This work was supported by the National Research Council Canada, for the Plan Nacional de I + D (Ministerio de Econom&#237;a y Competitividad, Spain) and for the Generalitat de Catalunya (Centre de Refer&#232;ncia en Biotecnologia).

The schematic representation of the procedure is shown in Figure 1.
1. Bioinformatic identification of flagella glycosylation island (FGIs) in Aeromonas
<ol>
	<li>To identify the PseAc biosynthetic clusters in the Aeromonas genomes, use the tblastn tool from the NCBI database26. First, retrieve orthologous proteins to PseC and PseI of A. piscicola AH-3 (identification codes are OCA61126...

<ol>
	<li>Sch&#228;ffer, C., Messner, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+facets+of+prokaryotic+glycosylation.">Emerging facets of prokaryotic glycosylation.</a> FEMS Microbiology Review. 41 (1), 49-91 (2017).</li><li>De Maayer, P., Cowan, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flashy+flagella:+flagellin+modification+is+relatively+common+and+highly+versatile+among+the+Enterobacteriaceae.">Flashy flagella: flagellin modification is relatively common and highly versatile among the Enterobacteriaceae.</a> BMC Genomics. 17, 377 (2016).</li><li>Nothaft, H., Szymanski, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+glycosylation+in+bacteria:+sweeter+than+ever.">Protein glycosylation in bacteria: sweeter than ever.</a> Nature Review Microbiology. 8 (11), 765-778 (2010).</li><li>Benz, I., Schmidt, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Never+say+never+again:+protein+glycosylation+in+pathogenic+bacteria.">Never say never again: protein glycosylation in pathogenic bacteria.</a> Molecular Microbiology. 45 (2), 267-276 (2002).</li><li>Guerry, P., Szymanski, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Campylobacter+sugars+sticking+out.">Campylobacter sugars sticking out.</a> Trends in Microbiology. 16 (9), 428-435 (2008).</li><li>Hug, I., Feldman, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analogies+and+homologies+in+lipopolysaccharide+and+glycoprotein+biosynthesis+in+bacteria.">Analogies and homologies in lipopolysaccharide and glycoprotein biosynthesis in bacteria.</a> Glycobiology. 21 (2), 138-151 (2011).</li><li>Iwashkiw, J. A., Vozza, N. F., Kinsella, R. L., Feldman, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pour+some+sugar+on+it:+the+expanding+world+of+bacterial+protein+O-linked+glycosylation.">Pour some sugar on it: the expanding world of bacterial protein O-linked glycosylation.</a> Molecular Microbiology. 89 (1), 14-28 (2013).</li><li>Szymanski, C. M., Wren, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+glycosylation+in+bacterial+mucosal+pathogens.">Protein glycosylation in bacterial mucosal pathogens.</a> Nature Review Microbiology. 3, 225-237 (2005).</li><li>Tan, F. Y. Y., Tang, C. M., Exley, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sugar+coating:+bacterial+protein+glycosylation+and+host-microbe+interactions.">Sugar coating: bacterial protein glycosylation and host-microbe interactions.</a> Trends Biochemistry Sciences. 40 (7), 342-350 (2015).</li><li>Lairson, L. L., Henrissat, B., Davies, G. J., Withers, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycosyltransferases:+structures,+functions,+and+mechanisms.">Glycosyltransferases: structures, functions, and mechanisms.</a> Annual Review Biochemistry. 77, 521-555 (2008).</li><li>Lombard, V., Golaconda Ramulu, H., Drula, E., Coutinho, P. M., Henrissat, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+carbohydrate-active+enzymes+database+(CAZy)+in+2013.">The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 42, 490-495 (2014).</li><li>Weerapana, E., Imperiali, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asparagine-linked+protein+glycosylation:+from+eukaryotic+to+prokaryotic+systems.">Asparagine-linked protein glycosylation: from eukaryotic to prokaryotic systems.</a> Glycobiology. 16 (6), 91 (2006).</li><li>Faridmoayer, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extreme+substrate+promiscuity+of+the+Neisseria+oligosaccharyl+transferase+involved+in+protein+O-glycosylation.">Extreme substrate promiscuity of the Neisseria oligosaccharyl transferase involved in protein O-glycosylation.