8,21 증가하는 유전자를 포함, 새로운 표현형을 인코딩 할 수 있기 때문에, 새로운 유전자 카세트에 특히주의를주십시오. 참고 : 클래스 1 integron의 전임상 형태는 여전히 자연 환경에 순환. 특히, 활성 테네시 (402) 트랜스포존에 링크 된 것을 가장 관심 (26)의이다. 이러한 integrons의 카세트 배열 프라이머 세트 HS458 / HS459으로 증폭되지 않지만 카세트 콘텐츠에 종속 변수 크기의 증폭 물을 생성 MRG284 / MRG285 프라이머 세트 (표 1)로 증폭 될 수있다. PCR 제품은 정제 및 7.2에 설명 된대로 DNA는 염기 서열을해야합니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bush, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tackling+antibiotic+resistance.">Tackling antibiotic resistance.</a> Nature Rev. Microbiol. 9, 894-896 (2011).</li><li>Davies, J., Davies, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origins+and+evolution+of+antibiotic+resistance.">Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance.</a> Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 74 (3), 417-433 (2010).</li><li>Costa, V. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibiotic+resistance+is+ancient.">Antibiotic resistance is ancient.</a> Nature. 477 (7365), 457-461 (2011).</li><li>Gillings, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolutionary+consequences+of+antibiotic+use+for+the+resistome,+mobilome+and+microbial+pangenome.">Evolutionary consequences of antibiotic use for the resistome, mobilome and microbial pangenome.</a> Front. Microbiol. 4, 4 (2013).</li><li>Gillings, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+evolution+of+class+1+integrons+and+the+rise+of+antibiotic+resistance.">The evolution of class 1 integrons and the rise of antibiotic resistance.</a> J. Bacteriol. 190 (14), 5095-5100 (2008).</li><li>Brassard, S., Lapointe, J., Roy, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diversity+and+relative+strength+of+tandem+promoters+for+the+antibiotic-resistance+genes+of+several+integrons.">Diversity and relative strength of tandem promoters for the antibiotic-resistance genes of several integrons.</a> Gene. 142 (1), 49-54 (1994).</li><li>Partridge, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Definition+of+the+attI1+site+of+class+1+integrons.">Definition of the attI1 site of class 1 integrons.</a> Microbiol. 146 (11), 2855-2864 (2000).</li><li>Gillings, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrons:+Past,+Present,+and+Future.">Integrons: Past, Present, and Future.</a> Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 78 (2), 257-277 (2014).</li><li>Partridge, S. R., Tsafnat, G., Coiera, E., Iredell, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+cassettes+and+cassette+arrays+in+mobile+resistance+integrons.">Gene cassettes and cassette arrays in mobile resistance integrons.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 33 (4), 757-784 (2009).</li><li>Gillings, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+the+class+1+integron-integrase+gene+as+a+proxy+for+anthropogenic+pollution.">Using the class 1 integron-integrase gene as a proxy for anthropogenic pollution.</a> ISME J. In press, (2014).</li><li>Gaze, W. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impacts+of+anthropogenic+activity+on+the+ecology+of+class+1+integrons+and+integron-associated+genes+in+the+environment.">Impacts of anthropogenic activity on the ecology of class 1 integrons and integron-associated genes in the environment.</a> ISME J. 5, 1253-1261 (2011).</li><li>Gerzova, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+microbiota+composition+and+presence+of+selected+antibiotic+resistance+genes+in+carriage+water+of+ornamental+fish.">Characterization of microbiota composition and presence of selected antibiotic resistance genes in carriage water of ornamental fish.</a> PLoS ONE. 9, e103865 (2014).</li><li>Power, M., Emery, S., Gillings, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Into+the+wild:+dissemination+of+antibiotic+resistance+determinants+via+a+species+recovery+program.">Into the wild: dissemination of antibiotic resistance determinants via a species recovery program.</a> PLoS ONE. 8, e63017 (2013).</li><li>Stokes, H. W., Gillings, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+flow,+mobile+genetic+elements+and+the+recruitment+of+antibiotic+resistance+genes+into+Gram-negative+pathogens.">Gene flow, mobile genetic elements and the recruitment of antibiotic resistance genes into Gram-negative pathogens.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 35 (5), 790-819 (2011).</li><li>Moura, A., Oliveira, C., Henriques, I., Smalla, K., Correia, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Broad+diversity+of+conjugative+plasmids+in+integron-carrying+bacteria+from+wastewater+environments.">Broad diversity of conjugative plasmids in integron-carrying bacteria from wastewater environments.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 330 (2), 157-164 (2012).