Chapter 7
Pharmacokinetic Models
Analysis Methods of Pharmacokinetic Data: Model and Model-Independent Approaches
The drug disposition in the body is a complex process and can be studied using two major approaches: the model and the model-independent approaches.
The ...
Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Compartment Models
Compartmental analysis is a commonly used approach to characterize drug pharmacokinetics.
Compartment models assume the body as a series of reversibly ...
One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: General Considerations
A one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model describes the drug concentration-time course in the body post-administration. It views the body as a single, ...
One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Elimination Rate Constant, Half-Life and Volume of Distribution
The one-compartment open model for IV bolus drug administration considers drug elimination as a monoexponential process.
Analyzing the plasma drug ...
One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Clearance
Clearance signifies the theoretical fluid volume from which a drug is completely removed within a specific timeframe, expressed as volume per unit time. ...
One-Compartment Model: IV Infusion
IV infusion is suitable when maintenance of constant and stable drug concentration in the body is desired or when the drug poses toxicity risks.
For ...
One-Compartment Open Model for Extravascular Administration: Zero-Order Absorption Model
Extravascular drug administration occurs via oral, intramuscular, or rectal routes.
It relies on absorption for the drug's therapeutic activity.
Here, ...
One-Compartment Open Model for Extravascular Administration: First-Order Absorption Model
The first-order absorption model for extravascular administration considers the rate at which a drug is absorbed, distributed in body tissues, and ...
One-Compartment Open Model: Wagner-Nelson and Loo Riegelman Method for ka Estimation
The Wagner-Nelson method estimates the absorption rate constant, ka, for drugs administered without assuming zero- or first-order absorption.
Its ...
One-Compartment Open Model: Urinary Excretion Data and Determination of k
Urinary excretion data helps understand the process of drug elimination from the body, providing insight into the clearance of unaltered drugs.
It is a ...
Multicompartment Models: Overview
Multicompartment models illustrate how drugs are distributed and eliminated within the body. They offer a more accurate depiction than one-compartment ...
Two-Compartment Open Model: Overview
Multicompartment pharmacokinetic models illustrate drug distribution and elimination within the body.
The most common type of these models is the ...
Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Bolus Administration
The two-compartment model for intravenous bolus administration comprises central and peripheral compartments, representing the distribution of a drug in ...
Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Infusion
Two-compartment models are pharmacokinetic tools to understand drug distribution.
For a drug administered via a constant rate or zero-order intravenous ...
Two-Compartment Open Model: Extravascular Administration
Two-compartment models for extravascular administration involve a central and a peripheral compartment.
For a drug entering the body via a first-order ...
Three-Compartment Open Model
Three-compartment models are similar to the two-compartment model but have an additional deep tissue compartment.
The deep tissue compartment represents ...
Mechanistic Models: Overview of Compartment Models
Pharmacokinetic models can be classified as empirical or mechanistic.
Empirical models include data description with minimal assumptions about the ...
Mechanistic Models: Compartment Models in Individual and Population Analysis
The individual analysis uses mechanistic models involving single-source data. However, data collection errors prevent perfect observed data prediction.
In ...
Mechanistic Models: Compartment Models in Algorithms for Numerical Problem Solving
Mechanistic models use numerical problem-solving algorithms to evaluate parameters.
Some algorithms use linearization techniques to simplify the model ...
Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Physiological Models
Physiological models illustrate the drug's distribution and elimination processes within the body.
They describe the drug concentration in target ...
Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Assumption with Protein Binding
Physiological models can predict drug disposition assuming linear drug-protein interactions.
Compared to conventional models, they effectively predict ...
Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models
Physiological models generally postulate a swift drug distribution between tissue and venous blood.
Rapid drug equilibrium assumes quick drug diffusion ...
Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Incorporating Hepatic Transporter-Mediated Clearance
Drug transporters are pivotal in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion processes and should be included in physiologically-based pharmacokinetic ...
Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Distributed Parameter Models
Pharmacokinetic models employ mathematical expressions for predicting drug behavior in the body and calculating pharmacokinetic parameters.
Different ...
Model-Independent Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Noncompartmental Analysis
Noncompartmental analysis is an alternative method for describing drug pharmacokinetics without assigning a particular compartmental model to the drug.
...
Noncompartmental Analysis: Statistical Moment Theory
Noncompartmental analyses rely on statistical moment theory to examine time-related changes in macroscopic events. Mean residence time, MRT, describes the ...
Noncompartmental Analysis: Mean Residence Time
According to statistical moment theory, mean residence time is the expected mean of a probability density function distribution. It can also be viewed ...
Noncompartmental Analysis: Mean Transit, Absorption and Dissolution Time
When drugs are administered extravascularly, various parameters are considered for noncompartmental analysis.
The mean transit time, MTT, is the total ...
Noncompartmental Analysis: Miscellaneous Pharmacokinetic Parameters
The noncompartmental approach utilizes various factors, including clearance, bioavailability, and total volume of distribution.
Once a drug is ...
Pharmacokinetic Models: Comparison and Selection Criterion
Physiological and compartmental models used to study biological systems rely on differential equations for mass balance.
Physiological models consider ...
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