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (50), 34596-34604 (2008).</li><li>Wacker, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Substrate+specificity+of+bacterial+oligosaccharyltransferase+suggests+a+common+transfer+mechanism+for+the+bacterial+and+eukaryotic+systems.">Substrate specificity of bacterial oligosaccharyltransferase suggests a common transfer mechanism for the bacterial and eukaryotic systems.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (18), 7088-7093 (2006).</li><li>Scott, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flagellar+glycosylation+in+Burkholderia+pseudomallei+and+Burkholderia+thailandensis.">Flagellar glycosylation in Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 193 (14), 3577-3587 (2011).</li><li>Thibault, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+the+carbohydrate+moieties+and+glycosylation+motifs+in+Campylobacter+jejuni+flagellin.">Identification of the carbohydrate moieties and glycosylation motifs in Campylobacter jejuni flagellin.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (37), 34862-34870 (2001).</li><li>Schirm, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural,+genetic+and+functional+characterization+of+the+flagellin+glycosylation+process+in+Helicobacter+pylori.">Structural, genetic and functional characterization of the flagellin glycosylation process in Helicobacter pylori.</a> Molecular Microbiology. 48 (6), 1579-1592 (2003).</li><li>McNally, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+metabolomics+analysis+of+Campylobacter+coli+VC167+reveals+legionaminic+acid+derivatives+as+novel+flagellar+glycans.">Targeted metabolomics analysis of Campylobacter coli VC167 reveals legionaminic acid derivatives as novel flagellar glycans.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (19), 14463-14475 (2007).</li><li>Logan, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+novel+carbohydrate+modifications+on+Campylobacter+jejuni+11168+flagellin+using+metabolomics-based+approaches.">Identification of novel carbohydrate modifications on Campylobacter jejuni 11168 flagellin using metabolomics-based approaches.</a> FEBS Journal. 276 (4), 1014-1023 (2009).</li><li>Wilhelms, M., Fulton, K. M., Twine, S. M., Tom&#225;s, J. M., Merino, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+glycosylation+of+polar+and+lateral+flagellins+in+Aeromonas+hydrophila+AH-3.">Differential glycosylation of polar and lateral flagellins in Aeromonas hydrophila AH-3.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (33), 27851-27862 (2012).</li><li>Canals, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-structural+flagella+genes+affecting+both+polar+and+lateral+flagella-mediated+motility+in+Aeromonas+hydrophila.">Non-structural flagella genes affecting both polar and lateral flagella-mediated motility in Aeromonas hydrophila.</a> Microbiology. 153, 1165-1175 (2007).</li><li>Howard, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Campylobacter+jejuni+glycosylation+island+important+in+cell+charge,+legionaminic+acid+biosynthesis,+and+colonization+of+chickens.">Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation island important in cell charge, legionaminic acid biosynthesis, and colonization of chickens.</a> Infection and Immunity. 77 (6), 2544-2556 (2009).</li><li>Verma, A., Arora, S. K., Kuravi, S. K., Ramphal, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Roles+of+specific+amino+acids+in+the+N-terminus+of+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+flagellin+and+of+flagellin+glycosylation+in+the+innate+immune+response.">Roles of specific amino acids in the N-terminus of Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellin and of flagellin glycosylation in the innate immune response.</a> Infection and Immunity. 73 (12), 8237-8246 (2005).</li><li>Lamy, B., Baron, S., Barraud, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aeromonas:+the+multifaceted+middleman+in+the+One+Health+world.">Aeromonas: the multifaceted middleman in the One Health world.</a> Current Opinion in Microbiology. 65, 24-32 (2022).</li><li>Gav&#237;n, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lateral+flagella+of+Aeromonas+species+are+essential+for+epithelial+cell+adherence+and+biofilm+formation.">Lateral flagella of Aeromonas species are essential for epithelial cell adherence and biofilm formation.