Os autores agradecem à equipe do núcleo de Morfologia e Imaging, do núcleo (Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais) e do rato Genetics Núcleo da Universidade Washington em St. Louis Faculdade de Medicina Molecular Genetics. Os autores são apoiados pelo programa pequeno concessão do centro McDonnell para Celular e Neurobiologia Molecular, o Centro de Esperança para Doenças Neurológicas, o National Eye Institute (# R01EY022632 a DH), um Centro National Eye Institute Núcleo Grant (# P30EY002687) e um donativo incondicional da Investigação para Prevenir Cegueira ao Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais.

Declaração de Ética: Procedimentos envolvendo indivíduos animais foram aprovados pelo cuidado e uso Comitê Institucional Animal (IACUC) da Universidade de Washington em St. Louis. 1. Rato Reprodução e Genotipagem <ol><li> Raça ratos com Tg Tg (CAG-LacZ / EGFP-KASH2) (PCP2-Cre) ratos para produzir Tg (PCP2Cre CAG-EGFP / KASH2) 19,20. Nota: Embora o restante deste protocolo centra-se na utilização da linha de Tg (PCP2-Cre) do rato para restringir a expressão EGFP-KASH2 para células de Purkinje no cerebelo, um procedimento semelhante pode ser seguido com qualquer outra Tg (CRE) de ratinho ( A Figura 2A). </li><li> Realizar genotipagem para identificar filhotes abrigando ambos os transgenes EGFP e Cre como descrito anteriormente 19. </li></ol> 2. Preparação de Materiais para Dissecção e Tissue Colecção <ol><li> Preparação de 100 ml de 30% de sacarose em PBS (30 g de sacarose / 100 ml de PBS 1x) e armazenar a -20 ° C. O dia de tecido harvesting, degelo e de carga ~ 30-35 ml da solução de sacarose em uma seringa de 35 ml para perfusões transcardial. </li><li> Preparar 40 ml de 4% de PFA em PBS (10 mL 16% de paraformaldeído e 30 ml de PBS). Carga ~ 30-35 ml de 4% de PFA em uma seringa de 35 ml para perfusões transcardial. </li><li> Encha uma placa de cultura de tecido de 10 cm com 10 ml de PBS por dissecção de tecidos. </li><li> Preparar um cocktail de cetamina / xilazina que consiste em 16 mg / ml de cetamina e 3 mg / ml de xilazina. </li><li> Prepara-se uma solução de etanol a 70% para a dissecação. </li></ol> 3. Dissecção e Recolha de Tecidos <ol><li> Usando uma seringa de 1 ml, injectar 500 ul do cocktail de cetamina / xilazina por 25 gramas de peso corporal e esperar para ~ 15 min. Em alternativa, utilizar um outro método de sedação institucional aprovado que é apropriado para o sistema biológico de interesse. </li><li> Após sedação, aperte suavemente a pata traseira para confirmar a falta de resposta à dor, o pino todas as patas em uma bandeja de isopor com o lado dorsal dorato virado para baixo. </li><li> Pulverizar o abdômen com 70% de etanol e fazer uma incisão de abdômen inferior para a parte superior da caixa torácica para ter acesso ao coração. </li><li> Fazer uma pequena incisão no átrio direito do coração e inserir a seringa contendo a solução de sacarose a 30% para o ventrículo esquerdo do coração. </li><li> Perfundir a solução a uma taxa de ~ 2-5 ml por min. Quando vazio, remover a seringa e repita com a solução PFA 4%. </li><li> Desafixar o rato da bandeja de isopor e decapitar para acessar o cérebro. </li><li> Retire a pele ao redor da cabeça do animal usando uma pinça e tesouras. Fazer um buraco na parte posterior do crânio com uma agulha e remova cuidadosamente o crânio com tesouras e pinças de dissecação. </li><li> Uma vez que o cérebro é claramente acessíveis, utilizar uma pinça para remover o cerebelo e colocá-lo em PBS. Dividir o cerebelo no plano sagital com um bisturi e transferir para a solução de sacarose a 30% durante a noite a 4 ° C. Nota: Para prepararsão secções de parafina, fixar o cerebelo durante a noite a 4 ° C em 4% de PFA antes da incorporação do tecido e de corte. </li></ol> 4. Tissue Processing e Seccionamento <ol><li> Prepara-se uma suspensão