Isolation of Peritoneum-derived Mast Cells and Their Functional Characterization with Ca2+-imaging and Degranulation Assays

Summary

Here, we present a protocol to isolate and cultivate murine peritoneal mast cells. We also describe two protocols for their functional characterization: a fluorescent imaging of intracellular free Ca²⁺ concentration and a degranulation assay based on colorimetric quantification of the released β-hexosaminidase.

Abstract

Mast cells (MCs), as a part of the immune system, play a key role in defending the host against several pathogens and in the initiation of the allergic immune response. The activation of MCs via the cross-linking of surface IgE bound to high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI), as well as through the stimulation of several other receptors, initiates the rise of the free intracellular Ca²⁺ level ([Ca²⁺]_i) that promotes the release of inflammatory and allergic mediators. The identification of molecular constituents involved in these signaling pathways is crucial for understanding the regulation of MC function. In this article, we describe a protocol for the isolation of murine connective tissue type MCs by peritoneal lavage and cultivation of peritoneal MCs (PMCs). Cultures of MCs from various knockout mouse models by this methodology represent a useful approach to the identification of proteins involved in MC signaling pathways. In addition, we also describe a protocol for single cell Fura-2 imaging as an important technique for the quantification of Ca²⁺ signaling in MCs. Fluorescence-based monitoring of [Ca²⁺]_i is a reliable and commonly used approach to study Ca²⁺ signaling events, including store-operated calcium entry, which is of utmost importance for MC activation. For the analysis of MC degranulation, we describe a β-hexosaminidase release assay. The amount of β-hexosaminidase released into the culture medium is considered as a degranulation marker for all three different secretory subsets described in MCs. β-hexosaminidase can easily be quantified by its reaction with a colorigenic substrate in a microtiter plate colorimetric assay. This highly reproducible technique is cost-effective and requires no specialized equipment. Overall, the provided protocol demonstrates a high yield of MCs expressing typical MC surface markers, displaying typical morphological and phenotypic features of MCs, and demonstrating highly reproducible responses to secretagogues in Ca²⁺-imaging and degranulation assays.

Introduction

MCs play a prominent role during innate and acquired immune responses. Specifically, MCs participate in the killing of pathogens, such as bacteria and parasites, and also degrade potentially toxic endogenous peptides or components of venoms (for review see Galli et al. 2008¹). The physiological role of MCs in innate and adaptive immunity is the subject of heated debate. Therefore, the numerous data discrepancies in the studies performed with different MC-deficient mouse models require a systematic re-evaluation of immunological functions of MCs beyond allergy². Mature MCs are mostly localized in tissues and organs such as the skin, lung, and gut, and are usually found only in small numbers in the blood. MCs derive from hematopoietic precursors, such as MC progenitors, and complete their differentiation and maturation in the microenvironments of almost all vascularized tissues¹. T-cell-derived factor interleukin (IL)-3 selectively promotes the viability, proliferation, and differentiation of a pluripotent population of mouse MCs from their hematopoietic progenitors³. Stem cell factor (SCF) is produced by structural cells in the tissues and plays a crucial role in the MC development, survival, migration, and function⁴. The properties of individual MCs may differ depending on their ability to synthesize and store various proteases or proteoglycans. In mice, the so-called connective tissue-type MCs are distinguished from mucosal MCs according to their anatomic localization, morphology, and content of heparin and proteases⁵.

In MCs, an increase of free cytosolic Ca²⁺ ([Ca²⁺]_i) is indispensable for the degranulation and production of eicosanoids, as well as for the synthesis of cytokines and activation of transcription factors in response to antigen and various secretagogues⁶. A major downstream target of these stimuli is phospholipase C, which hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. DAG activates protein kinase C and IP3 releases ions of Ca²⁺ from the endoplasmic reticulum. Depletion of these stores activates Ca²⁺ influx through plasma membrane Ca²⁺ channels, leading to store operated calcium entry (SOCE). This process is evoked through the interaction of the Ca²⁺-sensor, stromal interaction molecule-1 (Stim1), in the endoplasmic reticulum with Orai1⁷ as well as through the activation of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channel proteins (for review see Freichel et al. 2014⁸) in the plasma membrane.