</a> Molecular Microbiology. 43 (2), 383-397 (2002).</li><li>Altschul, F. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gapped+BLAST+and+PSI-BLAST:+a+new+generation+of+protein+database+search+programs.">Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 25 (17), 3389-3402 (1997).</li><li>Forn-Cun&#237;, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polar+flagella+glycosylation+in+Aeromonas:+Genomic+characterization+and+Involvement+of+a+specific+glycosyltransferase+(Fgi-1)+in+heterogeneous+flagella+glycosylation.">Polar flagella glycosylation in Aeromonas: Genomic characterization and Involvement of a specific glycosyltransferase (Fgi-1) in heterogeneous flagella glycosylation.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 11, 595697 (2021).</li><li>Milton, D. L., O'Toole, R., Horstedt, P., Wolf-Watz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flagellin+A+is+essential+for+the+virulence+of+Vibrio+anguillarum.">Flagellin A is essential for the virulence of Vibrio anguillarum.</a> Journal of Bacteriol.ogy. 178 (5), 1310-1319 (1996).</li><li>Kov&#225;cs, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+Pseudomonas+pyocyanea+by+the+oxidase+reaction.">Identification of Pseudomonas pyocyanea by the oxidase reaction.</a> Nature. 178 (4535), 703 (1956).</li><li>Fulton, K. M., Mendoza-Barber&#225;, E., Twine, S. M., Tom&#225;s, J. M., Merino, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polar+glycosylated+and+lateral+non-glycosylated+flagella+from+Aeromonas+hydrophila+strain+AH-1+(Serotype+O11).">Polar glycosylated and lateral non-glycosylated flagella from Aeromonas hydrophila strain AH-1 (Serotype O11).</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 16 (12), 28255-28269 (2015).</li><li>Khider, M., Willassen, N. P., Hansen, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+alternative+sigma+factor+RpoQ+regulates+colony+morphology,+biofilm+formation+and+motility+in+the+fish+pathogen+Aliivibrio+salmonicida.">The alternative sigma factor RpoQ regulates colony morphology, biofilm formation and motility in the fish pathogen Aliivibrio salmonicida.</a> BMC Microbiology. 18 (1), 116 (2018).</li><li>Pawar, S. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+genetic+tools+to+tackle+c-di-GMP-dependent+signalling+in+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa.">Novel genetic tools to tackle c-di-GMP-dependent signalling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</a> Journal of Applied Microbiology. 120 (1), 205-217 (2016).</li><li>Vander Broek, W., Chalmers, K. J., Stevens, M. P., Stevens, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+proteomic+analysis+of+Burkholderia+pseuomallei+Bsa+Type+III+secretion+system+effectors+using+hypersecreting+mutants.">Quantitative proteomic analysis of Burkholderia pseuomallei Bsa Type III secretion system effectors using hypersecreting mutants.</a> The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 14 (4), 905-916 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The critical early step of this method is the identification of regions involved in the glycosylation of flagella and putative GTs because these enzymes show high homology and are involved in many processes. Bioinformatic analysis of Aeromonas genomes in public databases shows that this region is adjacent to the polar flagella region 2, which contains the flagellin genes in many strains and contains genes involved in the biosynthesis of pseudaminic acid27. This has made it possible to dev...

Protein glycosylation has been described in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and consists of the covalent attachment of a glycan to an amino acid side chain1,2. In prokaryotes, this process usually occurs via two major enzymatic mechanisms: O- and N-glycosylation3. In O-glycosylation, the glycan is attached to the hydroxyl group of a serine (Ser) or threonine (Thr) residue. In N-glycosylation, the glycan is attached to the side chain amide nitrogen of an asparagine (Asn) residue within the tripeptide sequences Asn-X-Ser/Thr, where X could be any amino acid except proline.
