Agradecemos Sarah Wu e Camille Graham para o desenvolvimento de fases iniciais do ensaio frio sonda, a Bolsa de Centro Bloomington Drosophila para as populações da mosca, e membros do laboratório Galko pela leitura crítica do manuscrito. Este trabalho foi financiado pelo NIH NRSA (NIH F31NS083306) para HNT, e pelo NIH R01NS069828, R21NS087360 e uma Universidade do Texas MD Anderson Clark Fellowship em pesquisa básica para MJG.

1. Preparação de Larvas <ol><li> Levante ações ou cruzamentos genéticos em uma incubadora de 25 ºC. <ol><li> Se o cultivo de uma cruz, use 20-25 fêmeas virgens e 15-20 machos por frasco contendo media milho mosca regular. Permitir fêmeas põem ovos por aproximadamente 48 h antes de transferi-los para um novo frasco de alimentos. </li></ol></li><li> 4-5 dias após a postura de ovos, recolher 3 rd instar larvas do genótipo desejado por esguichando suavemente uma corrente de água para a comida mole e larvas, e despejar o conteúdo em, um prato de Petri limpo de tamanho médio (60 mm x 15 milímetros). </li><li> Em seguida, delicadamente classificar larvas por tamanho usando uma pinça ou um pincel para impedir maior &quot;vagando 3º instar&quot; ou pequenas larvas doentia de ser testado. Rejeitar larvas contendo quaisquer marcadores ou equilibradores genéticos indesejados. </li><li> Tenha um colega de laboratório pratos rótulo ou recipientes onde as larvas classificadas serão colocados de modo que o experimentador pode ser &quot;cego&quot; ao excondição perimental ou genótipo do larvas se for o caso. O experimentador pode aplicar etiquetas descodificados aos dados recolhidos após a experiência utilizando uma chave gerada por um laboratório-membro. </li><li> Usando um scoopula, transferir uma quantidade do tamanho de dime-de alimento fresco para um (35 milímetros x 10 mm ou 60 mm x 15 mm) limpa, marcada placa de Petri cheia de meio caminho com água à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> mover-se suavemente as larvas classificadas na alimentos (para evitar a fome ou dessecação se o teste é antecipado para tomar mais do que 20 min) usando uma pinça ou pincel. </li></ol> 2. Fria Probe Assay <ol><li> Ligar a unidade de sonda fria permitindo um min poucos que arrefeça para a temperatura desejada. Se definir a temperaturas mais baixas, a condensação irá provavelmente formar ao longo da sonda. </li><li> Enxugar qualquer excesso de humidade com um laboratório limpar antes da aplicação para a larva. Quando não está em uso imediato, lugar isolante tampa em ambos sonda para isolar e manter a ponta limpa e evitar danos. </li><li> Coloque um meio 3 rd instar larva sobre uma folha fina de escuro vinil móvel (tipicamente, usar uma pequena peça cortada a partir de uma pasta do caderno) sob um microscópio de campo brilhante. Os auxiliares de vinil preto em contraste visualização e em movimento a larva sem tocá-lo para alinhar adequadamente com a sonda. </li><li> Ajustar o microscópio (ver Tabela de Materiais) e unidade de luz (ver Tabela de Materiais) de brilho médio (50-75% de brilho máximo) para proporcionar o contraste e a impedir que a larva de secar demasiado depressa. </li><li> Descarte qualquer larvas que não primeira exposição locomoção peristáltico normal, como eles poderiam confundir os resultados. A larva deve ser húmido a partir da placa de Petri de água de outro modo a larva vai ficar com o vinil inibir locomoção normal. A água não deve poça em torno da larva. </li><li> Avançar a sonda com a mão em direcção a larva em um ângulo de 90º em relação ao eixo ântero-posterior do corpo, usando o vinilo para mover a larva em CRposição rect (ver Figura 1A). </li><li> Orientar a ponta da sonda a colocar suavemente através da superfície dorsal meados da larva com a sonda a aproximadamente um ângulo de 45º para a platina do microscópio. </li><li> No momento do contacto da sonda, iniciar um temporizador de laboratório. Aplicar pressão descendente suficiente para recuar ligeiramente a superfície da cutícula larvar permitindo ainda para a frente ou para trás, movimento. </li><li> Manter a sonda no lugar até 10 s ou até que uma resposta comportamental evocado a frio é observado - o que ocorrer primeiro. Em seguida, remover a sonda. </li><li> Grave a resposta comportamental observada ea latência de resposta. Larvas que não respondem dentro de 10 s são considerados &quot;não-respondedores&quot;. Latência também podem ser gravadas para respondedores e usadas para medir as alterações em resposta robustez / amplitude. </li><li> Descarte larva e preparar a próxima. </li><li> Repita os passos 2,3-2,11 até que o número desejado de larvas de teste é alcançada (três conjuntos de n = 20-40 larvas foram used aqui). </li></ol>

