MG é apoiada por subsídios, K08DK101608 e R03DK111473 do Hospital o National Institutes of Health, março de Dimes Foundation Grant no. 5-FY17-79, das crianças Discovery Institute de Washington University e St. Louis infantil e departamento de Pediatria Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. CJL é suportado pelo R01DK104946 (PI: Silverman), Hospital Discovery Institute de Washington University infantil e St. Louis infantil.

Todos os procedimentos de animais neste estudo foram aprovados pelo também da Universidade de Washington em St. Louis institucional Animal cuidados uso Comité (protocolo 20160187) ou cuidados animais institucionais da Universidade de Pittsburgh e Comissão de utilização (protocolo 14103918). Humano intestino fetal em menos de 24 semanas de gestação foi obtido em conformidade com as diretrizes de aquisição de tecido anatômico Universidade de Pittsburgh após aprovação do Conselho de revisão institucional (protocolo PRO14100537) da Universidade de Pittsburgh saúde ciências banco de tecidos através de um sistema de corretor honesto. Leite materno de identificados ou o leite materno pasteurizado doador foi obtido com uma dispensa de consentimento da Universidade de Pittsburgh Conselho de revisão institucional.
1. a cripta isolamento e estabelecimento de Enteroids de ratos Neonatal ou prematuro intestino humano
<ol><li>Preparação de meios de comunicação Nota: Mídia deve ser preparada no bairro no dia anterior o isolamento da cripta.<ol>
<li>Prepare meios de cultura 1,11 L. Começar com 1 L médio modificado águia de Dulbecco (DMEM) com glicose de 4,5 g/L e L-glutamina e adicionar 110 mL soro Fetal bovino (FBS) (10% de concentração final), 11 mL penicilina-estreptomicina (concentração final 1%) e 1,1 mL insulina estéril (final concentração 0,1%).</li>
		<li>Prepare a mistura de 500 mL de PBS-antibiótico. Começar com 500 mL 1 x fosfato salino de Dulbecco (DPBS) com 10% FBS e adicionar 5 mL de gentamicina (concentração final 1%), 1 mL de anfotericina B (0,2% de concentração final) e 5 mL de penicilina-estreptomicina (concentração final 1%).</li>
		<li>Prepare 30 mL célula rompimento Media #1. Primeiro prepare 30 mL de meio de cultura. Adicionar 600 µ l 0,5 M de ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA) (concentração final 10 mM), 300 µ l gentamicina (concentração final 1%) e 60 µ l de anfotericina B (0,2% de concentração final).</li>
		<li>Prepare 30 mL célula rompimento Media #2. Primeiro prepare 30 mL de meio de cultura. Adicionar 300 µ l EDTA de 0,5 M (concentração final 5 mM), 300 µ l gentamicina (concentração final 1%) e 60 µ l de anfotericina B (0,2% de concentração final).</li>
		<li>Prepare meios de cultura de cripta 50ml sem fatores de crescimento. Medir a 33,4 mL 1 x Advanced DMEM/F-12 e adicionar 10 mL FBS (20% de concentração final).<ol>
<li>Adicionar 500 µ l penicilina-estreptomicina (concentração final 1%), 500 µ l L-glutamina (concentração final 1%), 500 µ l 100 µ l de anfotericina B (0,2% de concentração final), gentamicina (concentração final 1%), 2,5 µ l 1 M N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethane ácido sulfônico (HEPES) (concentração final 0,05 mM), 500 µ l 100 mM N-acetilcisteína (concentração final 1 mM), 500 µ l 100 x N-2 suplemento, 1 mL 50 x suplemento isento de soro (por exemplo, B-27) menos vitamina A e 500 µ l 1 mM 100 x Y-27632.</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>Prepare meios de cultura de cripta de 1 mL com fatores de crescimento. Primeiro Prepare-se 1 mL da cripta meios de cultura sem fatores de crescimento. Adicionar 2,5 µ l 40 µ g/mL Wnt3a (concentração final de 100 ng/mL), 1 µ l 100 µ g/mL Noggin (concentração final de 100 ng/mL), 2 µ l 250 µ g/mL R-Spondin (concentração final 500 ng/mL) e 0,5 µ l 100 µ g/mL EGF (concentração final de 50 ng/mL).</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Isolamento da cripta
	<ol>
<li>Lugar solubilizado extrato de membrana basal (ver Tabela de materiais) no gelo para descongelar antes de começar. Nota: Mantenha membrana basal em gelo ou irá polimerizar.</li>
		<li>Em conformidade com o protocolo institucional Cuidado Animal e Comissão de utilização para os ratos maiores que 14 dias de idade, eutanásia em ratos com dois métodos de eutanásia com o segundo sendo um processo físico para velar a morte. Nota: Para os ratos menos de 14 dias de idade, decapitação é o procedimento padrão, usando a tesoura.</li>