Glycans can adopt linear or branched structures and are composed of monosaccharides or polysaccharides covalently linked by glycosidic bonds. In prokaryotes, glycans usually show diversity in sugar composition and structure in comparison to eukaryotic glycans4. Furthermore, two different bacterial glycosylation pathways that differ in how the glycan is assembled and transferred to the acceptor protein have been described: sequential and en bloc glycosylation5,6. For sequential glycosylation, the complex glycan is built up directly on the protein by successive addition of monosaccharides. In en bloc glycosylation, a pre-assembled glycan is transferred to the protein from a lipid-linked oligosaccharide by a specialized oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase). Both pathways have been shown to be involved in N- and O-glycosylation processes7.
Protein glycosylation has a role in modulating the physicochemical and biological properties of proteins. The presence of a glycan can influence how the protein interacts with its ligand, which affects the biological activity of the protein, but can also affect protein stability, solubility, susceptibility to proteolysis, immunogenicity, and microbe-host interactions8,9. However, several glycosylation parameters, such as the number of glycans, glycan composition, position, and attachment mechanism, could also affect protein function and structure.
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of complex glycans and glycoconjugates. These enzymes catalyze the glycosidic bond formation between a sugar moiety from an activated donor molecule and a specific substrate acceptor. GTs can use both nucleotides and non-nucleotides as donor molecules and target different substrate acceptors, such as proteins, saccharides, nucleic acids, and lipids10. Therefore, understanding GTs at the molecular level is important to identify their mechanisms of action and specificity, and also enables understanding how sugar composition of glycans that modify relevant molecules are related to pathogenicity. The Carbohydrate Active enzyme database (CAZy)11 classifies GTs according to their sequence homology, which provides a predictive tool since, in most of the GT families, the structural fold and mechanisms of action are invariant. However, four reasons make it difficult to predict substrate specificity of many GTs: 1) no clear sequence motif determining substrate specificity has been determined in prokaryotes12, 2) many GTs and OTases show substrate promiscuity13,14, 3) functional GTs are difficult to produce in high yield in recombinant form and 4) the identification of both donor and acceptor substrates is complex. Despite this, recent mutagenesis studies have made it possible to obtain significant advances in the understanding of catalytic mechanisms and subtract binding of GTs.
In bacteria, O-glycosylation seems to be more prevalent than N-glycosylation. The O-glycosylation sites do not show a consensus sequence, and many of the O-glycosylated proteins are secreted or cell-surface proteins, such as flagellins, pili, or autotransporters1. Flagellin glycosylation shows variability in the number of acceptor sites, glycan composition, and structure. For example, Burkholderia spp flagellins have only one acceptor site, while in Campylobacter jejuni, flagellins have as many as 19 acceptor sites15,16. Furthermore, for some bacteria, the glycan is a single monosaccharide, while other bacteria possess heterogeneous glycans compromised of different monosaccharides to form oligosaccharides. This heterogenicity occurs even among strains of the same species.&#160;Helicobacter flagellins are only modified by pseudaminic acid (PseAc)17, and Campylobacter flagellins can be modified by PseAc, the acetamidino form of the pseudaminic acid (PseAm) or legionaminic acid (LegAm), and glycans derived from these sugars with acetyl, N-acetylglucosamine, or propionic substitutions18,19. In Aeromonas, flagellins are modified by glycans whose composition ranges from a single PseAc acid derivative to a heteropolysaccharide20, and the attachment of glycans to the flagellin monomers is always via a PseAc derivative.