To study the physiological role of these channels, several pharmacological (application of channel blockers) or genetic approaches are typically used. In the latter case, suppression of protein expression is achieved by targeting mRNA (knockdown) or genomic DNA editing with global or tissue-specific⁹ deletion of an exon coding a pore forming subunit of a channel (knockout). The availability of a blocker with sufficient specificity for these channels is limited. In addition, the knockdown approach requires careful control of its effectivity using, e.g., Western blot analysis, and is hampered by the unavailability of specific antibodies for the targeted channel protein in many cases. Thus, the usage of knockout mouse models is still considered as the gold standard for such analysis. A preferred in vitro model for the investigation of MC functions is cultivation of PMCs that can be isolated ex vivo as a fully mature population (as opposed to differentiating MCs in vitro from, e.g., bone marrow cells)¹⁰. As compared to bone marrow derived MCs (BMMCs), which are also commonly used to study MC function in vitro, the stimulation of FcεRI and beta-hexosaminidase release is increased 8-fold and 100-fold in PMCs, respectively. In this article, we describe a method of isolation and cultivation of murine PMCs, which allows to obtain after 2 weeks of culturing a high number of pure connective tissue type MCs, sufficient for further analysis.

Despite recent progress in the development and application of genetically encoded calcium indicators, their usage is still limited by difficulties in delivery of genes to target cells, specifically, in highly-specialized cells such as primary cultured MCs. In addition, this group of fluorescent indicators for [Ca²⁺]_i measurements still lacks ratiometric dyes with a high dynamic range. For these reasons, the preferred method for ratiometric [Ca²⁺]_i measurement is still the use of the fluorescent dye "Fura-2"¹¹.

Currently, the most commonly used approach for the evaluation of MC activation and degranulation is the measurement of β-hexosaminidase activity. β-hexosaminidase, an allergic mediator, is one of the MC granule components that is co-released with histamine in constant proportion from MCs¹². β-hexosaminidase can be readily and accurately measured through its reaction with a specific substrate, which produces a measurable quantity of a colorigenic product that is easily detectable in a microplate colorimetric assay. In this article, an application of this technique for the analysis of PMCs degranulation in response to a variety of stimuli is reported.

Aggregation of the high-affinity plasmalemmal IgE receptor (FcɛRI) activates in MCs a versatile intracellular signaling pathway, leading to a release of secretory granule content in the surrounding extracellular space. In addition to the specific antigen, many other stimuli can activate MCs to release a diverse array of immunomodulatory mediators, such as complement anaphylatoxins (e.g., C3a and C5a)¹³, the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin 1 (ET1)¹⁴, as well as numerous cationic substances and drugs provoking pseudoallergic reactions (e.g., icatibant)¹⁵ by binding to MRGPRX2¹⁶. Intracellular signaling pathways involved in MRGPR-induced MCs degranulation are poorly characterized as compared to FcɛRI-mediated intracellular signaling; these pathways only started to be intensively studied during the last few years¹⁷ after the receptor identification¹⁶. Largely, the plasma membrane ion channels involved in calcium entry followed by MRGPRX2 stimulation remain to be understood. Therefore, the present article also focuses on intracellular calcium signaling and degranulation of MCs stimulated with MRGPR agonists.

Protocol

All animal procedures were performed according to the German legislation guidelines for care and use of laboratory animals (officially approved by the Karlsruhe regional council).

1. PMC Isolation and Cultivation by Intraperitoneal Lavage

1	Ice
2	10 mL syringes
3	27 G needles
4	20 G needles
5	Styrofoam block and pins
6	Collection tubes (50 mL Plastic Centrifuge Tubes)
7	70% ethanol
8	RPMI Medium (Pre chilled and kept on ice)
9	PMC Medium: RPMI Medium + 20% FCS (Fetal Calf Serum) + 1% Penicillin Streptomycin solution (Pen-Strep)
10	Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline - DPBS (without Ca2+ and Mg2+)
11	Culture Flasks (25 cm)
12	Growth factors stock solutions (IL-3: 1 μg/μL; SCF: 2.5 μg/mL)
13	Serological pipettes (10 mL)
14	Pipettes tips sterile (20–200 µL)
15	Hemocytometer
16	Bench Centrifuge
17	Scissors and forceps
18	CO2 chamber for mice
19	Open sterile hood
20	Closed sterile hood
21	Cell incubator (37 °C and 5% CO2)
22	Transfer pipettes (20–200 µL)

Table 1: Materials for Step 1.