		<li>Usando uma tesoura e pinça, faça uma incisão vertical para baixo da linha média do abdômen, através da pele e peritônio, para todo o comprimento do abdômen. Excisar o intestino do estômago ao ceco com tesoura e remover o mesentério com fórceps. Nota: Duas semanas de idade masculinos e femininos C57BL/6J rato filhotes, cada pesagem g 5.5-7, foram utilizados para isolamento de cripta. Qualquer idade ou tamanho do mouse pode ser usado para a isolação de cripta.</li>
		<li>Para preparar o intestino recém-colhidas para isolamento de cripta, posicione o intestino reto e corte o intestino longitudinalmente ao longo de toda a sua extensão com uma tesoura. Nota: Mouse e intestino humano podem ser preparados da mesma forma.</li>
		<li>Limpa fezes do intestino, agitando suavemente o intestino e para trás em um prato de Petri cheia de PBS-antibiótico mistura usando fórceps.</li>
		<li>Adicione 30 mL de célula rompimento Media #1 para um tubo cónico de 50 mL. Corte o intestino em pedaços de comprimento 0,5 cm diretamente no tubo. Definir o tubo em um balde de gelo e agitar suavemente agitador na velocidade mais baixa por 15 min.</li>
		<li>Enquanto os tecidos são o agitador, obter placas de 24 ou 48-boas para crescer criptas se o enteroids está a ser usado para o isolamento de proteínas, DNA ou RNA. Slides de câmara de 8 poços uso crescer criptas se o enteroids está a ser usado para toda a montam imagem latente confocal.</li>
		<li>No capô, adicione 15 µ l de membrana basal para o fundo de cada poço da placa de 24 ou 48-bem. Se usando slides câmara, adicione 9 µ l da membrana basal à parte inferior de cada câmara. Nota: Ajuste de volume da membrana basal de acordo com o tamanho da placa se necessário.</li>
		<li>Espalhou-se rapidamente a membrana basal com a ponta da pipeta para que a membrana basal forma uma camada fina no fundo do poço. Coloque a placa a 37 ° C numa incubadora por 30 min permitir que a membrana basal polimerizar. Nota: As criptas não irão anexar se membrana basal não é uma fina camada ou membrana basal contém bolhas de ar.</li>
		<li>Depois de 15 min em uma coqueteleira, filtre o tecido através de um filtro de 100 µm. Descarte a fluir.</li>
		<li>Adicione 30 mL de célula rompimento Media #2 para um novo tubo cónico de 50 mL. Remover tecido do filtro e adicionar ao tubo.</li>
		<li>Definir o tubo em um balde de gelo e agitar suavemente agitador na velocidade mais baixa por 15 min.</li>
		<li>Depois de 15 min no agitador, filtro tecido através de um filtro de 100 µm. Manter o fluxo através da este passo, no caso de rendimento é baixo em etapas posteriores. Nota: Todo o fluxo através de tubos deve ser mantido no gelo.</li>
		<li>Adicione 15 mL DMEM com glicose de 4,5 g/L e L-glutamina para um novo tubo cónico de 50 mL. Remover tecido do filtro e adicionar ao tubo. Agitar o tubo com a mão para 10 filtro s. através de um filtro de 100 µm e coletar o fluxo através de vigorosamente. Repita até que flua através de contém sem partículas.</li>
		<li>No capô, filtre o fluxo através da etapa anterior em um novo tubo cônico de 50 mL usando 70 µm de filtros para tecido de rato ou 100 µm filtros de tecido humano. Nota: Têm filtros extras no modo de espera e despeje lentamente como filtros vão entupir com detritos.</li>
		<li>Centrifugar o tubo a x 200 g por 8 min a 4 ° C e lugar diretamente em um balde de gelo no bairro. Remova o sobrenadante com uma pipeta sem perturbar o sedimento. Resuspenda o pellet com total quantidade desejada de cripta meios de cultura sem fatores de crescimento. Nota: As criptas enriquecidas são a camada 'areia' da pelota. Bem, cada um exige 250 µ l de cripta meios de cultura sem fatores de crescimento.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Estabelecimento de enteroids
	<ol>
<li>A mistura de mídia cripta directamente sobre a membrana basal da placa.</li>
		<li>Verifique criptas com um microscópio para garantir o processo de isolamento foi bem-sucedido. Nota: As células e bolas de células são desejadas. Aproximadamente 100 criptas individuais são banhadas por bem.</li>
		<li>Incube a placa a 37 ° C por 3 h permitir criptas de aderir a membrana basal. Nota: Esta incubação é com cripta meios de cultura sem fatores de crescimento.</li>
		<li>Remova lentamente a mídia e criptas em excesso que falharam ao conectar usando uma pipeta de P-200. Nota: Não perturbe a membrana basal como criptas anexadas podem tornar-se desalojado.</li>
		<li>Lentamente, adicione 250 µ l de cripta meios de cultura com fatores de crescimento para cada poço. Nota: Para 24-, 48-bem placas, ou câmara desliza, 250 µ l de cripta meios de cultura com fatores de crescimento é suficiente.</li>