In general, glycosylation of flagellins is essential for flagellar filament assembly, motility, virulence, and host specificity. However, while flagellins of C. jejuni16, H. pylori17, and Aeromonas sp.21 cannot assemble into filament unless the protein monomers are glycosylated, Pseudomonas spp. and Burkholderia spp.15 do not require glycosylation for flagella assembly. Furthermore, in some C. jejuni strains, changes in sugar composition of the flagella glycan affect bacterial-host interaction and may play a role in evading certain immune responses16. Autoagglutination is another phenotypic characteristic affected by modifications in the composition of glycans associated with flagellins. A lower autoagglutination leads to a reduction in the ability to form microcolonies and biofilm22. In some bacteria, the ability of flagella to trigger a pro-inflammatory response was linked to flagellin glycosylation. Thus, in P. aeruginosa, glycosylated flagellin induces a higher pro-inflammatory response than unglycosylated23.
Aeromonas are Gram-negative bacteria ubiquitous in the environment, which allows them to be at the interface of all One Health components24. Mesophilic Aeromonas have a single polar flagellum, which is constitutively produced. More than half of clinical isolates also express lateral flagellin, inducible in high viscosity media or plates. Different studies have related both flagella types with the early stages of bacterial pathogenesis25. While polar flagellins reported to date are O-glycosylated at 5-8 Ser or Thr residues of its central immunogenic domains, lateral flagellins are not O-glycosylated in all the strains. Although polar flagella glycans from different strains show diversity in their carbohydrate composition and chain length20, the linking sugar has been shown to be a pseudaminic acid derivative.
The goal of this manuscript is to describe a method to obtain null mutants in specific GTs or chromosomal regions containing GTs to analyze their involvement in the biosynthesis of relevant polysaccharides and in bacterial pathogenicity, as well as the role of the glycan itself. As an example, we identify and delete a chromosomal region containing GTs of Aeromonas to establish its involvement in polar flagellin glycosylation and analyze the role of the flagellin glycan. We show how to delete a specific GT to establish its function in the biosynthesis of this glycan and the role of modified glycan. Although using Aeromonas as an example, the principle can be used to identify and study flagella glycosylation islands of other Gram-negative bacteria and analyze the function of GTs involved in the biosynthesis of other glycans such as the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ABI PRISM Big Dye Terminator v. 3.1 Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>4337455</td>
			<td>Used for sequencing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AccuPrime Taq DNA Polymerase, high fidelity</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12346-086</td>
			<td>Used for amplification of AB, CD and AD fragments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Conda-Pronadise</td>
			<td>8008</td>
			<td>Used for DNA electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alkaline phosphatase, calf intestinal (CIAP)</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M1821</td>
			<td>Used to remove phosphate at the 5&#8217; end</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto agar</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>214010</td>
			<td>Use for motility analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BamHI</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>R6021</td>
			<td>Used for endonuclease restriction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BglII</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>R6081</td>
			<td>Used for endonuclease restriction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioDoc-It Imagin System</td>
			<td>UVP</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Bio-imaging station used for DNA visualization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotaq polymerase</td>
			<td>Bioline</td>
			<td>BIO-21040</td>
			<td>Used for colony screening</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cesium chloride</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A1126,0100</td>
			<td>Used for flagella purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloramphenicol</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A1806,0025</td>
			<td>Used for triparental mating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytiva illustra GFX PCR DNA and Gel Band Purification Kit</td>
			<td>Cytivia</td>
			<td>28-9034-71</td>
			<td>Used for purification of PCR amplicons and DNA fragments.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>131026.1211</td>
			<td>Used for DNA electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electroporation cuvettes 2 mm gap</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>732-1133</td>
			<td>Used for transformation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethidium bromide</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A1152,0025</td>
			<td>Use for DNA visualization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HyperLadder 1 Kb marker</td>
			<td>Bioline</td>
			<td>BIO-33053</td>
			<td>DNA marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Invitrogen Easy-DNA gDNA Purification Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10750204</td>
			<td>Used for bacterial chromosomal DNA purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luria-Bertani (LB) Miller agar</td>
			<td>Condalab</td>
			<td>996</td>