1. PMC isolation by intraperitoneal lavage
   1. Prior to the cell isolation, prepare the materials listed in Table 1.
   2. Use 8 to 14 week-old male mice for PMC isolation. Euthanize a mouse by CO₂ inhalation, and confirm the death by loss of reflexes. Spray the mouse with 70% ethanol and fix it on a foam block using pins (dorsal side down). Remove the ventral skin of the mouse using blunt edge scissors. Avoid damaging the peritoneal cavity.
      NOTE: We use typically this protocol for mice with a C57BL/6N strain genetic background.
   3. Inject 7 mL of the ice-cold RPMI medium and 5 ml of air in the peritoneal cavity using a 10 mL syringe equipped with a 27 G needle. Push the needle carefully in the peritoneum and do not perforate any organs. Use a spot in the region of the epididymal fat to reduce the risk of an organ perforation.
   4. After injection, shake the mouse for 1 min to detach peritoneal cells into the RPMI medium. Do not shake the mouse too strongly, to avoid damaging the internal organs and contaminating the peritoneal cavity with the blood.
   5. Reuse the 10-mL syringe by equipping it with a new 20 G cannula. Shift the inner organs to one side by tilting the foam block and gently tapping it on the bench to make medium aspiration easier from the other side. Insert a 20 G needle, bevel up, and aspirate the fluid from the abdomen gently and slowly (~0.5 mL/s) to avoid clogging by the inner organs. Collect as much fluid as possible (typically 5–6 mL).
   6. Remove the needle from the syringe and transfer the collected cell suspension in a collection tube on ice. Discard a sample tube if there is visible blood contamination.
   7. Centrifuge the tubes with the cell suspension at ~300 x g for 5 min. Under a sterile hood aspirate the supernatant. For each mouse, combine the sample pellets in 4 mL of cold (4–10 °C) PMC Medium and transfer the cell suspension to a 25 cm² culture flask. Add the growth factors IL-3 and SCF to the final concentrations 10 ng/mL and 30 ng/mL, respectively. Place the flask containing the cells in an incubator (37 °C and 5% CO₂) and incubate for ~48 h until the next procedure.
2. PMC culture
   1. Day 2 (~48 h after isolation): Medium change
      1. To remove the supernatant and non-adherent cells (erythrocytes and dead cells), aspirate the medium from the flask by placing a Pasteur pipette tip at the edge of the flask and holding the flask almost horizontally. Add 4 mL of pre-warmed PMC Medium per mouse. Add the growth factors IL-3 (10 ng/mL) and SCF (30 ng/mL). Place the flask containing the cells in an incubator (37 °C and 5% CO₂).
   2. Day 9: Cell splitting
      1. Transfer the cell suspension from the cell culture flask into a 50 mL plastic centrifuge tube. Wash the flask three times with 10 mL pre-warmed (37 °C) Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), collecting the cell suspension with the detached cells in the same 50 mL plastic centrifuge tube. Count the cell concentration by a hemocytometer, and calculate the total number of the cells.
      2. Centrifuge the cell suspension at ~300 x g for 5 min and aspirate the supernatant. Recover the pellet in pre-warmed PMC Medium (37 °C) to obtain the cell concentration 1 x 10⁶ cells/mL. Transfer the cell suspension to a new 25 cm² culture flask. Discard the old flask with fibroblasts adhering to the bottom.
      3. Add the growth factors IL-3 (10 ng/mL) and SCF (30 ng/mL), and place the flask containing the cells in an incubator (37 °C and 5% CO₂).
   3. Days 12–15: Cell measurements
      1. If any experiments with stimulation of FcɛRI receptors are planned, pretreat the cells overnight with 300 ng/mL of IgE anti-DNP in standard culture medium. Proceed with step 2 or step 3.

2. Fluorometric Intracellular Free Calcium Concentration Measurement in PMCs

1. Prior to the measurements, prepare the materials listed in Table 2. Also, prepare an Imaging Setup consisting of: Inverted Fluorescence Microscope; Objective: 40X/1.3 Oil; Fura 2 Filter Set; CCD Camera; Excitation Light Source; Imaging Acquisition Program; Gravity fed solution application system.

1	PMC (12–15 days old) 1 x 106 cells/mL
2	Concanavalin A
3	Fura-2 AM
4	Pluronic F-127 20% solution
5	Cover slips glasses round; ø 25 mm; No. 1
6	DNP-HSA (dinitrophenol-human serum albumin) stock solution
7	Anti-DNP-Antibody (IgE) stock solution
8	Flat bottom plate (12 wells)
9	Compound 48/80 stock solution
10	Cover Well Imaging Chambers
11	Hemocytometer
12	Transfer pipettes (20–200 µL)

Table 2: Materials for Step 2.