		<li>Substitua os meios de comunicação a cada 2 dias com fresco cripta meios de cultura com fatores de crescimento durante 5 dias antes de tratamentos para permitir o crescimento e o acessório ideal.</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. Mouse recolha de leite materno
<ol><li>Separe uma barragem de C57BL/6J lactante no pós-parto 7-12 dias seus filhotes para 6 h antes da ordenha.</li>
	<li>Anestesiar a barragem lactante com isoflurano através de um cone de nariz e administrar uma injeção subcutânea de ocitocina em 0,15 UI/kg de peso. Espere 3 minutos antes de tentar o procedimento de ordenha.</li>
	<li>Limpar os tetos com etanol a 70% antes do procedimento de ordenha e deixe secar.</li>
	<li>Extrai leite de tetinas, um de cada vez usando uma bomba de mama humano elétrico com tubo de silicone de tamanho para caber as tetinas de rato em um tubo de coleta de 5 mL. Nota: As bombas de mama ideal tem duas configurações, um para a velocidade e outro para a sucção. É melhor começar com o menor configurações de cada um e aumentar ambos lentamente até leite é extraído. Idealmente, o rendimento total será ~ 500 µ l - 1 mL de leite materno de rato por barragem lactante.</li>
	<li>O leite materno imediatamente alíquota e loja a-80 ° C. Nota: Evite congelar/descongelar ciclos.</li>
	<li>Tratar enteroids no dia 5 com 50 µ l/mL de leite materno de rato por mL de meio de cultura de cripta com fatores de crescimento por 24 h a 37 ° C.</li>
</ol>3. toda montagem coloração de Enteroids
<ol><li>
Preparação dos reagentes
	<ol>
<li>Prepare-se 16 mL 1X PBS por 8 poços.</li>
		<li>Prepare o paraformaldeído 4% de 2 mL (PFA) em 1X PBS por 8 poços.</li>
		<li>Prepare-se 2 mL 0,1% Triton X-100 em PBS 1x por 8 poços.</li>
		<li>Preparar 24 mL PBS Tween (PBST é 0.1% Tween 20 em 1X PBS) por 8 poços.</li>
		<li>Preparar o soro de burro normal de 10% 2 mL (NDS) em 0,1% PBST (10% NDS/PBST) por 8 poços.</li>
		<li>Preparar 4 mL 1% NDS em 0,1% PBST (1% NDS/PBST) por 8 poços.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Dia 1 de coloração
	<ol>
<li>Aspire o tratamentos e lavar enteroids com PBS. Adicionar 250 µ l 4% PFA por bem. Coloque no rotator para 1-2 h a 4 ° C. Remover 4% PFA com pipeta.</li>
		<li>Lave 4 vezes com 250 µ l/poço 1 x PBS. Coloque no rotator durante 10 minutos à temperatura ambiente (RT). Nota: É possível armazenar a placa por 1-2 dias a 4 ° C, se necessário.</li>
		<li>Adicionar 250 µ l/poço 0.1% Triton X-100. Incubar durante 1 h em RT. Remove 0,1% Triton X-100 com pipeta.</li>
		<li>Lave 4 vezes com 250 µ l/poço 1 x PBS. Coloque no rotador por 15 min no RT</li>
		<li>Adicionar 250 µ l/poço 10% NDS/PBST. Incubar durante 45 min no RT. Remove 10% NDS/PBST com pipeta.</li>
		<li>Adicionar 250 µ l/poço primário anticorpo, 1/250 diluídos em 1% NDS/PBST e incubar durante a noite a 4 ° C. Nota: A diluição de anticorpo ideal varia de acordo com o fabricante.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Dia 2 de coloração
	<ol>
<li>Lave pelo menos 5 vezes para 4-5 h com 250 µ l/poço PBST. Coloque no rotator a 4 ° C entre cada lavagem.</li>
		<li>Adicione 250 µ l/poço secundário anticorpo, diluído 1/1.000 em 1% NDS/PBST. Embrulhe o prato em folha e incubar durante a noite a 4 ° C.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Dia 3 de coloração
	<ol>
<li>Adicione 250 µ l/poço nuclear mancha 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) por 15 min. Nota: Manter a placa no escuro.</li>
		<li>Lavar 6 vezes com 250 µ l/poço PBST. Coloque no rotator durante 10 minutos a 4 ° C entre cada lavagem.</li>
		<li>Monte lamela na câmara deslize com meios de montagem.</li>
		<li>Captar imagens com um microscópio confocal objetivo de 40x e igualmente processar em um editor de gráficos raster (ver Tabela de materiais).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enteroviruses+infect+human+enteroids+and+induce+antiviral+signaling+in+a+cell+lineage-specific+manner.">Enteroviruses infect human enteroids and induce antiviral signaling in a cell lineage-specific manner.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 114 (7), 1672-1677 (2017).</li><li>Ettayebi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Replication+of+human+noroviruses+in+stem+cell-derived+human+enteroids.">Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell-derived human enteroids.</a> Science. 353 (6306), 1387-1393 (2016).</li></ol>