			<td>Used for Escherichia coli culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luria-Bertani (LB) Miller broth</td>
			<td>Condalab</td>
			<td>1551</td>
			<td>Used for Escherichia coli culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanodrop ND-1000</td>
			<td>NanoDrop Techonologies Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Spectrophotometer used for DNA quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rifampicin</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A2220,0005</td>
			<td>Used for triparental mating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SOC Medium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15544034</td>
			<td>Used for electroporation recovery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectinomycin</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A3834,0005</td>
			<td>Used for triparental mating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SW 41 Ti Swinging-Bucket Rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>331362</td>
			<td>Used for flagella purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 DNA ligase</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15224017</td>
			<td>Used for ligation reaction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypticasein soy agar</td>
			<td>Condalab</td>
			<td>1068</td>
			<td>Used for Aeromonas grown</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypticasein soy broth</td>
			<td>Condalab</td>
			<td>1224</td>
			<td>Used for Aeromonas grown</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>Condalab</td>
			<td>1612</td>
			<td>Use for motility analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A2264,0500</td>
			<td>Used for DNA electrophoresis and flagella purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A4975,0100</td>
			<td>Used for bacterial lysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra Clear tubes (14 mm x 89 mm)</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>344059</td>
			<td>Used for flagella purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veriti 96 well Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for PCR reactions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zyppy Plasmid Miniprep II Kit</td>
			<td>Zymmo research</td>
			<td>D4020</td>
			<td>Used for isolation of plasmid DNA</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of null mutants to elucidate the role of bacterial glycosyltransferases in bacterial motility

The study of glycosylation in prokaryotes is a rapidly growing area. Bacteria harbor different glycosylated structures on their surface whose glycans constitute a strain-specific barcode. The associated glycans show higher diversity in sugar composition and structure than those of eukaryotes and are important in bacterial-host recognition processes and interaction with the environment. In pathogenic bacteria, glycoproteins have been involved in different stages of the infectious process, and glycan modifications can interfere with specific functions of glycoproteins. However, despite the advances made in the understanding of glycan composition, structure, and biosynthesis pathways, understanding of the role of glycoproteins in pathogenicity or interaction with the environment remains very limited. Furthermore, in some bacteria, the enzymes required for protein glycosylation are shared with other polysaccharide biosynthetic pathways, such as lipopolysaccharide and capsule biosynthetic pathways. The functional importance of glycosylation has been elucidated in several bacteria through mutation of specific genes thought to be involved in the glycosylation process and the study of its impact on the expression of the target glycoprotein and the modifying glycan. Mesophilic Aeromonas have a single and O-glycosylated polar flagellum. Flagellar glycans show diversity in carbohydrate composition and chain length between Aeromonas strains. However, all strains analyzed to date show a pseudaminic acid derivative as the linking sugar that modifies serine or threonine residues. The pseudaminic acid derivative is required for polar flagella assembly, and its loss has an impact on adhesion, biofilm formation, and colonization. The protocol detailed in this article describes how the construction of null mutants can be used to understand the involvement of genes or genome regions containing putative glycosyltransferases in the biosynthesis of a flagellar glycan. This includes the potential to understand the function of the glycosyltransferases involved and the role of the glycan. This will be achieved by comparing the glycan deficient mutant to the wild-type strain.

This methodology provides an effective system to generate null mutants in genes or chromosomal regions of Aeromonas that can affect flagella glycosylation and the role of flagella filament (Figure 1).
The protocol starts with the bioinformatic identification of putative FGIs and the genes encoding GTs presents in this region. In Aeromonas, the chromosomal location of FGIs is based on the detection of three types of genes: genes involved in the bi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Null Mutants to Elucidate the Role of Bacterial Glycosyltransferases in Bacterial Motility at JoVE.com

Generation of Null Mutants to Elucidate the Role of Bacterial Glycosyltransferases in Bacterial Motility

Here, we describe the construction of null mutants of Aeromonas in specific glycosyltransferases or regions containing glycosyltransferases, the motility assays, and flagella purification performed to establish the involvement and function of their encoded enzymes in the biosynthesis of a glycan, as well as the role of this glycan in bacterial pathogenesis.