<ol>
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I., Laurent, G., Benzer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=painless,+a+Drosophila+gene+essential+for+nociception.">painless, a Drosophila gene essential for nociception.</a> Cell. 113 (2), 261-273 (2003).</li><li>Babcock, D. T., Landry, C., Galko, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytokine+signaling+mediates+UV-induced+nociceptive+sensitization+in+Drosophila+larvae.">Cytokine signaling mediates UV-induced nociceptive sensitization in Drosophila larvae.</a> Curr Biol. 19 (10), 799-806 (2009).</li><li>Chattopadhyay, A., Gilstrap, A. V., Galko, M. 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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sensory+feedback+circuit+coordinates+muscle+activity+in+Drosophila.">A sensory feedback circuit coordinates muscle activity in Drosophila.</a> Mol Cell Neurosci. 35 (2), 383-396 (2007).</li><li>Zhong, L., Hwang, R. Y., Tracey, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pickpocket+is+a+DEG/ENaC+protein+required+for+mechanical+nociception+in+Drosophila+larvae.">Pickpocket is a DEG/ENaC protein required for mechanical nociception in Drosophila larvae.</a> Curr Biol. 20 (5), 429-434 (2010).</li><li>Xiang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light-avoidance-mediating+photoreceptors+tile+the+Drosophila+larval+body+wall.">Light-avoidance-mediating photoreceptors tile the Drosophila larval body wall.</a> Nature. 468 (7326), 921-926 (2010).</li><li>Neely, G. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TrpA1+regulates+thermal+nociception+in+Drosophila.">TrpA1 regulates thermal nociception in Drosophila.</a> PLoS One. 6 (8), e24343 (2011).</li><li>Zhou, Y., Cameron, S., Chang, W. T., Rao, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+directional+change+after+mechanical+stimulation+in+Drosophila.">Control of directional change after mechanical stimulation in Drosophila.</a> Mol Brain. 5, 39 (2012).</li><li>Im, S. 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Um pedido de patente dos Estados Unidos (CL) está pendente no projeto da sonda fria. Informações adicionais sobre detalhes de números de peça de sonda fria e construção, bem como consultoria adicional no desenho das ferramentas será fornecido mediante solicitação.

O ensaio aqui descrito pode ser utilizado para avaliar quantitativamente e qualitativamente nocicepção ou sensibilização nociceptiva em larvas de várias origens genéticas, as influências ambientais, e / ou condições induzidas por danos. Uma vez que este ensaio permite a aplicação de um estímulo de foco frio, com esta ferramenta pode-se avaliar a função de um subconjunto de neurónios sensoriais periféricos especificamente em resposta a temperaturas frias. Curiosamente, estes comportamentos evocou a frio p...