Os autores têm nada para divulgar e sem conflitos de interesse.

O epitélio intestinal é composto de muitos subtipos celulares que são responsáveis por fornecer a defesa do hospedeiro contra patógenos, mantendo a integridade de barreira do intestino e podem ser rompidos na patogênese de diversas doenças. Enquanto modelos animais podem recapitular algumas facetas da doença, o modelo ex vivo de enteroids derivado do intestino de ratos e humanos fornece uma plataforma para testar os efeitos de vários tratamentos. A importância do modelo de enteroid permite que os pesqu...

Enterocolite necrosante (NEC) é a principal causa de morte por doença gastrintestinal em recém-nascidos prematuros, afetando quase 1 em cada 10 bebés nascidos antes de 29 semanas de gestação,1,2,3. Metade dos infantes com o progresso da NEC para a forma mais grave, onde a sobrevivência é apenas 10-30%4,5. Nos Estados Unidos, uma estimativa de USD 2 bilhões por ano são gastos para tratamento de lactentes com NEC6,7, no entanto, a taxa de sobrevivência, nem terapia tem mudado ao longo dos últimos 30 anos. A patogênese da NEC é caracterizada por lesões intestinais e deficientes auditivos da mucosa cura8,9,10,11, no entanto, as vias de sinalização levando a uma exacerbada resposta inflamatória e mecanismos para reverter a inflamação permanecem incompletamente compreendidos.
A administração de leite materno foi encontrada para ser a estratégia apenas proteção contra NEC para prematuros. Mostramos anteriormente que o leite materno protege contra o desenvolvimento da NEC através da inibição do receptor tipo toll receptor imune inata 4 (TLR4) no epitélio intestinal através do receptor de fator de crescimento epidérmico (EGFR) sinalização via11. Suplementação do leite materno para uma fórmula de NEC experimental atenuado a resposta inflamatória, vista no NEC, como demonstrado por inibição da apoptose enterócito e restauração do enterócito proliferação de uma forma que era dependente de crescimento epidérmico factor (EGF) e EGFR11. Em outro estudo, foi demonstrado que o nitrato, outro componente do leite materno, contribui para sua natureza protetora, modulando a perfusão intestinal, em comparação com a fórmula infantil, que é desprovido de nitrato e pode contribuir para o aumento da frequência do NEC em Fórmula alimentados infantes12,13. Outros compostos presentes no leite materno que foram mostrados para ser envolvido na proteção contra NEC incluem oligossacarídeos do leite humano, L-arginina, glutamina e lactoferrina14,15,16, 17,18,19. Estes elementos benéficos do leite materno revelam a necessidade de seu uso na prevenção da NEC, mas também salientam a importância de se estudar os mecanismos, sinalização de caminhos e efeitos celulares envolveram em como o leite materno é mediar a proteção contra NEC .
Em ordem para um estudo mais aprofundado as propriedades protetoras do leite materno em um modelo do rato da NEC, desenvolvemos uma técnica de novela, fácil de usar por que mouse leite materno pode ser extraído de uma barragem anestesiada usando um elétrico materno bomba11,12 . Esta estratégia de aquisição de leite materno de rato é vantajosa, não só porque as bombas de mama humano são prontamente disponível e eficiente na aquisição de leite materno, mas também porque este método permite análises de leite materno espécie-específicos. Como resultado, nós podemos comparar os efeitos do leite materno de rato com os do leite materno humano bem como pasteurizado o leite humano doador de um banco de leite em modelos espécie-específicos. Esta técnica permite o estudo dos componentes do leite materno em relação à sua contribuição para a prevenção da NEC. Outros investigadores têm desenvolvido métodos de extração de leite materno, no entanto, essas técnicas são manuais e geralmente exigem mais do que um laboratório membro20,21,22. Aqui apresenta-se uma técnica fácil que pode ser utilizada, modificando uma bombinha elétrica humana para coletar leite de um rato. Esta técnica também pode ser aplicada a outras espécies.
Para interrogar adequadamente as vias de sinalização envolvidas com NEC, sistemas modelo são necessários para avaliar todos os tipos de célula diferente, conhecidos por ser afetados no processo de doença. Aqui, vamos discutir um tal sistema de modelo - enteroids - e o seu estabelecimento de rato e o intestino delgado humano. Enteroids intestinais humanas (HIEs), em particular, fornecer promessa significativa, porque eles oferecem um inovador, geneticamente diversos ex vivo modelo humano para auxiliar no estudo de processos fisiopatológicos que ocorrem no trato gastrointestinal 23. Enteroids foram encontrados para ser cultivadas a longo prazo e pode ser congelados para posterior utilização23, e ao contrário de Organoids Intestinal humana (HIOs), cujas culturas são desenvolvidas a partir de células-tronco pluripotentes inducible, enteroids são gerados a partir de células-tronco dentro de criptas intestinais isoladas24. Enteroids exigem menos manutenção, pode ser infectado rapidamente25e pode ser facilmente estabelecido desde criptas intestinais são mais diferenciadas que HIOs23. Portanto, HIEs oferecem muitas vantagens sobre as técnicas existentes, porque eles podem ser desenvolvidos para exibem propriedades de composição e funcionais específicas da região o epitélio gastrointestinal humano23. O uso de enteroids é uma opção altamente eficaz quando precisar de um modelo humano do intestino, com aderência às limitações específicas da região e a facilidade de uso. Aqui vamos demonstrar a técnica de isolar e manutenção primária células-tronco derivadas pequeno intestinal enteroids de camundongos e humanos prematuros.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium (DMEM) with 4.5 g/L Glucose and L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>12-604F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>26140-079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Humulin N (Insulin)</td>
			<td>Eli Lilly And Company</td>
			<td>0002-8315</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamicin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15750-060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amphotericin B</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15290-026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 M Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15575-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x Advanced DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12634-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 mM L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25030-081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M N-2-Hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-Ethane Sulfonic Acid (HEPES)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-Acetylcysteine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100x N-2 Supplement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17502-048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50x B-27 Supplement Minus Vitamin A</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>08-0085SA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100x ROCK Inhibitor Y-27632, Dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Y0503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Mouse Wnt3a Protein</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>1324-WN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Murine Noggin</td>
			<td>PeproTech</td>
			<td>250-38</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Mouse R-Spondin 1</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>3474-RS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Murine Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)</td>
			<td>PeproTech</td>
			<td>315-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel Growth Factor Reduced Basement Membrane Matrix</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>356231</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 x 10 mm Cell Culture Petri Dish</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030700112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-Well Cell Culture Plate</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030722116</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>48-Well Cell Culture Plate</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030723112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-Well Nunc Lab-Tek II Chamber Slide System</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>154534</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL Conical Tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 &#956;M Sterile Cell Strainer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-363-549</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 &#956;M Sterile Cell Strainer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-363-548</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS), pH 7.2</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>20012-027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal Donkey Serum (NDS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9663</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4&#39;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride (DAPI)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Cover Glass</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-544-D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal Microscope Leica TCS SP8 X</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photoshop CS6</td>
			<td>Adobe Systems</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18 G 1.5 Inch Needle</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>305196</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>792632</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxytocin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>O3251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Double Electric Breast Pump</td>
			<td>Lansinoh</td>
			<td>044677530163</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Round Bottom Test Tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber Stoppers</td>
			<td>Frey Scientific</td>
			<td>560761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ki67 Antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>AB15580</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Mki67 primer F: 5&#39;-GACCTCAAACTGGCTCCTAATC-3&#39; R: 5&#39;-GCTGCCAGATAGAGTCAGAAAG-3&#39;</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