</li><li>Schl&#252;ter, A., Krause, L., Szczepanowski, R., Goesmann, A., P&#252;hler, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+diversity+and+composition+of+a+plasmid+metagenome+from+a+wastewater+treatment+plant.">Genetic diversity and composition of a plasmid metagenome from a wastewater treatment plant.</a> J. Biotech. 136 (1-2), 65-76 (2008).</li><li>Taylor, N. G. H., Verner-Jeffreys, D. W., Baker-Austin, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aquatic+systems:+maintaining,+mixing+and+mobilising+antimicrobial+resistance.">Aquatic systems: maintaining, mixing and mobilising antimicrobial resistance.</a> TREE. 26 (6), 278-284 (2011).</li><li>Stalder, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+and+qualitative+impact+of+hospital+effluent+on+dissemination+of+the+integron+pool.">Quantitative and qualitative impact of hospital effluent on dissemination of the integron pool.</a> ISME J. 8, 768-777 (2014).</li><li>Allen, H. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Call+of+the+wild:+antibiotic+resistance+genes+in+natural+environments.">Call of the wild: antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments.</a> Nature Rev. Microbiol. 8, 251-259 (2010).</li><li>Wellington, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+the+natural+environment+in+the+emergence+of+antibiotic+resistance+in+Gram-negative+bacteria.">The role of the natural environment in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.</a> Lancet Infect. Dis. 13 (2), 155-165 (2013).</li><li>Gillings, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mobilization+of+a+Tn402-like+class+1+integron+with+a+novel+cassette+array+via+flanking+miniature+inverted-repeat+transposable+element-like+structures.">Mobilization of a Tn402-like class 1 integron with a novel cassette array via flanking miniature inverted-repeat transposable element-like structures.</a> Appl. Env. Microbiol. 75 (18), 6002-6004 (2009).</li><li>Graham, D. W., Collignon, P., Davies, J., Larsson, D. J., Snape, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Underappreciated+role+of+regionally+poor+water+quality+on+globally+increasing+antibiotic+resistance.">Underappreciated role of regionally poor water quality on globally increasing antibiotic resistance.</a> Env. Sci. Technol. 48 (20), 11746-11747 (2014).</li><li>Perry, J. A., Westman, E. L., Wright, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+antibiotic+resistome:+what's+new.">The antibiotic resistome: what's new.</a> Curr. Opinion Microbiol. 21, 45-50 (2014).</li><li>Lorenz, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymerase+chain+reaction:+basic+protocol+plus+troubleshooting+and+optimization+strategies.">Polymerase chain reaction: basic protocol plus troubleshooting and optimization strategies.</a> J. Vis. Exp. 63, e3998-e3998 (2011).</li><li>Gillings, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+Extraction+of+PCR-Competent+DNA+from+Recalcitrant+Environmental+Samples.">Rapid Extraction of PCR-Competent DNA from Recalcitrant Environmental Samples.</a> Env. Microbiol. 1096, 17-23 (2014).</li><li>Sajjad, A., Holley, M. P., Labbate, M., Stokes, H., Gillings, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+class+1+integron+with+a+complete+Tn402-like+transposition+module.">Preclinical class 1 integron with a complete Tn402-like transposition module.</a> Appl. Env. Microbiol. 77 (1), 335-337 (2011).</li><li>Wright, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibiotic+resistance+in+the+environment:+A+link+to+the+clinic.">Antibiotic resistance in the environment: A link to the clinic.</a> Curr. Opinion Microbiol. 13 (5), 589-594 (2010).</li><li>Stokes, H., Nesbo, C., Holley, M., Bahl, M., Gillings, M., Boucher, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Class+1+integrons+predating+the+association+with+Tn402.-like+transposition+genes+are+present+in+a+sediment+microbial+community.">Class 1 integrons predating the association with Tn402.-like transposition genes are present in a sediment microbial community.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 188, 5722-5730 (2006).</li><li>Lane, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Nucleic Acid Techniques in Bacterial Systematics. , 115-175 (1991).</li><li>Holmes, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombination+activity+of+a+distinctive+integron-gene+cassette+system+associated+with+stutzeri.+populations+in+soil.">Recombination activity of a distinctive integron-gene cassette system associated with stutzeri. populations in soil.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 185, 918-928 (2003).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 관련 아무것도 없다.

