The Fibular Nerve Injury Method: A Reliable Assay to Identify and Test Factors That Repair Neuromuscular Junctions

Summary

We have developed a nerve injury method to reliably examine muscle reinnervation, and thus regeneration of neuromuscular junctions in mice. This technique involves injuring the common fibular nerve via a simple and highly reproducible surgery. Muscle reinnervation in then assessed by whole-mounting the extensor digitorum longus muscle.

Abstract

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) undergoes deleterious structural and functional changes as a result of aging, injury and disease. Thus, it is imperative to understand the cellular and molecular changes involved in maintaining and repairing NMJs. For this purpose, we have developed a method to reliably and consistently examine regenerating NMJs in mice. This nerve injury method involves crushing the common fibular nerve as it passes over the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle tendon near the knee. Using 70 day old female mice, we demonstrate that motor axons begin to reinnervate previous postsynaptic targets within 7 days post-crush. They completely reoccupy their previous synaptic areas by 12 days. To determine the reliability of this injury method, we compared reinnervation rates between individual 70 day old female mice. We found that the number of reinnervated postsynaptic sites was similar between mice at 7, 9, and 12 days post-crush. To determine if this injury assay can also be used to compare molecular changes in muscles, we examined levels of the gamma-subunit of the muscle nicotinic receptor (gamma-AChR) and the muscle-specific kinase (MuSK). The gamma-AChR subunit and MuSK to are highly upregulated following denervation and return to normal levels following reinnervation of NMJs. We found a close relationship between transcript levels for these genes and innervation status of muscles. We believe that this method will accelerate our understanding of the cellular and molecular changes involved in repairing the NMJ and other synapses.

Introduction

In young adult and healthy animals, the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a highly stable connection between the presynapse, the nerve ending of an α-motor axon, and the postsynapse, the specialized region of an extrafusal muscle fiber where nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) selectively aggregate¹. The nearly perfect apposition of the pre- and post-synaptic apparatuses is necessary for proper neurotransmission, survival of α-motor neurons and muscle fibers and motor function. Unfortunately, the function of the NMJ is adversely affected by aging, diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), autoimmune diseases and injury to muscles....

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Protocol

All experiments were carried out under NIH guidelines and animal protocols approved by the Virginia Tech Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

1. Preparing Animals for Surgery

1. Anesthetize mice with a mixture of ketamine (90 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) via subcutaneous inguinal injection with a sterile 1 ml insulin syringe. Carrier solution contains a mixture of 0.9% saline, 17.4 mg/ml ketamine, and 2.6 mg/ml xylazine. Place animals back in cages while waiting for medication to take effect.
   NOTE: If the loading dose does not provide sufficient anesthesia for the duration of the procedure, an additional 25% of the....

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Results

The common fibular nerve, also called the common peroneal nerve, arises from the sciatic nerve above the popliteal fossa, where it swings around the head of the fibula to the anterior aspect of the leg (Figure 1A). There it branches into the superficial and deep fibular nerves, together supplying the dorsiflexors of the foot and toes (anterior tibialis, extensor digitorum longus and brevis, and extensor halluces longus muscles), and the everters of the foot (peroneus musc.......

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Discussion

The method presented in this manuscript provides unique opportunities to identify mechanisms involved in repairing neuromuscular junctions (NMJ). This method involves crushing the common fibular nerve as it passes over the gastrocnemius tendon near the knee. We show that after only 5 sec of nerve compression with a forceps, complete degeneration is noted by 4 days after injury. In young adult mice, alpha-motor axons begin to reinnervate previous synaptic sites in the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) at 7 days post-.......

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Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Ketamine	VetOne	501072
Xylazine	Lloyd Inc.	003437
Buprenorphine	Zoopharm	1Z-73000-150910
Nair	Nair
Kim-wipes	Kimtech	34155
Electric Razor	Braintree Scientific	CLP-64800
80% EtOH/H20
10% Proviodine
1 ml Insulin Syringe
Spring Scissors	Vannas	91500-09
No. 15 scalpel	Braintree Scientific	SSS 15
#5 Forceps	Dumont	11252-00
6-0 silk suture on reverse cutting needle	Suture Express	752B
Rodent Heating Pad	Braintree Scientific	AP-R-18.5
Alexa 555 conjugated alpha-BTX	Molecular Probes	B35451
Vectashield	Vector Labs	H-1000
Olympus Stereo Zoom Microscope	Olympus	562037192
Zeiss 700 Confocal Microscope	Zeiss
Variable-flow peristaltic perfusion pump	Fisher Scientific	13-876-3
Aurum Total RNA Mini Kit	Bio-Rad	7326820
Bio-Rad iScript RT Supermix	Bio-Rad	1708840
SsoFast Evagreen Supermix	Bio-Rad	1725200
Bio-Rad CFX96	Bio-Rad	1855196
Puralube Vet ointment	Puralube	1621
Synaptotagmin-2 antibody	Antibodies-Online	ABIN401605
Neurofilament antibody	Antibodies-Online	ABIN2475842