Drosophila tem provado ser altamente útil para a identificação de novos genes e conservada circuitos neuronais subjacentes a comportamentos complexos. Moscas fornecer um conjunto de ferramentas genéticas sofisticado e um sistema nervoso simplificado que permite a manipulação de precisão genética e neuronal 1, 2, 3, 4 para dissecar as bases celulares e moleculares da nocicepção 5, 6, 7. As larvas são particularmente úteis para estas análises, dado que os ensaios comportamentais para toque suave 8, 9, 10, o calor nocivo 11, 12, 13 e sensação mecânica de estímulos nocivos 4, </sup&gt; 11 já foram estabelecidos, ea cutícula larval transparente permite imagens ao vivo ou fixo da epiderme e neurônios sensoriais subjacentes. Recentemente, um ensaio para frio nocivo também foi desenvolvido 7, que descrevemos em mais detalhes aqui. Usando uma sonda de frio fino, cónico de ponta, mostra-se que as larvas de Drosophila exibem um conjunto de comportamentos reactivos específicos do frio, distinto de comportamentos observados durante a locomoção normais, seguindo toque suave, ou após dura mecânica ou alta estímulos temperatura 7, 8, 11 . Os comportamentos específicos de frio incluem uma contracção robusta de corpo inteiro (CT), um aumento de 45-90º os segmentos posteriores (RP) e um aumento simultâneo do segmentos anterior e posterior em forma de U (US). A prevalência destes comportamentos aumenta com a diminuição da temperatura mas cada picos a slevemente diferentes temperaturas frias. Um trabalho recente sugere que as respostas CT são mediadas por diferentes neurónios sensoriais periféricos do que aqueles que respondem ao calor nocivo ou estímulos mecânicos dura 7. Muito como nociceptores vertebrados, Drosophila dendrítica múltipla (MD) neurónios sensoriais periféricos têm estruturas dendríticas complexos que arborize sobre a epiderme 1. neurónios MD estão presentes em cada segmento do corpo das larvas, que se projecta seus axónios para o cordão nervoso ventral 14. neurónios sensoriais md são separados em quatro classes diferentes (I-IV), com base em morfologia dendrítica e têm diferentes funções sensoriais 4, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17. Embora os neurónios da classe IV, são necessárias para as respostas de rolo lateral do corpo larvaisa temperaturas elevadas ou estímulos mecânicos dura 4, classe III são necessários para os neurónios respostas suave de toque, 9 e 10 não são apenas activados por frio, mas também são necessárias para as respostas comportamentais evocadas frios-7. Ambas as classes III e IV neurónios utilizar canais discretos do receptor transiente potencial (TRP) para facilitar as respostas comportamentais a estímulos 9, 10, 17, 19 nocivo 7, 11, 18 e não nocivo. Além disso, nocicepção larval é sensibilizado lesão seguinte, nos níveis celular 20 e comportamentais 12, 21. O ensaio aqui descrito permite a quantification de qualquer normal, ou potencialmente alterados respostas comportamentais a temperaturas baixas que variam de frio nocivo (≤ 10 ºC), arrefecer inócuo (11-17 ° C), a temperaturas ambiente (18-22 ° C). As temperaturas frias utilizados neste ensaio são capazes de activar directamente classe III neurónios sensoriais, provocando robustos, reprodutíveis e cálcio aumenta as respostas comportamentais evocadas a frio, que pode ser qualitativamente e quantitativamente analisadas 7. Este ensaio pode ser aplicado a virtualmente qualquer larvas de genótipo, bem como para as larvas expostas a diversas condições ambientais (nutrição alterada, ferimentos, agentes farmacológicos) para determinar os factores genéticos e ambientais que têm impacto sobre a nocicepção frio, sensibilização nociceptiva ou plasticidade nociceptiva. Dado que thermosensation é ubíqua em muitas espécies, este ensaio proporciona uma ferramenta valiosa para o estudo da nocicepção e pode descobrir novos alvos gicos ou interacções neuronais que irão melhorarnossa compreensão da nocicepção vertebrados. A sonda fria com especificação (ver sonda fria, Tabela de Materiais) utiliza uma temperatura de circuito fechado controlado dispositivo Peltier, o qual arrefece o eixo de alumínio e ponta cónica através de condução térmica. Um termistor é incorporado no interior da ponta cónica alumínio relata a temperatura em tempo real na unidade de controlo. Um dissipador de calor e do ventilador estão ligados ao módulo termoeléctrico, para regular a carga do efeito Peltier calor (Qc) de modo que o intervalo de temperatura desejado de (22-0 ° C) pode ser obtida (ver a Unidade de Controlo térmica, Tabela de Materiais). O estímulo frio nocivo da ponta da sonda a frio é aplicada à mão à linha média dorsal, ao segmento (s) equidistante das extremidades anterior e posterior (aproximadamente segmento A4, ver Figura 1A) da larva. Em resposta a estímulos frios, geralmente larvas produzir um dos três comportamentos evocado a frio a cerca de 10 s de corte: um corpo completocontracção (CT), um aumento de 45-90º segmentos anterior e posterior em forma de U (US), ou um aumento dos segmentos posteriores (PR) (descritos nos resultados). Nenhum desses comportamentos são realizadas durante a locomoção peristáltico normal ou comportamento de forrageamento. Estes comportamentos são também distintas das respostas de toque suave e a resposta de rolamento aversivo a alta temperatura ou estulos mecicos nocivos.