de gelo seco e 2-metilbutano. Permitir que a temperatura do banho a equilibrar durante 5 min. </li><li> Encher um composto com cryomold PTU e colocar uma metade do cerebelo bissectado no molde. </li><li> Usando um microscópio de dissecção e um par de fórceps posição do cerebelo, de modo que a superfície bissectado (perto da linha média do cerebelo) é voltada para cima. </li><li> Transferir a cryomold para a pasta de gelo seco durante 5 minutos até que o composto de outubro formou uma matriz sólida em torno das branco espécime de tecido. Nota: Os espécimes congelados podem agora ser armazenados a -20 ° C se necessário. </li><li> Etiqueta pré-tratados lâminas poli-lisina para a recolha de tecidos e secções do crióstato preparar de acordo com as instruções do fabricante, a fim de recolher 15 um secções do Cerebellum. Para coletar as seções, entre em contato com cuidado a seção de outubro com o lado revestido a poli-lisina do slide. Para preservar a orientação da secção, não rodam a lâmina durante este passo. </li><li> Cortes de tecido loja C a -20 ° até prosseguir com coloração e tratamento de imagens. </li></ol> 5. Coloração e imagem das Cerebelo Secções <ol><li> Prepare as seguintes soluções antes da coloração de tecidos: ~ 50 ml de PBS ~ 5-10 ml de 4% de PFA em PBS ~ 10-20 ml de 0,5% de Triton X-100, 10% de soro de burro em PBS </li><li> Seções cerebelar descongelar. Importante, minimizar sua exposição a qualquer fonte de luz contínua e intensa para evitar o desbotamento de EGFP. </li><li> Usando uma caneta barreira hidrofóbica, desenhe um retângulo em torno das secções de tecido. </li><li> Post-fixar as seções com PFA 4% para 5 min. Use líquido suficiente para cobrir toda a área delineada pela barreira hidrofóbica (usualmente ~ 500 mL). Usando um aspirador ou pipeta, remover o fixador ser particularmente cuidadosos para não perturbar as secções de tecido. </li><li> Com uma pipeta, aplicar suavemente PBS na lâmina sem perturbar as secções de tecido. Após 5 min usar o vácuo ou pipeta para remover cuidadosamente o líquido. Repetir a lavagem de PBS um total de três vezes. </li><li> Usando uma pipeta, aplicam-se cuidadosamente uma diluição adequada de anticorpos primários (3 ul Calbindina e / ou anticorpo Nesprin2 por 900 ul de solução) em 0,5% de Triton X-100, 10% de soro de burro em PBS. Incuba-se durante uma hora à temperatura ambiente no escuro. Nota: EGFP-KASH2 será visível por microscopia de fluorescência directa em secções congeladas, e não é necessário utilizar um anticorpo anti-EGFP. No entanto, se secções de parafina foram preparadas, imagiologia de EGFP-KASH2 requer imunodetecção com um anticorpo anti-EGFP. </li><li> Remover a solução de anticorpos e enxaguar com PBS três vezes. </li><li> Prepare 1: 1000 de anticorpos secundários diluições Alexa Fluor-em 0,5% de Triton X-100,10% de soro de burro em PBS e armazenar no escuro. </li><li> Suavemente remover o enxaguamento final PBS e aplicar a diluição do anticorpo secundário durante uma hora no escuro. </li><li> Remover a solução de anticorpo secundário, enxaguar e lavar a secção de três vezes. Se necessário, aplicar um corante nuclear, tais como DAPI (~ 300 nM), durante a primeira aplicação de PBS. </li><li> Completamente remover a solução PBS de todo o tecido e lugar ~ 5-7 ul de montagem de mídia na secção de tecido. Coloque uma lamela de vidro na parte superior da secção de tecido e retiradas para ~ 15-30 min à temperatura ambiente no escuro. </li><li> Usar um microscópio de fluorescência equipado com os filtros apropriados para visualizar EGFP e quaisquer outros comprimentos de onda adequados para os anticorpos secundários utilizados em passos de 5,8 / 5,9. Em fatias do cerebelo, utilizar uma objectiva de 20x para visualizar EGFP-KASH2 jantes nucleares. </li></ol>

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Os autores não têm nada a revelar.