integrons과 연관된 유전자 카세트의 식별은 잠재적으로 새로운 기회 병원체의 출현을 예측 인간 먹이 사슬에 병원체에 대한 경로를 추적 및 식별하는 새로운 저항에 중요한 단계이며 독성이 8,21,26를 결정. 이 논문의 목적은, 클래스 1 integrons에 대한 샘플을 선별 자신의 카세트 배열을 특성화하고 상주하는 세균의 종을 식별하기위한 효율적인 방법을 설명했다. 프로토콜의 중요한 단계는 좋...

항생제의 발견은 20 세기의 가장 위대한 과학적 업적 중 하나였다. 그러나, 항생제의 사용 및 남용 항생제 내성균의 급속한 발전을 주도하고 있으며, 이들은 지금 21 세기 공중 보건에 심각한 위협. 대부분의 치료 옵션에 대한 내성 균주의 증가는 우리가 항균 약물이 더 이상 1,2 효과적 시대를 입력 할 수있는 가능성을 제기한다. 항생제 내성을 부여 유전 기계 년 3 수백만의 인간과 항생제 선택 압력을 낳은, 고대 시스템입니다. 이러한 플라스미드, 트랜스포존, 게놈 섬, 통합 공역 요소와 integrons 모바일 유전 적 요소, 내 세균 종 4 사이에 모두 항생제 내성 유전자 (ARG)를 배포 할 수 있습니다. 이들 중에서는 integrons 불구 ARG의 확산에 중요한 역할을 해왔다그들은 박테리아 게놈 5에 플라스미드 및 동원 및 삽입 트랜스포존에 의존한다는 사실. Integrons는 integron-인테그라를 이용한 유전자 카세트를 캡처하고 인코딩 integron -6,7- 프로모터 (도 1)를 이용하여 카세트를 표현한다. 유전자 Integron 카세트는 누구의 제품 항생제 나 소독제 (8)에 대한 내성을 부여 할 수 있습니다 단일 오픈 리딩 프레임 (ORF)로 구성된 소형 모바일 요소입니다. 클래스 1 integrons은 가장 일반적으로 그들이 집단적으로 (130) 다른 항생제 내성 유전자 카세트 (9)을 통해 획득 한 임상 분리 5에서 회복 integrons 있습니다. 인간 관련된 공생과 병원성 세균에 클래스 1 integrons의 확산은 이러한 유전 적 요소 (10)의 큰 숫자를 포함하는 인간의 폐기물을 생성합니다. 클래스 1 integrons를 포함 약 10 (19) 박테리아는 하수 슬러지 매년 전을 통해 출시n은 영국 (11). 그것은 항생제 저항을 부여 클래스 1 integrons 지금은 야생 조류, 물고기, 그리고 다른 나라의 야생 동물 12-14의 미생물 검출되고 있다는 것을 따라서 놀라운 일이 아니다. 새로운 유전자 카세트 및 기타 모바일 요소와 복잡한 재 배열의 인수는 특히 하수 처리장 및 기타 수역 15-18에서 계속 발생 이후 다시 환경으로 integrons을 떼면, 중요한 공중 보건 위협. 자연 환경은 새로운 저항의 결정 요인과 기회 병원균 (19, 20)를위한 비옥 한 모집 땅이된다. 소설 integron 함유 세균과 새로운 인수는 오염 된 물과 음식 (21, 22)을 통해 인간 사회에 다시 동그라미를 할 수 있습니다. 환경 감시 인수의 이해와 미래 23 항생제 내성을 관리하는 키 전략이다. 특히,주의 원 먹거나되는 식품에 지불해야한다이러한 새로운 모바일 요소와 병원체의 전송을위한 가장 큰 위협이 있기 때문에 가볍게 요리. 이 프로토콜, 1 integrons 및 식품에 연관된 유전자 카세트, 탐지 식별하고 클래스의 특성에 대한 효율적인 접근 방법 (그림 2) 설명되어 있습니다. 배양 및 중합 효소 연쇄 반응 (PCR)의 조합을 사용하여, 신속 integrons 복잡한 세균 공동체 및 개별 분리 물에서 검출 될 수있다. 박테리아와 integron 관련 유전자 카세트의 형태와 정체성의 종류를 식별하기위한 방법이 제공됩니다. 방법은 식물과 동물 식품 광범위한 적합하고, 통상적 인 작업 흐름의 예는 이들 식품 유형마다 주어진다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>GoTaq Colourless Mastermix</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M7132</td>
			<td>Used in all PCRs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAse (Ribonuclease A from bovine pancreas)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R6513-10MG</td>
			<td>Used in all PCRs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HinFI restriction enzyme</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>R6201</td>
			<td>Used to digest 16S rDNA PCR poducts. Enzyme comes with optimal buffer and BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 bp ladder</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>27400701</td>
			<td>Used as a size standard on all agarose gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GelRed DNA stain</td>
			<td>Biotium</td>
			<td>41003</td>
			<td>CAUTION: Personal protection must be worn when handling this material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guanidinium Thiocyanate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AM9422</td>
			<td>CAUTION: Personal protection must be worn when handling this material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CLS-TC Solution</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>6540409</td>
			<td>Resuspension solution used at the begining of the genomic DNA extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysing Matrix E FastPrep tubes</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>116914500</td>
			<td>Tube required for mechanical disruption of bacterial cell walls. This code is used for packs of 500 tubes, smaller quantities are available.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>binding matrix</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>116540408</td>
			<td>Diluted 1:5 with 6M guanidinium thiocyanate and used in the genomic DNA extraction method.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast Prep machine</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>Number of options available</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals has a number of FastPrep machines available to purchase. Visit http://www.mpbio.com for more information</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