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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Cold Probe</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Pro-Dev Engineering</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Thermal Control Unit</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Zeiss Stemi 2000 microscope</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">NT55-605</td>
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			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Fiber-Lite MI-150 High Intensity Illuminator</td>
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			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Schott Dual Gooseneck 23 inch Fiber Optic Light Guide</td>
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		<tr height="147">
			<td height="147" style="height:147px;width:216px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FS-1670</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Used to sort and handle larvae. Be sure to smooth and blunt forceps tips slightly to lower the risk of accidently puncturing or injuring the larvae</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Paintbrush</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Dick Blick Art Materials</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">06762-1002</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Used to sort and handle larvae. It is helpful if the paintbrush is damp during use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">35 X 10 mm Polystyrene Petri Dish</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:71px;">Falcon</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:119px;">351008</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">60 X 10 mm Polystyrene Petri Dish</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:71px;">Falcon</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:119px;">351007</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Piece of black vinyl (at least 2 x 2 inches)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Used to provide contrast and orient larvae to the cold probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fisherbrand Scoopula Spatula</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14-357Q</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Used to move food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Kimtech Science Kimwipes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">06-666A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Used to dry the larvae and cold probe if there is excess moisture</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

novel assay for cold nociception in drosophila larvae

Como organismos perceber e responder a temperaturas nocivos ainda é mal compreendido. Além disso, os mecanismos subjacentes a sensibilização das máquinas sensorial, tal como em doentes com neuropatia periférica ou sensibilização induzida pela lesão, não estão bem caracterizados. O modelo de Drosophila geneticamente tratável foi usado para estudar as células e os genes necessários para a detecção de calor nocivo, que produziu vários genes conservados de interesse. Pouco se conhece no entanto sobre as células e receptores importantes para a detecção de frio nocivo. Embora, a Drosophila não sobreviver à exposição prolongada a temperaturas frias (≤10 ºC), e vai evitar fresco, preferindo temperaturas mais quentes em ensaios de preferência comportamentais, como eles detectam e possivelmente evitar estímulos nocivos frio só recentemente foi investigado. Aqui nós descrever e caracterizar o primeiro frio nocivo (≤10 ºC) ensaio comportamentalDrosophila. Usando esta ferramenta e ensaio, mostramos um investigador como avaliar qualitativamente e quantitativamente comportamentos nociceptivos frias. Isto pode ser feito sob condições de cultura normais / saudáveis, ou presumivelmente no contexto de doença, lesão ou sensibilização. Além disso, este ensaio pode ser aplicado a larvas seleccionados para os genótipos desejados, que pode ter impacto thermosensation, dor, ou sensibilização nociceptiva. Dado que a dor é um processo altamente conservado, utilizando este ensaio para um estudo mais aprofundado nocicepção térmica provavelmente vai recolher compreensão importante de processos de dor em outras espécies, incluindo vertebrados.