O passo mais importante para estudar o papel com sucesso de complexos LINC in vivo utilizando o modelo de Tg (CAG-LacZ / EGFP-KASH2) é identificar uma linha de murganho adequados Cre (s). Com efeito, se Cre está activo em outros tipos de células-envolvidas em vias semelhantes, que podem complicar a interpretação dos resultados. Por isso, é importante examinar as células vizinhas, como mostrado nas camadas celulares e moleculares granulares do cerebelo (Figura 2B). Do mesmo modo, para max...

O envelope nuclear (NE) separa o nucleoplasma do citoplasma. É composto por uma membrana nuclear interna e externa (INM e ONM, respectivamente) que se ligam em poros nucleares. O lúmen delimitada pelas duas membranas é chamada o espaço perinuclear (SNP). A ONM é uma extensão do retículo endoplasmático rugoso (ER), eo INM adere à lâmina nuclear, uma malha de nuclear-V Tipo de filamentos intermediários representados por A e do tipo B lamins 1,2. Ligantes do Nucleoskeleton e do citoesqueleto (LINC) são complexos macromoleculares conjuntos que abrangem todo o envelope nuclear para ligar fisicamente o interior do núcleo de filamentos do citoesqueleto e motores moleculares (Figura 1A). Eles consistem de interações entre motivos evolutivamente conservadas que caracterizam duas famílias de proteínas transmembrana integrantes do NE: Sun (Sad1 / Unc84) proteínas e Nesprins (SPectRINS Envelope Nuclear). Nos mamíferos, Sun1 e Sun2 arproteínas transmembranares e do INM nucleoplásmica cuja região N-terminal interage directamente com A e do tipo B laminas 3-5. Por outro lado do INM, dentro do SNP, proteínas Sun Harbor um estiramento evolutiva-conservada de ~ 150 aminoácidos C-terminais do domínio chamado sol. SUN domínios interagir diretamente com o evolucionário conservado KASH (Klarsicht / Anc-1, Syne homologia) de domínio, a assinatura molecular de Nesprins. Kash domínios consistem de um troço de ~ 30 aminoácidos C-terminais que se projeta para o SNP seguido por um domínio transmembranar 6. Pelo menos quatro genes distintos (Nesprin1-4 Nesprin) codificam proteínas contendo KASH que localizam no NE 7. As regiões citoplasmáticos de Nesprins, cujos tamanhos variam de ~ 50 kDa (Nesprin4) para uma surpreendente 1.000 kDa (Nesprin1 gigante), contêm spectrin múltiplas repetições, bem como os motivos específicos permitindo a sua interação com os componentes do citoesqueleto de actina, tais como, plectina e motores moleculares 8- 13. &lt;p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; Estudos em vertebrados e invertebrados mostraram que Lamin / Sun / Nesprin / motores moleculares constituem um &quot;eixo&quot; evolutivamente conservada controlar a migração e ancoragem nuclear. Vários knock-out (KO) modelos do rato do LINC componentes complexos têm sido descritos e eram instrumentais em fornecer um quadro para entender os papéis de proteínas Sun e Nesprin no NE durante o desenvolvimento dos mamíferos 9,14,15. No entanto, estes modelos apresentam várias desvantagens significativas, principalmente: 1) dificuldade em interpretar fenótipos devido à célula efeitos não-autónomos, 2) dificuldade em distinguir as contribuições fenotípicas de KASH contendo vs. KASH-less Nesprin isoformas 16, 3) a redundância funcional de proteínas Sun e Nesprin no NE em numerosos tipos de células requer esquemas de melhoramento complexas para inativar todas as interacções SUN-Kash em camundongos 17 e 4) a letalidade perinatal de camundongos deficientes para a KASH-domínio de ambosNesprins1 e 2 opõe-se à análise de fenótipos adulto 18. Este protocolo descreve um novo modelo de ratinho concebido para romper todas as interacções SOL-Kash in vivo, numa célula de forma autónoma e regulada pelo desenvolvimento, ignorando assim muitas das desvantagens descritas acima. Este modelo de ratinho Cre / à base de LOX assenta em dois conceitos importantes: 1) o domínio KASH de qualquer proteína Nesprin conhecida é suficiente para atingir EGFP ao NE em sistemas de cultura de células e 2) domínios SUN interagir promiscuamente com domínios Kash, portanto, sobre-expressão de qualquer domínio KASH vai saturar todos os domínios SUN endógenos e inactivam os complexos LINC de uma forma dominante negativa 17 (Figura 1B). Este protocolo descreve a colheita de tecidos e etapas de processamento usados ​​para confirmar a interrupção de todas as interações SUN-Kash em células de Purkinje do cerebelo.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S0389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14200-075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde Solution</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT Compound</td>
			<td>Tissue-Tek</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesion Slides</td>
			<td>StatLab</td>
			<td>M1000W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9663</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImmuEdge Pen</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Calbindin Antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C9848</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-EGFP Antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab13970</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Nesprin2 Antibody</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Previously described in Ref. 21</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent Mounting Media</td>
			<td>Dako</td>
			<td>S3023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-methyl butane</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>O3551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