screening foodstuffs for class 1 integrons and gene cassettes

Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest threats to health in the 21st century. Acquisition of resistance genes via lateral gene transfer is a major factor in the spread of diverse resistance mechanisms. Amongst the DNA elements facilitating lateral transfer, the class 1 integrons have largely been responsible for spreading antibiotic resistance determinants amongst Gram negative pathogens. In total, these integrons have acquired and disseminated over 130 different antibiotic resistance genes. With continued antibiotic use, class 1 integrons have become ubiquitous in commensals and pathogens of humans and their domesticated animals. As a consequence, they can now be found in all human waste streams, where they continue to acquire new genes, and have the potential to cycle back into humans via the food chain. This protocol details a streamlined approach for detecting class 1 integrons and their associated resistance gene cassettes in foodstuffs, using culturing and PCR. Using this protocol, researchers should be able to: collect and prepare samples to make enriched cultures and screen for class 1 integrons; isolate single bacterial colonies to identify integron-positive isolates; identify bacterial species that contain class 1 integrons; and characterize these integrons and their associated gene cassettes.

혼합 문화와 intI1에 대한 박테리아 균주의 선별 프라이머 세트 HS463a / HS464 PCR은 클래스 1 integron-인테그라 유전자 intI1 (도 1)의 존재를 검출하는데 사용될 수있다. 이 프라이머 세트는 혼합 된 문화에서 intI1을 검출 잘 작동하고, 또한 확산 판 (그림 2)에서 수확 박테리아 콜로니를 선별하는 데 사용됩니다. 긍정적 인 균주는이 프라이머 세트 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Screening Foodstuffs for Class 1 Integrons and Gene Cassettes at JoVE.com

Screening Foodstuffs for Class 1 Integrons and Gene Cassettes

This protocol describes the detection of class 1 integrons and their associated gene cassettes in foodstuffs.