breast milk enhances growth of enteroids: an ex vivo model of cell proliferation

Enteroids intestinais pequenos humanos derivam das criptas e quando cultivadas em um nicho de células-tronco contêm todos os tipos de células epiteliais. A capacidade de estabelecer sistemas de enteroid humana ex vivo cultura são importantes fisiopatologia intestinal modelo e estudar a resposta celular particular envolvido. Nos últimos anos, enteroids de camundongos e humanos estão sendo cultivadas, passadas e bancados afastado para uso futuro em vários laboratórios em todo o mundo. Esta plataforma de enteroid pode ser usada para testar os efeitos de vários tratamentos e drogas e os efeitos que são exercidos sobre diferentes tipos de células no intestino. Aqui, um protocolo para o estabelecimento principal células-tronco derivadas pequeno intestinal enteroids derivado de ratos Neonatais e intestino humano prematuro é fornecido. Além disso, este sistema de cultura de enteroid foi utilizado para testar os efeitos do leite materno espécie-específicos. O leite materno do mouse pode ser obtido com eficiência usando uma bomba de mama humano modificado e leite expressa do mouse pode ser usado para mais experiências de pesquisa. Podemos agora demonstrar os efeitos de mouse expressado, humano, e o leite materno doador sobre o crescimento e a proliferação de enteroids derivado de ratos neonatais ou prematuro intestino humano.

Primeiro procuramos investigar se expressou o leite materno ou leite pasteurizado doador teve um efeito na pequena enteroids intestinal. Na verdade, leite materno e leite materno de doadores aumentaram o crescimento de prematuro humana derivada enteroids (figura 1B) e rato neonatal (figura 1A).
Desde que o leite materno humano aumentou o crescimento de pequenas enteroid...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation at JoVE.com

Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation

O leite materno aumenta o crescimento de Enteroids: um modelo Ex Vivo da proliferação celular

Este protocolo descreve como estabelecer um sistema de cultura de enteroid de rato neonatal ou intestino humano prematuro, bem como um método eficiente para coletar leite de ratos.

Human small intestinal enteroids are derived from the crypts and when grown in a stem cell niche contain all of the epithelial cell types. The ability to ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation

19.4K visualizações.  Washington University School of Medicine. Este protocolo descreve como estabelecer um sistema de cultura de enteroid de rato neonatal ou intestino humano prematuro, bem como um método eficiente para coletar leite de ratos.