validation of a mouse model to disrupt linc complexes in a cell-specific manner

Nuclear migration and anchorage within developing and adult tissues relies heavily upon large macromolecular protein assemblies called LInkers of the Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC complexes). These protein scaffolds span the nuclear envelope and connect the interior of the nucleus to components of the surrounding cytoplasmic cytoskeleton. LINC complexes consist of two evolutionary-conserved protein families, Sun proteins and Nesprins that harbor C-terminal molecular signature motifs called the SUN and KASH domains, respectively. Sun proteins are transmembrane proteins of the inner nuclear membrane whose N-terminal nucleoplasmic domain interacts with the nuclear lamina while their C-terminal SUN domains protrudes into the perinuclear space and interacts with the KASH domain of Nesprins. Canonical Nesprin isoforms have a variable sized N-terminus that projects into the cytoplasm and interacts with components of the cytoskeleton. This protocol describes the validation of a dominant-negative transgenic mouse strategy that disrupts endogenous SUN/KASH interactions in a cell-type specific manner. Our approach is based on the Cre/Lox system that bypasses many drawbacks such as perinatal lethality and cell nonautonomous phenotypes that are associated with germline models of LINC complex inactivation. For this reason, this model provides a useful tool to understand the role of LINC complexes during development and homeostasis in a wide array of tissues.

Este protocolo ilustra a utilidade do (EGFP-KASH2 / CAG-LacZ) modelo de ratinho Tg para restringir a expressão EGFP-KASH2 para células de Purkinje do cerebelo usando Tg (PCP2-CRE) ratinhos. Em Tg (PCP2Cre CAG-EGFP / KASH2) prole, a grelha de leitura aberta de LacZ / V5 é excisado em P6 pela recombinase Cre conduzindo assim à expressão de EGFP-KASH2 especificamente direccionada para células de Purkinje (Figura 2A). Como esperado, EGFP-KASH2 é voltado para o envelope nuclear, tal como in...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Validation of a Mouse Model to Disrupt LINC Complexes in a Cell-specific Manner at JoVE.com

Validation of a Mouse Model to Disrupt LINC Complexes in a Cell-specific Manner

Nuclear envelope proteins play a central role in many basic biological processes and have been implicated in a variety of human diseases. This protocol describes a new Cre/Lox-based mouse model that allows for the spatiotemporal control of LINC complexes disruption.

A validação de um modelo de camundongo para Disrupt Complexos LINC de um modo específico de célula

Nuclear migration and anchorage within developing and adult tissues relies heavily upon large macromolecular protein assemblies called LInkers of the ...

validation-mouse-model-to-disrupt-linc-complexes-cell-specific

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

7.3K visualizações.  Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine. Nuclear envelope proteins play a central role in many basic biological processes and have been implicated in a variety of human diseases. This protocol describes a new Cre/Lox-based mouse model that allows for the spatiotemporal control of LINC complexes disruption.