클래스 1 Integrons 유전자 카세트 식품을 선별

Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest threats to health in the 21st century. Acquisition of resistance genes via lateral gene transfer is a major ...

screening-foodstuffs-for-class-1-integrons-and-gene-cassettes

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

9.0K 조회수.  Macquarie University. This protocol describes the detection of class 1 integrons and their associated gene cassettes in foodstuffs. 

비디오: Screening Foodstuffs for Class 1 Integrons and Gene Cassettes

Transient Gene Expression in Tobacco using Gibson Assembly and the Gene Gun

In order to target a single protein to multiple subcellular organelles, plants typically duplicate the relevant genes, and express each gene separately using complex regulatory strategies including differential promoters and/or signal sequences. Metabolic engineers and synthetic biologists interested in targeting enzymes to a particular organelle are faced with a challenge: For a protein that is to be localized to more than one organelle, the engineer must clone the same gene multiple times. This work presents a solution to this strategy: harnessing alternative splicing of mRNA. This technology takes advantage of established chloroplast and peroxisome targeting sequences and combines them into a single mRNA that is alternatively spliced. Some splice variants are sent to the chloroplast, some to the peroxisome, and some to the cytosol. Here the system is designed for multiple-organelle targeting with alternative splicing. In this work, GFP was expected to be expressed in the chloroplast, cytosol, and peroxisome by a series of rationally designed 5&#8217; mRNA tags. These tags have the potential to reduce the amount of cloning required when heterologous genes need to be expressed in multiple subcellular organelles. The constructs were designed in previous work11, and were cloned using Gibson assembly, a ligation independent cloning method that does not require restriction enzymes. The resultant plasmids were introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal leaf cells with a modified Gene Gun protocol. Finally, transformed leaves were observed with confocal microscopy.

This work describes a novel method for selectively targeting subcellular organelles in plants, assayed using the BioRad Gene Gun.

깁슨 조립 및 유전자 총을 사용하여 담배 일시적인 유전자 발현

In order to target a single protein to multiple subcellular organelles, plants typically duplicate the relevant genes, and express each gene separately ...

연구

환경과학

Semi-High Throughput Screening for Potential Drought-tolerance in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Germplasm Collections

This protocol describes a method by which a large collection of the leafy green vegetable lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) germplasm was screened for likely drought-tolerance traits. Fresh water availability for agricultural use is a growing concern across the United States as well as many regions of the world. Short-term drought events along with regulatory intervention in the regulation of water availability coupled with the looming threat of long-term climate shifts that may lead to reduced precipitation in many important agricultural regions has increased the need to hasten the development of crops adapted for improved water use efficiency in order to maintain or expand production in the coming years. This protocol is not meant as a step-by-step guide to identifying at either the physiological or molecular level drought-tolerance traits in lettuce, but rather is a method developed and refined through the screening of thousands of different lettuce varieties. The nature of this screen is based in part on the streamlined measurements focusing on only three water-stress indicators: leaf relative water content, wilt, and differential plant growth following drought-stress. The purpose of rapidly screening a large germplasm collection is to narrow the candidate pool to a point in which more intensive physiological, molecular, and genetic methods can be applied to identify specific drought-tolerant traits in either the lab or field. Candidates can also be directly incorporated into breeding programs as a source of drought-tolerance traits.

Semi-High Throughput Screening for Potential Drought-tolerance in Lettuce Lactuca sativa Germplasm Collections

This protocol was developed to screen a large germplasm collection of the leafy vegetable lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) for drought-tolerance, in order to identify a small candidate pool of lettuce for use in physiological, molecular, and genetic studies to identify underlying drought-tolerance traits along with breeding programs.

추 잠재적 가뭄 내성 세미 높은 처리량 검열 (<em&gt; 왕 고들빼기 속 sativa로구나</em&gt;) 유전자 원의 컬렉션

This protocol describes a method by which a large collection of the leafy green vegetable lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) germplasm was screened for likely ...