Vídeo: Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There is little knowledge about in situ, in vivo, tumor hypoxia during intracranial development of malignant brain tumors because of lack of efficient means to monitor it in these deep-seated orthotopic tumors. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), based on the detection of light emitted by living cells expressing a luciferase gene, has been rapidly adopted for cancer research, in particular, to evaluate tumor growth or tumor size changes in response to treatment in preclinical animal studies. Moreover, by expressing a reporter gene under the control of a promoter sequence, the specific gene expression can be monitored non-invasively by BLI. Under hypoxic stress, signaling responses are mediated mainly via the hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; (HIF-1&alpha;) to drive transcription of various genes. Therefore, we have used a HIF-1&alpha; reporter construct, 5HRE-ODD-luc, stably transfected into human breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells (MDA-MB231/5HRE-ODD-luc). In vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay is performed by incubating the transfected cells in a hypoxic chamber (0.1% O2) for 24 hr before BLI, while the cells in normoxia (21% O2) serve as a control. Significantly higher photon flux observed for the cells under hypoxia suggests an increased HIF-1&alpha; binding to its promoter (HRE elements), as compared to those in normoxia. Cells are injected directly into the mouse brain to establish a breast cancer brain metastasis model. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of tumor hypoxia dynamics is initiated 2 wks after implantation and repeated once a week. BLI reveals increasing light signals from the brain as the tumor progresses, indicating increased intracranial tumor hypoxia. Histological and immunohistochemical studies are used to confirm the in vivo imaging results. Here, we will introduce approaches of in vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay, surgical establishment of a breast cancer brain metastasis in a nude mouse and application of in vivo bioluminescence imaging to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia.

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

Bioluminescence imaging of hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; activity is applied to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia development in a breast cancer brain metastasis mouse model.

Na imagem de bioluminescência vivo Tumor de mama Dynamics Hipóxia metástase do cancro cerebral em um modelo de rato

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There ...

Medicina

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules that regulate HSCs. In these transplant model systems, the function of HSCs is determined by the ability of these cells to engraft and reconstitute lethally irradiated recipient mice. Commonly, the donor cell contribution/engraftment is measured by antibodies to donor- specific cell surface proteins using flow cytometry. However, this method heavily depends on the specificity and the ability of the cell surface marker to differentiate donor-derived cells from recipient-originated cells, which may not be available for all mouse strains. Considering the various backgrounds of genetically modified mouse strains in the market, this cell surface/ flow cytometry-based method has significant limitations especially in mouse strains that lack well-defined surface markers to separate donor cells from congenic recipient cells. Here, we reported a PCR-based technique to determine donor cell engraftment/contribution in transplant recipient mice. We transplanted male donor bone marrow HSCs to lethally irradiated congenic female mice. Peripheral blood samples were collected at different time points post transplantation. Bone marrow samples were obtained at the end of the experiments. Genomic DNA was isolated and the Y chromosome specific gene, Zfy1, was amplified using quantitative Real time PCR. The engraftment of male donor-derived cells in the female recipient mice was calculated against standard curve with known percentage of male vs. female DNAs. Bcl2 was used as a reference gene to normalize the total DNA amount. Our data suggested that this approach reliably determines donor cell engraftment and provides a useful, yet simple method in measuring hematopoietic cell reconstitution in murine bone marrow transplantation models. Our method can be routinely performed in most laboratories because no costly equipment such as flow cytometry is required.

Determining donor cell engraftment presents a challenge in mouse bone marrow transplant models that lack well-defined phenotypical markers. We described a methodology to quantify male donor cell engraftment in female transplant recipient mice. This method can be used in all mouse strains for the study of HSC functions.

Usando Quantitative PCR em tempo real para determinar enxerto célula dadora num modelo murino de osso Competitiva Marrow Transplantation

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional (3D) Model

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been demonstrated to be a critical regulator of cell behavior in culture and homeostasis in vivo. The current approach of culturing cells on two-dimensional (2D), plastic surfaces results in the disturbance and loss of complex interactions between cells and their microenvironment. Through the use of three-dimensional (3D) culture assays, the conditions for cell-microenvironment interaction are established resembling the in vivo microenvironment. This article provides a detailed methodology to grow breast cancer cells in a 3D basement membrane protein matrix, exemplifying the potential of 3D culture in the assessment of cell invasion into the surrounding environment. In addition, we discuss how these 3D assays have the potential to examine the loss of signaling molecules that regulate epithelial morphology by immunostaining procedures. These studies aid to identify important mechanistic details into the processes regulating invasion, required for the spread of breast cancer.

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model

This article provides detailed methodologies for the use of three-dimensional (3D) assays to quantify breast cancer cell invasion. Specifically, we discuss the procedures required to set up such assays, quantification, and data analysis, as well as methods to examine the loss of membrane integrity that occurs when cells invade.

Quantificação de cancro da mama invasiva das células usando um modelo (3D) tridimensional

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the ...