Vídeo: Validation of a Mouse Model to Disrupt LINC Complexes in a Cell-specific Manner

Application of a C. elegans Dopamine Neuron Degeneration Assay for the Validation of Potential Parkinson's Disease Genes

Improvements to the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) are dependent upon knowledge about susceptibility factors that render populations at risk. In the process of attempting to identify novel genetic factors associated with PD, scientists have generated many lists of candidate genes, polymorphisms, and proteins that represent important advances, but these leads remain mechanistically undefined. Our work is aimed toward significantly narrowing such lists by exploiting the advantages of a simple animal model system. While humans have billions of neurons, the microscopic roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans has precisely 302, of which only eight produce dopamine (DA) in hemaphrodites. Expression of a human gene encoding the PD-associated protein, alpha-synuclein, in C. elegans DA neurons results in dosage and age-dependent neurodegeneration.
Worms expressing human alpha-synuclein in DA neurons are isogenic and express both GFP and human alpha-synuclein under the DA transporter promoter (Pdat-1). The presence of GFP serves as a readily visualized marker for following DA neurodegeneration in these animals. We initially demonstrated that alpha-synuclein-induced DA neurodegeneration could be rescued in these animals by torsinA, a protein with molecular chaperone activity 1. Further, candidate PD-related genes identified in our lab via large-scale RNAi screening efforts using an alpha-synuclein misfolding assay were then over-expressed in C. elegans DA neurons. We determined that five of seven genes tested represented significant candidate modulators of PD as they rescued alpha-synuclein-induced DA neurodegeneration 2. Additionally, the Lindquist Lab (this issue of JoVE) has performed yeast screens whereby alpha-synuclein-dependent toxicity is used as a readout for genes that can enhance or suppress cytotoxicity. We subsequently examined the yeast candidate genes in our C. elegans alpha-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration assay and successfully validated many of these targets 3, 4.
Our methodology involves generation of a C. elegans DA neuron-specific expression vector using recombinational cloning of candidate gene cDNAs under control of the Pdat-1 promoter. These plasmids are then microinjected in wild-type (N2) worms, along with a selectable marker for successful transformation. Multiple stable transgenic lines producing the candidate protein in DA neurons are obtained and then independently crossed into the alpha-synuclein degenerative strain and assessed for neurodegeneration, at both the animal and individual neuron level, over the course of aging.

Application of a C. elegans Dopamine Neuron Degeneration Assay for the Validation of Potential Parkinson&#039;s Disease Genes

This video demonstrates how to use C. elegans to assess dopaminergic neuron neurodegeneration as a model for Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, genetic screens are used to identify factors that either enhance degeneration or are neuroprotective.

Aplicação de um elegans dopamina C. Ensaio degeneração dos neurônios de Validação do Potencial Doença de Parkinson Genes

Improvements to the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) are dependent upon knowledge about susceptibility factors that render populations ...

Biologia

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

In vivo de imagens e tratamentos terapêuticos em um modelo de camundongo ortotópico de câncer de ovário

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

Nefrotoxina microinjeção no peixe-zebra ao modelo de lesão renal aguda

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current blastocyst injection protocol. Here we report that a simple rotation of the embryo, and injection through Trans-Inner cell mass (TICM) increased the percentage of chimeric mice from 31% to 50%, with no additional equipment or further specialized training. 26 different inbred clones, and 35 total clones were injected over a period of 9 months. There was no significant difference in either pregnancy rate or recovery rate of embryos between traditional injection techniques and TICM. Therefore, without any major alteration in the injection process and a simple positioning of the blastocyst and injecting through the ICM, releasing the ES cells into the blastocoel cavity can potentially improve the quantity of chimeric production and subsequent germline transmission.

Here we present a protocol to increase chimera production without the use of new equipment. A simple orientation change of the embryo for injection can increase the number of embryos produced, and potentially reduce the timeline to germline transmission.