High-throughput Screening of Recalcitrance Variations in Lignocellulosic Biomass: Total Lignin, Lignin Monomers, and Enzymatic Sugar Release

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, chemicals, and other commodities has been explored as one possible pathway toward reductions in the use of non-renewable energy sources. In order to identify which plants, out of a diverse pool, have the desired chemical traits for downstream applications, attributes, such as cellulose and lignin content, or monomeric sugar release following an enzymatic saccharification, must be compared. The experimental and data analysis protocols of the standard methods of analysis can be time-consuming, thereby limiting the number of samples that can be measured. High-throughput (HTP) methods alleviate the shortcomings of the standard methods, and permit the rapid screening of available samples to isolate those possessing the desired traits. This study illustrates the HTP sugar release and pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry pipelines employed at the National Renewable Energy Lab. These pipelines have enabled the efficient assessment of thousands of plants while decreasing experimental time and costs through reductions in labor and consumables.

Plant cell wall structure and chemistry traits are evaluated to identify ideal feedstocks for biofuels and bio-materials. Standard methods have limitations when applied to large data sets. These high-throughput pretreatment, enzyme saccharification, and pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry methods compare large numbers of biomass samples with decreased experimental time and cost.

총 리그닌, 리그닌 단량체, 및 효소 설탕 자료 : 리그 노 셀룰로오스 바이오 매스의 반항의 변화의 높은 처리량 검열

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, chemicals, and other commodities has been explored as one possible pathway toward reductions in the ...

Assaying Predatory Feeding Behaviors in Pristionchus and Other Nematodes

This protocol provides multiple methods for the analysis and quantification of predatory feeding behaviors in nematodes. Many nematode species including Pristionchus pacificus display complex behaviors, the most striking of which is the predation of other nematode larvae. However, as these behaviors are absent in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, they have thus far only recently been described in detail along with the development of reliable behavioral assays 1. These predatory behaviors are dependent upon phenotypically plastic but fixed mouth morphs making the correct identification and categorization of these animals essential. In P. pacificus there are two mouth types, the stenostomatous and eurystomatous morphs 2, with only the wide mouthed eurystomatous containing an extra tooth and being capable of killing other nematode larvae. Through the isolation of an abundance of size matched prey larvae and subsequent exposure to predatory nematodes, assays including both "corpse assays" and "bite assays" on correctly identified mouth morph nematodes are possible. These assays provide a means to rapidly quantify predation success rates and provide a detailed behavioral analysis of individual nematodes engaged in predatory feeding activities. In addition, with the use of a high-speed camera, visualization of changes in pharyngeal activity including tooth and pumping dynamics are also possible.

Assaying Predatory Feeding Behaviors in Pristionchus and Other Nematodes

Behavioral assays provide powerful tools for understanding neuronal function. Here we present several protocols for quantifying predatory feeding behavior found in the model nematode Pristionchus pacificus and its relatives. Additionally, we provide methods for analyzing predatory feeding adaptations including mouth structures and teeth.

에서 약탈 먹이 행동을 분석<em&gt; Pristionchus</em&gt; 및 기타 선충

This protocol provides multiple methods for the analysis and quantification of predatory feeding behaviors in nematodes. Many nematode species including ...

Screening for Endocrine Activity in Water Using Commercially-available In Vitro Transactivation Bioassays