The study of glycosylation in prokaryotes is a rapidly growing area. Bacteria harbor different glycosylated structures on their surface whose glycans ...

So neurminic acid derivative are only present in pathogenic bacteria, aminiglycosylated flagella contain this sugar. In frame deletion of region contained in the genes can help to find flagella glycosylation clusters. This technique, the latest specific region or genes, such as glycosyltransferases which have high homology between them and are involved in different processes, and analyze its involvement in flagella glycosylation process.This technique can also help to find the role of glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of relevant polysaccharides in pathogenic bacteria and also the role of gene encoding proteins involved in flagella formation. Demonstrating the procedure will Maite Polo, a technician of my laboratory. Design two pairs of primers that amplify DNA regions upstream and downstream of the selected gene or region to be deleted.Primers A and D need to include at the five prime end, a restriction site for an endonuclease that allows cloning in pDM4. Ensure that primers B and C are within the gene to be deleted or inside the first and last gene of the region to be deleted. Ensure that both primers are in frame and located between five to six codons inside the gene.Ensure that both primers include a 21 base pairs complimentary sequence at the five prime end to join DNA amplicons AB and CD.Use 100 nanograms of purified chromosomal DNA as the template in two sets of asymmetric PCRs with AB and CD primers followed by the analysis of resultant products in 1%agarose gel. Purify and quantify the excised amplicons from electrophoretic gel. Mix 100 nanograms of each amplicon with PCR reagents without primer.After extending it, add A and D primers and amplify them as a single fragment. Next analyze, purify and quantify the resultant products as previously described. Digest one microgram of pDM4 and 400 nanograms of AD amplicon with an endonuclease.Combine the digested pDM4 with AD amplicon at a molar vector to insert ratio of one to four and prepare the ligation reaction. Incubate overnight at 20 degrees Celsius. Later, inactivate T4 ligase at 70 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes.Inoculate Escherichia coli strain into Luria Bertani Miller broth and incubate at 30 degrees Celsius with shaking at 200 RPM until an optical density between 0.4 and 0.6 is observed. Pellet the bacteria culture by centrifugation at 5, 000 times G and four degrees Celsius for 15 minutes. Suspend the pellet in chilled distilled water and repeat the cleaning process two more times.Transfer the bacteria suspension to microfuge tubes and repeat the centrifugation at 14, 000 times G and four degrees Celsius for five minutes. After resuspending the pellet in chilled water, add approximately 3.5 microliters of the ligation mixture and incubate on ice for five minutes. Transfer the contents to a chilled two millimeter gap electroporation cuvette.After electroporation add the SOC medium and transfer the contents to a culture tube. Incubate for one hour at 30 degrees Celsius with shaking at 200 RPM. Plate the transformed cells on LB agar plates supplemented with chloramphenicol.Check insertion of the deletion construct into pDM4 by PCR using primers that flank the pDM4 cloning side. Prepare overnight cultures so the recipient Aeromonas strain rifampicin resistant and two different strains of Escherichia coli. The donor strain with the pDM4 recombinant plasmid, and the helper strain with the PRK 2073 plasmid at 30 degrees Celsius.Suspend the same number of colonies of the donor, recipient, and helper strains in three LB tubes with 150 microliters of LB.Then on an LB agar plate without antibiotics mix the three bacterial suspensions in two drops at a recipient to helper to donor ratio of five to one to one, and incubate the plate face up overnight at 30 degrees Celsius. Harvest bacteria by adding one milliliter of LB broth to the LB agar plate. Transfer the bacterial suspension to a conical 1.5 milliliter microfuge tube and vigorously vortex.Spread 100 microliters of the bacterial suspension on LB agar plates with rifampicin and chloramphenicol. Spin down 200 microliters and 600 microliters of the samples, suspend the pellet in 100 microliters of LB broth and plate on LB agar with rifampicin