Trans-interno pilha injeção maciça de células-tronco embrionárias leva a taxas mais elevadas de quimerismo

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...

A Flow Cytometry-based Assay to Identify Compounds That Disrupt Binding of Fluorescently-labeled CXC Chemokine Ligand 12 to CXC Chemokine Receptor 4

Pharmacological targeting of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is of great importance to human health, as dysfunctional GPCR-mediated signaling contributes to the progression of many diseases. The ligand/receptor pair CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)/CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) has raised significant clinical interest, for instance as a potential target for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Small molecules as well as therapeutic antibodies that specifically target CXCR4 and inhibit the receptor&#39;s function are therefore considered to be valuable pharmacological tools. Here, a flow cytometry-based cellular assay that allows identification of compounds (e.g., small molecules) that abrogate CXCL12 binding to CXCR4, is described. Essentially, the assay relies on the competition for receptor binding between a fixed amount of fluorescently labeled CXCL12, the natural chemokine agonist for CXCR4, and unlabeled compounds. Hence, the undesirable use of radioactively labeled probes is avoided in this assay. In addition, living cells are used as the source of receptor (CXCR4) instead of cell membrane preparations. This allows easy adaptation of the assay to a plate format, which increases the throughput. This assay has been shown to be a valuable generic drug discovery assay to identify CXCR4-targeting compounds. The protocol can likely be adapted to other GPCRs, at least if fluorescently labeled ligands are available or can be generated. Prior knowledge concerning the intracellular signaling pathways that are induced upon activation of these GPCRs, is not required.

A flow cytometry-based cellular binding assay is described that is primarily used as a screening tool to identify compounds that inhibit the binding of a fluorescently labeled CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) to the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4).

Um ensaio de baseados em citometria de fluxo para identificar compostos que interrompem a ligação do ligante de Chemokine fluorescente-etiquetadas CXC 12 a CXC Chemokine Receptor 4

Pharmacological targeting of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is of great importance to human health, as dysfunctional GPCR-mediated signaling ...

A Mouse Model of Intestinal Partial Obstruction

Intestinal obstructions, that impede or block peristaltic movement, can be caused by abdominal adhesions and most gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including tumorous growths. However, the cellular remodeling mechanisms involved in, and caused by, intestinal obstructions are poorly understood. Several animal models of intestinal obstructions have been developed, but the mouse model is the most cost/time effective. The mouse model uses the surgical implantation of an intestinal partial obstruction (PO) that has a high mortality rate if it is not performed correctly. In addition, mice receiving PO surgery fail to develop hypertrophy if an appropriate blockade is not used or not properly placed. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for PO surgery which produces reliable and reproducible intestinal obstructions with a very low mortality rate. This protocol utilizes a surgically placed silicone ring that surrounds the ileum which partially blocks digestive movement in the small intestine. The partial blockage makes the intestine become dilated due to the halt of digestive movement. The dilation of the intestine induces smooth muscle hypertrophy on the oral side of the ring that progressively develops over 2 weeks until it causes death. The surgical PO mouse model offers an in vivo model of hypertrophic intestinal tissue useful for studying pathological changes of intestinal cells including smooth muscle cells (SMC), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), PDGFR&#945;+, and neuronal cells during the development of intestinal obstruction.

Intestinal obstructions are a partial or complete blockage of the intestine that can cause severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and preventing the passage of stool. This procedure for creating intestinal partial obsructions in mice is reliable in studying the mechanisms underlying pathological cell growth and death in the intestine.

Um modelo do rato de obstrução Intestinal parcial

Intestinal obstructions, that impede or block peristaltic movement, can be caused by abdominal adhesions and most gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including ...