In vitro transactivation bioassays have shown promise as water quality monitoring tools, however their adoption and widespread application has been hindered partly due to a lack of standardized methods and availability of robust, user-friendly technology. In this study, commercially available, division-arrested cell lines were employed to quantitatively screen for endocrine activity of chemicals present in water samples of interest to environmental quality professionals. A single, standardized protocol that included comprehensive quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) checks was developed for Estrogen and Glucocorticoid Receptor activity (ER and GR, respectively) using a cell-based Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) assay. Samples of treated municipal wastewater effluent and surface water from freshwater systems in California (USA), were extracted using solid phase extraction and analyzed for endocrine activity using the standardized protocol. Background and dose-response for endpoint-specific reference chemicals met QA/QC guidelines deemed necessary for reliable measurement. The bioassay screening response for surface water samples was largely not detectable. In contrast, effluent samples from secondary treatment plants had the highest measurable activity, with estimated bioassay equivalent concentrations (BEQs) up to 392 ng dexamethasone/L for GR and 17 ng 17&#946;-estradiol/L for ER. The bioassay response for a tertiary effluent sample was lower than that measured for secondary effluents, indicating a lower residual of endocrine active chemicals after advanced treatment. This protocol showed that in vitro transactivation bioassays that utilize commercially available, division-arrested cell &#34;kits&#34;, can be adapted to screen for endocrine activity in water.

Screening for Endocrine Activity in Water Using Commercially-available In Vitro Transactivation Bioassays

A protocol to screen for endocrine activity in organic extracts of water samples, including treated wastewater effluent and surface (receiving) water, was adapted using commercially available division-arrested ("freeze and thaw") in vitro transactivation bioassays.

물 사용에 내분비 활동에 대한 선별 시판<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 전이 활성화 생물학적 정량

In vitro transactivation bioassays have shown promise as water quality monitoring tools, however their adoption and widespread application has been ...

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of scientific publications address microplastic pollution of the sea surface. The protocol below describes the methodology for sampling, sample preparation, separation and chemical identification of microplastic particles. A manta net fixed on an &#187;A frame&#171; attached to the side of the vessel was used for sampling. Microplastic particles caught in the cod end of the net were separated from samples by visual identification and use of stereomicroscopes. Particles were analyzed for their size using an image analysis program and for their chemical structure using ATR-FTIR and micro FTIR spectroscopy. The described protocol is in line with recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter. This written protocol with video guide will support the work of researchers that deal with microplastics monitoring all over the world.

The protocol below describes the methodology for: microplastics sampling on the sea surface, separation of microplastic and chemical identification of particles. This protocol is in line with the recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the MSFD Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter.

바다 표면 및 샘플 분석에 Microplastics 샘플링을위한 프로토콜

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment during manufacturing and transport. Because of their environmental persistence, they are widely distributed in the oceans and on beaches all over the world. They can act as a vector of potentially toxic organic compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) and might consequently negatively affect marine organisms. Their possible impacts along the food chain are not yet well understood. In order to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of plastic pellets in the marine environment, it is necessary to develop methodologies that allow for rapid determination of associated organic contaminant levels. The present protocol describes the different steps required for sampling resin pellets, analyzing adsorbed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and identifying the plastic type. The focus is on the extraction of OCPs from plastic pellets by means of a pressurized fluid extractor (PFE) and on the polymer chemical analysis applying Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The developed methodology focuses on 11 OCPs and related compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its two main metabolites, lindane and two production isomers, as well as the two biologically active isomers of technical endosulfan. This protocol constitutes a simple and rapid alternative to existing methodology for evaluating the concentration of organic contaminants adsorbed on plastic pieces.

Microplastics act as vector of potentially toxic organic contaminants with unpredictable effects. This protocol describes an alternative methodology for assessing the levels of organochlorine pesticides adsorbed on plastic pellets and identifying the polymer chemical structure. The focus is on pressurized fluid extraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

플라스틱 펠렛 및 플라스틱 유형 분석에서 유기 염소 농약의 추출

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in the Earth&#39;s atmosphere, a central process in meteorology, hydrology, and for the climate system. But because specific extraction and characterization of these compounds have been lacking for decades, very little is known on their identity, properties, mode of action and origins, thus preventing the full understanding of cloud formation and its potential links with the Earth&#39;s ecosystems.
In this paper we present recently developed methods for 1) the targeted extraction of all the surfactants from atmospheric aerosol samples and for the determination of 2) their absolute concentrations in the aerosol phase and 3) their static surface tension curves in water, including their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). These methods have been validated with 9 references surfactants, including anionic, cationic and non-ionic ones. Examples of results are presented for surfactants found in fine aerosol particles (diameter &#60;1 &#956;m) collected at a coastal site in Croatia and suggestions for future improvements and other characterizations than those presented are discussed.