Drosophila larvas movimento com um movimento peristáltico que inclui pausas ocasionais, vira a cabeça, e mudanças de direção 22. Em resposta ao pedido focal de um estímulo frio nocivo no entanto, as larvas apresentam um conjunto de comportamentos únicos, ao contrário do rolo de lateral aversiva para calor nocivo e estímulos mecânicos. Estes comportamentos são também diferentes de respostas ao toque suave 8, <...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae at JoVE.com

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Aqui demonstramos um novo ensaio para estudar nocicepção frio em larvas de Drosophila. Este ensaio utiliza uma sonda de Peltier-construído sob encomenda capaz de aplicar um estímulo frio nocivo focal e resulta em comportamento quanto ao frio quantificáveis. Esta técnica permitirá ainda dissecção celular e molecular da nocicepção frio.

Romance Ensaio para Fria nocicepção em<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larvas

How organisms sense and respond to noxious temperatures is still poorly understood. Further, the mechanisms underlying sensitization of the sensory ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

7.6K visualizações.  UT MD Anderson Cancer Center.  Aqui demonstramos um novo ensaio para estudar nocicepção frio em larvas de Drosophila. Este ensaio utiliza uma sonda de Peltier-construído sob encomenda capaz de aplicar um estímulo frio nocivo focal e resulta em comportamento quanto ao frio quantificáveis. Esta técnica permitirá ainda dissecção celular e molecular da nocicepção frio. 

Vídeo: Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Local and Global Methods of Assessing Thermal Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

In this article, we demonstrate assays to study thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. One assay involves spatially-restricted (local) stimulation of thermal nociceptors1,2 while the second involves a wholesale (global) activation of most or all such neurons3. Together, these techniques allow visualization and quantification of the behavioral functions of Drosophila nociceptive sensory neurons.
The Drosophila larva is an established model system to study thermal nociception, a sensory response to potentially harmful temperatures that is evolutionarily conserved across species1,2. The advantages of Drosophila for such studies are the relative simplicity of its nervous system and the sophistication of the genetic techniques that can be used to dissect the molecular basis of the underlying biology4-6 In Drosophila, as in all metazoans, the response to noxious thermal stimuli generally involves a "nocifensive" aversive withdrawal to the presented stimulus7. Such stimuli are detected through free nerve endings or nociceptors and the amplitude of the organismal response depends on the number of nociceptors receiving the noxious stimulus8. In Drosophila, it is the class IV dendritic arborization sensory neurons that detect noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli9 in addition to their recently discovered role as photoreceptors10. These neurons, which have been very well studied at the developmental level, arborize over the barrier epidermal sheet and make contacts with nearly all epidermal cells11,12. The single axon of each class IV neuron projects into the ventral nerve cord of the central nervous system11 where they may connect to second-order neurons that project to the brain.
Under baseline conditions, nociceptive sensory neurons will not fire until a relatively high threshold is reached. The assays described here allow the investigator to quantify baseline behavioral responses or, presumably, the sensitization that ensues following tissue damage. Each assay provokes distinct but related locomotory behavioral responses to noxious thermal stimuli and permits the researcher to visualize and quantify various aspects of thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. The assays can be applied to larvae of desired genotypes or to larvae raised under different environmental conditions that might impact nociception. Since thermal nociception is conserved across species, the findings gleaned from genetic dissection in Drosophila will likely inform our understanding of thermal nociception in other species, including vertebrates.

Local and Global Methods of Assessing Thermal Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

In this article, we demonstrate assays to study thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. One assay involves spatially-restricted (local) stimulation of thermal nociceptors1,2 while the second involves a wholesale (global) activation of most or all such neurons3. Together, these techniques allow visualization and quantification of the behavioral functions of Drosophila nociceptive sensory neurons.

Métodos locais e globais de Avaliação nocicepção térmica em<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larvas

In this article, we demonstrate assays to study thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. One assay involves spatially-restricted (local) stimulation of ...