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial cells tend to lose hormone receptor expression. Widely used hormone receptor positive breast cancer cell lines are of limited relevance to the in vivo situation. Here, we describe an ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. Fresh human breast tissue specimens from surgical discard material such as reduction mammoplasties or mammectomies are mechanically and enzymatically digested to obtain tissue fragments containing ducts and lobules and multiple stromal cell types. These tissue microstructures kept in basal medium without growth factors preserve their intercellular contacts, the tissue architecture, and remain hormone responsive for several days. They are readily processed for RNA and protein extraction, histological analysis or stored in freezing medium. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) can be used to enrich for specific cell populations. This protocol provides a straightforward, standard approach for translational studies with highly complex, varied human specimens.

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

We have developed a novel ex vivo model to study hormone action in the human breast. It is based on tissue microstructures isolated from surgical breast tissue specimens which preserve tissue architecture, intercellular interactions, and paracrine signaling.

Um<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Modelo para estudar a ação do hormônio no peito humano

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial ...

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the cause of widespread peritoneal metastases, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis; fewer than 30% of women are alive 5 years after diagnosis. The omentum is a preferred site of HGSC metastasis formation. Despite the clinical importance of this microenvironment, the contribution of omental adipose tissue to ovarian cancer progression remains understudied. Omental adipose is unusual in that it contains structures known as milky spots, which are comprised of B, T, and NK cells, macrophages, and progenitor cells surrounding dense nests of vasculature. Milky spots play a key role in the physiologic functions of the omentum, which are required for peritoneal homeostasis. We have shown that milky spots also promote ovarian cancer metastatic colonization of peritoneal adipose, a key step in the development of peritoneal metastases. Here we describe the approaches we developed to evaluate and quantify milky spots in peritoneal adipose and study their functional contribution to ovarian cancer cell metastatic colonization of omental tissues both in vivo and ex vivo. These approaches are generalizable to additional mouse models and cell lines, thus enabling the study of ovarian cancer metastasis formation from initial localization of cells to milky spot structures to the development of widespread peritoneal metastases.

In Vivo and Ex Vivo Approaches to Study Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Milky Spot Structures in Peritoneal Adipose

We outline a protocol that implements both in vivo and ex vivo approaches to study ovarian cancer colonization of peritoneal adipose tissues, particularly the omentum. Furthermore, we present a protocol to quantitate and analyze immune cell-structures in the omentum known as milky spots, which promote metastases of peritoneal adipose.

In Vivo e Ex Vivo Abordagens para o Estudo do cancro do ovário metastático Colonização de Estruturas Láctea natural em Peritoneal adiposo

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the cause of widespread peritoneal metastases, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis; fewer than 30% of ...

Ex vivo Live Imaging of Lung Metastasis and Their Microenvironment

Metastasis is a major cause for cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Metastasis is a multistep process and due to its complexity, the exact cellular and molecular processes that govern metastatic dissemination and growth are still elusive. Live imaging allows visualization of the dynamic and spatial interactions of cells and their microenvironment. Solid tumors commonly metastasize to the lungs. However, the anatomical location of the lungs poses a challenge to intravital imaging. This protocol provides a relatively simple and quick method for ex vivo live imaging of the dynamic interactions between tumor cells and their surrounding stroma within lung metastasis. Using this method, the motility of cancer cells as well as interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells in their microenvironment can be visualized in real time for several hours. By using transgenic fluorescent reporter mice, a fluorescent cell line, injectable fluorescently labeled molecules and/or antibodies, multiple components of the lung microenvironment can be visualized, such as blood vessels and immune cells. To image the different cell types, a spinning disk confocal microscope that allows long-term continuous imaging with rapid, four-color image acquisition has been used. Time-lapse movies compiled from images collected over multiple positions and focal planes show interactions between live metastatic and immune cells for at least 4 hr. This technique can be further used to test chemotherapy or targeted therapy. Moreover, this method could be adapted for the study of other lung-related pathologies that may affect the lung microenvironment.

Ex vivo Live Imaging of Lung Metastasis and Their Microenvironment

We describe a relatively simple method for ex vivo live imaging of the tumor cell-stroma interactions within lung metastasis, utilizing fluorescent reporters in mice. Using spinning-disk confocal microscopy, this technique enables visualization of live cells for at least 4 hr and could be adapted to study other inflammatory lung conditions.

Ex vivo de imagens ao vivo de pulmão Metástase e seu microambiente

Metastasis is a major cause for cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Metastasis is a multistep process and due to its complexity, the exact cellular ...