Methods are presented for the targeted extraction of surfactants present in atmospheric aerosols and the determination of their absolute concentrations and surface tension curves in water, including their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC).

대기 에어로졸의 추출 및 계면 활성제의 특성

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in ...

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

Barnacles are marine crustaceans with a sessile adult and free-swimming, planktonic larvae. The barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus is particularly relevant as a model for the studies of osmoregulatory mechanisms because of its extreme tolerance to low salinity. It is also widely used as a model of settling biology, in particular in relation to antifouling research. However, natural seasonal spawning yields an unpredictable supply of cyprid larvae for studies. A protocol for the all-year-round culturing of B. improvisus has been developed and a detailed description of all steps in the production line is outlined (i.e., the establishment of adult cultures on panels, the collection and rearing of barnacle larvae, and the administration of feed for adults and larvae). The description also provides guidance on troubleshooting and discusses critical parameters (e.g., the removal of contamination, the production of high-quality feed, the manpower needed, and the importance of high-quality seawater). Each batch from the culturing system maximally yields roughly 12,000 nauplii and can deliver four batches in a week, so up to almost 50,000 larvae per week can be produced. The method used to culture B. improvisus is, probably, to a large extent also applicable to other marine invertebrates with free-swimminglarvae. Protocols are presented for the dissection of various tissues from adults as well as the production of high-quality RNA for studies on gene expression. It is also described how cultured adults and reared cyprids can be utilized in a wide array of experimental designs for examining gene expression in relation to external factors. The use of cultured barnacles in gene expression is illustrated with studies of possible osmoregulatory roles of Na+/K+ ATPase and aquaporins.

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

The barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus is a model for studying osmoregulation and antifouling. However, natural seasonal spawning yields an unpredictable supply of cyprid larvae. Here, a protocol for the all-year-round culturing of B. improvisus is described, including the production of larvae. The use of cultured barnacles in gene expression studies is illustrated.

해양 모델-따개 비 Balanus improvisus 경작 및 유전자 발현

Barnacles are marine crustaceans with a sessile adult and free-swimming, planktonic larvae. The barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus is particularly ...

Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Potato and the Promoter Activity of a Suberin Gene by GUS Staining

Agrobacterium sp. is one of the most widely used methods to obtain transgenic plants as it has the ability to transfer and integrate its own T-DNA into the plant&#39;s genome. Here, we present two transformation systems to genetically modify potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants. In A. tumefaciens transformation, leaves are infected, the transformed cells are selected and a new complete transformed plant is regenerated using phytohormones in 18 weeks. In A. rhizogenes transformation, stems are infected by injecting the bacteria with a needle, the new emerged transformed hairy roots are detected using a red fluorescent marker and the non-transformed roots are removed. In 5-6 weeks, the resulting plant is a composite of a wild type shoot with fully developed transformed hairy roots. To increase the biomass, the transformed hairy roots can be excised and self-propagated. We applied both Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods to obtain roots expressing the GUS reporter gene driven by a suberin biosynthetic gene promoter. The GUS staining procedure is provided and allows the cell localization of the promoter induction. In both methods, the transformed potato roots showed GUS staining in the suberized endodermis and exodermis, and additionally, in A. rhizogenes transformed roots the GUS activity was also detected in the emergence of lateral roots. These results suggest that A. rhizogenes can be a fast alternative tool to study the genes that are expressed&#160;in roots.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Potato and the Promoter Activity of a Suberin Gene by GUS Staining

Here, we present two protocols to transform potato plants. The Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation leads to a complete transgenic plant while the Agrobacterium rhizogenes produces transgenic hairy roots in a wild type shoot that can be self-propagated. We then detect promoter activity by GUS staining in the transformed roots.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens 및 Agrobacterium rhizogenes-감자의 변환 중재와 거 스 얼룩에 의해 Suberin 유전자의 발기인 활동

Agrobacterium sp. is one of the most widely used methods to obtain transgenic plants as it has the ability to transfer and integrate its own T-DNA into ...