Neurociência

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

Proprioception is the ability to sense the motion, or position, of body parts by responding to stimuli arising within the body. In fruitflies and other insects proprioception is provided by specialized sensory organs termed chordotonal organs (ChOs) 2. Like many other organs in Drosophila, ChOs develop twice during the life cycle of the fly. First, the larval ChOs develop during embryogenesis. Then, the adult ChOs start to develop in the larval imaginal discs and continue to differentiate during metamorphosis.
The development of larval ChOs during embryogenesis has been studied extensively 10,11,13,15,16. The centerpiece of each ChO is a sensory unit composed of a neuron and a scolopale cell. The sensory unit is stretched between two types of accessory cells that attach to the cuticle via specialized epidermal attachment cells 1,9,14. When a fly larva moves, the relative displacement of the epidermal attachment cells leads to stretching of the sensory unit and consequent opening of specific transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels at the outer segment of the dendrite 8,12. The elicited signal is then transferred to the locomotor central pattern generator circuit in the central nervous system.
Multiple ChOs have been described in the adult fly 7. These are located near the joints of the adult fly appendages (legs, wings and halters) and in the thorax and abdomen. In addition, several hundreds of ChOs collectively form the Johnston's organ in the adult antenna that transduce acoustic to mechanical energy 3,5,17,4.
In contrast to the extensive knowledge about the development of ChOs in embryonic stages, very little is known about the morphology of these organs during larval stages. Moreover, with the exception of femoral ChOs 18 and Johnston's organ, our knowledge about the development and structure of ChOs in the adult fly is very fragmentary.
Here we describe a method for staining and visualizing ChOs in third instar larvae and pupae. This method can be applied together with genetic tools to better characterize the morphology and understand the development of the various ChOs in the fly.

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

A method to immunostain and visualize chordotonal organs in larvae and pupae of Drosophila melanogaster is described.

Visualização de Propriocepção em<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; As larvas e pupas

Proprioception is the ability to sense the motion, or position, of body parts by responding to stimuli arising within the body. In fruitflies and other ...

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

In the following we describe the methodological details of appetitive associative olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae. The setup, in combination with genetic interference, provides a handle to analyze the neuronal and molecular fundamentals of specifically associative learning in a simple larval brain.
Organisms can use past experience to adjust present behavior. Such acquisition of behavioral potential can be defined as learning, and the physical bases of these potentials as memory traces1-4. Neuroscientists try to understand how these processes are organized in terms of molecular and neuronal changes in the brain by using a variety of methods in model organisms ranging from insects to vertebrates5,6. For such endeavors it is helpful to use model systems that are simple and experimentally accessible. The Drosophila larva has turned out to satisfy these demands based on the availability of robust behavioral assays, the existence of a variety of transgenic techniques and the elementary organization of the nervous system comprising only about 10,000 neurons (albeit with some concessions: cognitive limitations, few behavioral options, and richness of experience questionable)7-10.
Drosophila larvae can form associations between odors and appetitive gustatory reinforcement like sugar11-14. In a standard assay, established in the lab of B. Gerber, animals receive a two-odor reciprocal training: A first group of larvae is exposed to an odor A together with a gustatory reinforcer (sugar reward) and is subsequently exposed to an odor B without reinforcement 9. Meanwhile a second group of larvae receives reciprocal training while experiencing odor A without reinforcement and subsequently being exposed to odor B with reinforcement (sugar reward). In the following both groups are tested for their preference between the two odors. Relatively higher preferences for the rewarded odor reflect associative learning - presented as a performance index (PI). The conclusion regarding the associative nature of the performance index is compelling, because apart from the contingency between odors and tastants, other parameters, such as odor and reward exposure, passage of time and handling do not differ between the two groups9.

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

Drosophila larvae are able to associate odor stimuli with gustatory reward. Here we describe a simple behavioral paradigm that allows the analysis of appetitive associative olfactory learning.

Aprendizagem associativa apetitiva olfativa em<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; As larvas

In the following we describe the methodological  details of appetitive associative olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae. The setup, in combination with ...