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A)

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer progression. How the chromosomal location and function of a centromere (i.e., centromere identity) are determined and participate in accurate chromosome segregation is a fundamental question. CENP-A is proposed to be the non-DNA indicator (epigenetic mark) of centromere identity, and CENP-A ubiquitylation is required for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability.
Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-CENP-A K124R mutant suggesting that ubiquitylation at a different lysine is induced because of the EYFP tagging in the CENP-A K124R mutant protein. Lysine 306 (K306) ubiquitylation in EYFP-CENP-A K124R was successfully identified, which corresponds to lysine 56 (K56) in CENP-A through mass spectrometry analysis. A caveat is discussed in the use of GFP/EYFP or the tagging of high molecular weight protein as a tool to analyze the function of a protein. Current technical limit is also discussed for the detection of ubiquitylated bands, identification of site-specific ubiquitylation(s), and visualization of ubiquitylation in living cells or a specific single cell during the whole cell cycle.
The method of mass spectrometry analysis presented here can be applied to human CENP-A protein with different tags and other centromere-kinetochore proteins. These combinatory methods consisting of several assays/analyses could be recommended for researchers who are interested in identifying functional roles of ubiquitylation.

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A EYFP-CENP-A

CENP-A ubiquitylation is an important requirement for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability. Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A) protein.

Análise de espectrometria de massa para identificar a ubiquização do CENP-A marcado pelo EYFP (EYFP-CENP-A)

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer ...

A Mouse Model of Lumbar Spine Instability

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common pathological change leading to low back pain. Appropriate animal models are desired for understanding the pathological processes and evaluating new drugs. Here, we introduced a surgically induced lumbar spine instability (LSI) mouse model that develops IDD starting from 1 week post operation. In detail, the mouse under anesthesia was operated by low back skin incision, L3&#8211;L5 spinous processes exposure, detachment of paraspinous muscles, resection of processes and ligaments, and skin closure. L4&#8211;L5 IVDs were chosen for the observation. The LSI model develops lumbar IDD by porosity and hypertrophy in endplates at an early stage, decrease in intervertebral disc volume, shrinkage in nucleus pulposus at an intermediate stage, and bone loss in lumbar vertebrae (L5) at a later stage. The LSI mouse model has the advantages of strong operability, no requirement of special equipment, reproducibility, inexpensive, and relatively short period of IDD development. However, LSI operation is still a trauma that causes inflammation within the first week post operation. Thus, this animal model is suitable for study of lumbar IDD.

We developed a lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration mouse model by resection of L3&#8211;L5 spinous processes along with supra- and inter-spinous ligaments and detachment of paraspinous muscles.

Um modelo de mouse de instabilidade lombar

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common pathological change leading to low back pain. Appropriate animal models are desired for understanding ...

Differentiated Mouse Adipocytes in Primary Culture: A Model of Insulin Resistance

Insulin resistance is a reduced effect of insulin on its target cells, usually derived from decreased insulin receptor signaling. Insulin resistance contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other obesity-derived diseases of high prevalence worldwide. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying insulin resistance is of great relevance. Several models have been used to study insulin resistance both in vivo and in vitro; primary adipocytes represent an attractive option to study the mechanisms of insulin resistance and identify molecules that counteract this condition and the molecular targets of insulin-sensitizing drugs. Here, we have established an insulin resistance model using primary adipocytes in culture treated with tumor necrosis factor-&#945; (TNF-&#945;).
Adipocyte precursor cells (APCs), isolated from collagenase-digested mouse subcutaneous adipose tissue by magnetic cell separation technology, are differentiated into primary adipocytes. Insulin resistance is then induced by treatment with TNF-&#945;, a proinflammatory cytokine that reduces the tyrosine phosphorylation/activation of members of the insulin signaling cascade. Decreased phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1), and protein kinase B (AKT) are quantified by western blot. This method provides an excellent tool to study the mechanisms mediating insulin resistance in adipose tissue.

This protocol describes the isolation of mouse preadipocytes from subcutaneous fat, their differentiation into mature adipocytes, and the induction of insulin resistance. Insulin action is evaluated by the phosphorylation/activation of members of the insulin signaling pathway through western blot. This method allows direct determination of insulin resistance/sensitivity in primary adipocytes.

Adipócitos diferenciados de camundongos em cultura primária: um modelo de resistência à insulina

Insulin resistance is a reduced effect of insulin on its target cells, usually derived from decreased insulin receptor signaling. Insulin resistance ...