and chloramphenicol followed by incubation. Perform an oxidase test to confirm that the colonies are Aeromonas.Further confirm the insertion of pDM4 recombinant plasmid into the specific chromosomal region by PCR using the E and F primers. Grow the recombinant colonies in two milliliters of LB with 10%sucrose and without antibiotics overnight at 30 degrees Celsius. After preparing different culture dilutions, plate 100 microliters of the bacterial cultures and dilutions on LB agar plate with 10%sucrose and incubate overnight at 30 degrees Celsius.The next day, pick up the colonies and transfer them to LB plates with and without chloramphenicol. After incubating them overnight at 30 degrees Celsius, select the chloramphenicol sensitive colonies. Analyze the sensitive colonies by PCR using the EF primers pair and select the colonies whose PCR product correlated with the size of the deleted construct.Put a small drop of silicone in the four corners of the cover slide and mount overnight grown culture of Aeromonas on a cover slide. Place an excavated slide on the cover slide and turn the slide upside down. Analyze swimming motility by light microscopy using an optic microscope, then transfer three microliters of the culture onto the center of a soft agar plate.Incubate the plate face up overnight between 25 and 30 degrees Celsius. Using a ruler at the end of the incubation, measure the bacterial migration from the plate center toward the periphery through the agar. Culture Aeromonas strains overnight in 900 milliliters TSB between 25 to 30 degrees Celsius.After centrifugation, suspend the pellet in 20 milliliters of 100 millimolar Tris hydrogen chloride buffer of pH 7.8. To remove the anchored flagella, sheer the suspension in a vortex with a glass bar for three to four minutes, and then pass repetitively through a 21 gauge syringe. Pellet the bacteria by two consecutive centrifugations at four degrees Celsius and collect the supernatant into a separate tube.After ultracentrifuging the supernatant, suspend the pellet in 150 microliters of 100 millimolar Tris hydrogen chloride containing two millimolar EDTA buffer. Transfer 150 microliters of the enriched fraction of flagella to a thin walled ultra clear tube, and fill it with 12 milliliters of cesium chloride solution. Ultracentrifuge the tube at 60, 000 times G for 48 hours at four degrees Celsius in a swinging bucket rotor.Collect the flagella band into the cesium chloride gradient with a syringe and dialyze against 100 millimolar Tris hydrogen chloride plus two millimolar EDTA followed by analysis by electrophoresis and Coomassie blue staining or mass spectrometry. In the following figure, lane WT is Aeromonas piscicola AH3. Lanes one to eight shows chloramphenicol sensitive colonies of the second recombination.ST is hyper bladder 1KB marker. Lanes one to three and five to eight show the colonies with wild type FGI4 gene as lane WT.Lane four shows a colony with the deleted FGI4 gene. Light microscopy assays showed that polar or lateral flagella modifications only lead to reductions in the migration diameters, thus, AH-3 FGI mutant and AH-3 FGI-4 mutants show only reduced motility in relation to the wild type strain.The figure shows polar flagellum from AH-3 of lane one, and the no mutants in the FGI region of lane two and FGI-4 gene of lane three, wherein both mutants have polar flagellins with lower molecular weight than the wild type strain, which suggests alterations in the flagella glycan. It is important to ensure that mutations do not affect downstream genes and leads the inability to the flagella assembly or the inability of filaments of flagella. When change in flagellin proteins are not detectable, mass spectrometry analysis are required using the total protein of flagellin peptides in order to know the glycan mass.

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

2.1K visualizações.  Universidad de Barcelona. Assim, a derivada de ácido neurminico só está presente em bactérias patogênicas, flagela aminiglycosylated contêm este açúcar. Na exclusão de quadros da região contida nos genes pode ajudar a encontrar aglomerados de glicossylação flagella. Essa técnica, a mais recente região específica ou genes, como glicosyltransferases que têm alta homologia entre eles e estão envolvidos em diferentes processos, e analisam seu envolvimento no processo de glicosylation flagella.Essa ...