Light Preference Assay to Study Innate and Circadian Regulated Photobehavior in Drosophila Larvae

Light acts as environmental signal to control animal behavior at various levels. The Drosophila larval nervous system is used as a unique model to answer basic questions on how light information is processed and shared between rapid and circadian behaviors. Drosophila larvae display a stereotypical avoidance behavior when exposed to light. To investigate light dependent behaviors comparably simple light-dark preference tests can be applied. In vertebrates and arthropods the neural pathways involved in sensing and processing visual inputs partially overlap with those processing photic circadian information. The fascinating question of how the light sensing system and the circadian system interact to keep behavioral outputs coordinated remains largely unexplored. Drosophila is an impacting biological model to approach these questions, due to a small number of neurons in the brain and the availability of genetic tools for neuronal manipulation. The presented light-dark preference assay allows the investigation of a range of visual behaviors including circadian control of phototaxis.

Light Preference Assay to Study Innate and Circadian Regulated Photobehavior in Drosophila Larvae

Here we describe a light-dark preference test for Drosophila larva. This assay provides information about innate and circadian regulation of light sensing and processing photobehavior.

Luz Ensaio Preferências para estudar inata e circadiano Photobehavior Regulamentado<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; As larvas

Light acts as environmental signal to control animal behavior at various levels. The Drosophila larval nervous system is used as a unique model to answer ...

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In a light-tight box illuminated by red light that is invisible to fruit flies, a camera linked to custom data acquisition software monitors the position of six flies simultaneously. Each fly is confined to walk in individual arenas containing a food odor at the center. The testing arenas rest on a porous floor that functions to prevent odor accumulation. Latency to locate the odor source, a metric that reflects olfactory sensitivity under different physiological states, is determined by software analysis. Here, we discuss the critical mechanics of running this behavioral paradigm and cover specific issues regarding fly loading, odor contamination, assay temperature, data quality, and statistical analysis.

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

A Single-fly Ensaio para comportamento de forrageamento em<em&gt; Drosophila</em

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video ...

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by stressed conspecifics due to an odorant released during stress known as the Drosophila stress odorant (dSO). Through the use of the T-maze apparatus, one can quantify the avoidance of the dSO by responder flies in a very affordable and robust assay. Conditions necessary to obtain a strong performance are presented here. A stressful experience is necessary for the flies to emit dSO, as well as enough emitter flies to cause a robust avoidance response to the presence of dSO. Genetic background, but not their group size, strongly altered the avoidance of the dSO by the responder flies. Canton-S and Elwood display a higher performance in avoiding the dSO than Oregon and Samarkand strains. This behavioral assay will allow identification of mechanisms underlying this social behavior, and the assessment of the influence of genes and environmental conditions on both emission and avoidance of the dSO. Such an assay can be included in batteries of simple diagnostic tests used to identify social deficiencies of mutants or environmental conditions of interest.

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

Ensaio simples para Quantificação de Prevenção Social<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life. The cold plantar assay allows the objective and inexpensive assessment of cold sensitivity in mice, and can quantify both analgesia and hypersensitivity. Mice are acclimated on a glass plate, and a compressed dry ice pellet is held against the glass surface underneath the hindpaw. The latency to withdrawal from the cooling glass is used as a measure of cold sensitivity.
Cold sensation is also important for survival in regions with seasonal temperature shifts, and in order to maintain sensitivity animals must be able to adjust their thermal response thresholds to match the ambient temperature. The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) also allows the study of adaptation to changes in ambient temperature by testing the cold sensitivity of mice at temperatures ranging from 30 &#176;C to 5 &#176;C. Mice are acclimated as described above, but the glass plate is cooled to the desired starting temperature using aluminum boxes (or aluminum foil packets) filled with hot water, wet ice, or dry ice. The temperature of the plate is measured at the center using a filament T-type thermocouple probe. Once the plate has reached the desired starting temperature, the animals are tested as described above.
This assay allows testing of mice at temperatures ranging from innocuous to noxious. The CPA yields unambiguous and consistent behavioral responses in uninjured mice and can be used to quantify both hypersensitivity and analgesia. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) measures cold responsiveness between 30 &#176;C and 5 &#176;C, and can also measure cold adaptation. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

Um método simples e barato para a determinação da sensibilidade Fria e Adaptação no Mice

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life.  The cold ...

Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

The Drosophila melanogaster larval path-length phenotype is an established measure used to study the genetic and environmental contributions to behavioral variation. The larval path-length assay was developed to measure individual differences in foraging behavior that were later linked to the foraging gene. Larval path-length is an easily scored trait that facilitates the collection of large sample sizes, at minimal cost, for genetic screens. Here we provide a detailed description of the current protocol for the larval path-length assay first used by Sokolowski. The protocol details how to reproducibly handle test animals, perform the behavioral assay and analyze the data. An example of how the assay can be used to measure behavioral plasticity in response to environmental change, by manipulating feeding environment prior to performing the assay, is also provided. Finally, appropriate test design as well as environmental factors that can modify larval path-length such as food quality, developmental age and day effects are discussed.

Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

We provide a detailed protocol for a Drosophila melanogaster foraging path-length assay. We discuss the preparation and handling of test animals, how to perform the assay and analyze the data.

Forrageamento Protocolo Caminho de comprimento para<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Larvas

The Drosophila melanogaster larval path-length phenotype is an established measure used to study the genetic and environmental contributions to behavioral ...

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival. The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to distinguish good food sources from potentially dangerous food sources. Gustation requires physical contact with a chemical compound which is able to signal through taste receptors that are expressed on the surface of neurons. In insects, these gustatory neurons can be located across the animal's body allowing taste to play an important role in many different behaviors. Insects typically prefer compounds containing sugars, while compounds that are considered bitter tasting are avoided. Given the basic biological importance of taste, there is intense interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this sensory modality. We describe an adult Drosophila taste assay which reflects the preference of the animals for a given tastant compound. This assay may be applied to animals of any genetic background to examine the taste preference for a desired soluble compound.

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Taste is an important sensory process which facilitates attraction to beneficial substances and avoidance of toxic substances. This protocol describes a simple ingestion assay for determining Drosophila gustatory preference for a given chemical compound.

Ensaio de Preferência gosto para Adulto<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival.  The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to ...

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies contribute to the identification of (candidate) disease genes for movement disorders and other neurological diseases at an increasing speed. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie these disorders. The genetic, molecular, and behavioral toolbox of Drosophila melanogaster makes this model organism particularly useful to characterize new disease genes and mechanisms in a high-throughput manner. Nevertheless, high-throughput screens require efficient and reliable assays that, ideally, are cost-effective and allow for the automatized quantification of traits relevant to these disorders. The island assay is a cost-effective and easily set-up method to evaluate Drosophila locomotor behavior. In this assay, flies are thrown onto a platform from a fixed height. This induces an innate motor response that enables the flies to escape from the platform within seconds. At present, quantitative analyses of filmed island assays are done manually, which is a laborious undertaking, particularly when performing large screens.
This manuscript describes the &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; and &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; algorithms for&#160;high-throughput, automated data processing and quantification of island assay data. In the setup, a simple webcam connected to a laptop collects an image series of the platform while the assay is performed. The &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; algorithm developed for the open-source software Fiji processes these image series and quantifies, for each experimental condition, the number of flies on the platform over time. The &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; script, compatible with the free software R, was developed to automatically process the obtained data and to calculate whether treatments/genotypes are statistically different. This greatly improves the efficiency of the island assay and makes it a powerful readout for basic locomotion and flight behavior. It can thus be applied to large screens investigating fly locomotor ability, Drosophila models of movement disorders, and drug efficacy.

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

The island assay is a relatively new, cost-effective assay that can be used to evaluate the basic locomotor behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. This manuscript describes algorithms for automatic data processing and objective quantification of island assay data, making this assay a sensitive, high-throughput readout for large genetic or pharmacological screens.