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Spontaneous Breast Cancer Metastasis

Metastasis is the primary cause of mortality of breast cancer patients. The mechanism underlying cancer cell metastasis, including breast cancer metastasis, is largely unknown and is a focus in cancer research. Various breast cancer spontaneous metastasis mouse models have been established. Here, we report a simplified procedure to establish orthotopic transplanted breast cancer primary tumor and resultant spontaneous metastasis that mimic human breast cancer metastasis. Combined with the bioluminescence live tumor imaging, this mouse model allows tumor growth and progression kinetics to be monitored and quantified. In this model, a low dose (1 x 104 cells) of 4T1-Luc breast cancer cells was injected into BALB/c mouse mammary fat pad using a tuberculin syringe. Mice were injected with luciferin and imaged at various time points using a bioluminescent imaging system. When the primary tumors grew to the size limit as in the IACUC-approved protocol (approximately 30 days), mice were anesthetized under constant flow of 2% isoflurane and oxygen. The tumor area was sterilized with 70% ethanol. The mouse skin around the tumor was excised to expose the tumor which was removed with a pair of sterile scissors. Removal of the primary tumor extends the survival of the 4T-1 tumor-bearing mice for one month. The mice were then repeatedly imaged for metastatic tumor spreading to distant organs. Therapeutic agents can be administered to suppress tumor metastasis at this point. This model is simple and yet sensitive in quantifying breast cancer cell growth in the primary site and progression kinetics to distant organs, and thus is an excellent model for studying breast cancer growth and progression, and for testing anti-metastasis therapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents in vivo.

An orthotopic breast cancer primary tumor model and surgical removal of primary tumor to extend mouse life to generate spontaneous metastasis are described. The tumor growth and progression are monitored and quantified by luciferase fluorescence imaging.

Um modelo de camundongo ortotópico de câncer de mama espontânea metástase

Metastasis is the primary cause of mortality of breast cancer patients. The mechanism underlying cancer cell metastasis, including breast cancer ...

A Small Animal Model of Ex Vivo Normothermic Liver Perfusion

There is a significant shortage of liver allografts available for transplantation, and in response the donor criteria have been expanded. As a result, normothermic ex vivo liver perfusion (NEVLP) has been introduced as a method to evaluate and modify organ function. NEVLP has many advantages in comparison to hypothermic and subnormothermic perfusion including reduced preservation injury, restoration of normal organ function under physiologic conditions, assessment of organ performance, and as a platform for organ repair, remodeling, and modification. Both murine and porcine NEVLP models have been described. We demonstrate a rat model of NEVLP and use this model to show one of its important applications &#8212; the use of a therapeutic molecule added to liver perfusate. Catalase is an endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger and has been demonstrated to decrease ischemia-reperfusion in the eye, brain, and lung. Pegylation has been shown to target catalase to the endothelium. Here, we added pegylated-catalase (PEG-CAT) to the base perfusate and demonstrated its ability to mitigate liver preservation injury. An advantage of our rodent NEVLP model is that it is inexpensive in comparison to larger animal models. A limitation of this study is that it does not currently include post-perfusion liver transplantation. Therefore, prediction of the function of the organ post-transplantation cannot be made with certainty. However, the rat liver transplant model is well established and certainly could be used in conjunction with this model. In conclusion, we have demonstrated an inexpensive, simple, easily replicable NEVLP model using rats. Applications of this model can include testing novel perfusates and perfusate additives, testing software designed for organ evaluation, and experiments designed to repair organs.

A Small Animal Model of Ex Vivo Normothermic Liver Perfusion

There is a significant liver donor shortage, and criteria for liver donors have been expanded. Normothermic ex vivo liver perfusion (NEVLP) has been developed to evaluate and modify organ function. This study demonstrates a rat model of NEVLP and tests the ability of pegylated-catalase, to mitigate liver preservation injury.

Um pequeno modelo Animal de perfusão de fígado normotérmica Ex Vivo

There is a significant shortage of liver allografts available for transplantation, and in response the donor criteria have been expanded. As a result, ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Medição de contratilidade isométrica da artéria mesentérica Mouse usando fio miografia

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Ex Vivo Corneal Organ Culture Model for Wound Healing Studies

The cornea has been used extensively as a model system to study wound healing. The ability to generate and utilize primary mammalian cells in two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) culture has generated a wealth of information not only about corneal biology but also about wound healing, myofibroblast biology, and scarring in general. The goal of the protocol is an assay system for quantifying myofibroblast development, which characterizes scarring. We demonstrate a corneal organ culture ex vivo model using pig eyes. In this anterior keratectomy wound, corneas still in the globe are wounded with a circular blade called a trephine. A plug of approximately 1/3 of the anterior cornea is removed including the epithelium, the basement membrane, and the anterior part of the stroma. After wounding, corneas are cut from the globe, mounted on a collagen/agar base, and cultured for two weeks in supplemented-serum free medium with stabilized vitamin C to augment cell proliferation and extracellular matrix secretion by resident fibroblasts. Activation of myofibroblasts in the anterior stroma is evident in the healed cornea. This model can be used to assay wound closure, the development of myofibroblasts and fibrotic markers, and for toxicology studies. In addition, the effects of small molecule inhibitors as well as lipid-mediated siRNA transfection for gene knockdown can be tested in this system.

A protocol for an ex vivo corneal organ culture model useful for wound healing studies is described. This model system can be used to assess the effects of agents to promote regenerative healing or drug toxicity in an organized 3D multicellular environment.