2. Fura-2 imaging preparation
   1. Perform a cell count using a hemocytometer and adjust the cell concentration to 1 x 10⁶ cells/mL. Split the PMCs colonies by gently pipetting (3–5 times) the cell suspension with a 1 mL pipette tip.
   2. Prepare a Ca²⁺-containing HEPES buffered salt solution (Ca²⁺-HBSS) composed of 135 mM NaCl, 6 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl₂, 1.2 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM HEPES, and 12 mM glucose. Adjust the pH to 7.4 with 3 M NaOH.
   3. Prepare concanavalin A coated slides by pipetting 1 drop of concanavalin A solution (0.1 mg/mL in H₂O) on each 25 mm round cover glass under a sterile hood. Leave the drops on the cover slips for at least 1 min, then remove most of the solution with a pipette and let the cover slips air-dry for 45 min. Carefully press the concanavalin A treated cover slips on the rubber imaging chamber (see Table of Materials) until they attach to obtain microscopy imaging chambers.
      NOTE: Poly-L-Lysine coated slides can be used as an alternative.
   4. Dissolve the fluorescent Ca²⁺ dye Fura-2 AM (1 mM) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Store this solution protected from light.
   5. Dilute the Fura-2 AM stock solution in Ca²⁺-HBSS to a final concentration of 5 µM in order to prepare the "loading buffer". Supplement with 5 µL/mL of 20% pluronic F-127 in DMSO.
   6. Mix 500 µL of the "loading buffer" with 500 µL of the PMC cell suspension. Pipette the mixture into the imaging chamber and incubate the cells for 20–30 min at room temperature in the dark.
   7. Set up the gravity fed application system with different solutions according to the stimulation protocol. Supplement syringe 1 with 40 mL of Ca²⁺-HBSS solution, syringe 2 with 40 mL of Ca²⁺-HBSS solution containing 100 ng/mL DNP, syringe 3 with 40 mL of Ca²⁺-HBSS solution containing 50 µg/mL Compound 48/80, syringe 4 with 40 mL of nominally Ca²⁺-free-HBSS solution, and syringe 5 with 40 mL of nominally Ca²⁺-free-HBSS solution containing 2 µM Thapsigargin.
   8. Prepare a 40X high-aperture oil immersion objective by placing a small drop of immersion oil on it.
   9. Mount the application system on the stage of the inverted microscope. Put the imaging chamber with the loaded cells in the application system and secure it to prevent movement during recording. Turn on the transmitted light and focus the cells.
   10. Rinse the cells three times with Ca²⁺-HBSS buffer using the gravity-fed application system.
   11. Incubate the cells in Ca²⁺-HBSS for 5 min for Fura-2 AM de-esterification.
   12. Rinse the cells one more time before starting the imaging, to remove any potentially leaked fluorescent dye.
3. Cell imaging
   1. Start the imaging acquisition program in the physiological acquisition mode. Open the setup window, and adjust the focus and the optimal acquisition time (which should be the same for excitation with 340 nm and 380 nm and typically ranges between 50–150 ms).
      NOTE: Minimize the exposure of the Fura-2 loaded cell to any light to avoid photobleaching of the dye.
   2. Image a reference picture, and mark the cells as regions of interest (ROI). Mark the last ROI in an area where no cells are present and define it as the background.
   3. Complete the setup and start the measurement with a 5 s acquisition rate.
      NOTE: The cells will be alternately illuminated with the excitation light of 340 nm and 380 nm, and the emitted fluorescence (>510 nm) will be collected using the CCD camera. The images of fluorescence signals F340 nm and F380 nm as well as the ratio (F340 nm/F380 nm) will be displayed in three windows. The charts of time course of individual ROIs fluorescence intensity mean values will be also continuously displayed.
   4. Add solutions at the proper cycle number according the design of the experiment:
      1. To measure antigen-induced elevation of [Ca²⁺]_i, as illustrated in Figure 2A, 2B, apply the syringe 2 solution after cycle 20, and stop recording after cycle 150.
      2. To measure Compound 48/80-induced elevation of [Ca²⁺]_i,, as illustrated in Figure 2C, apply the syringe 3 solution after cycle 20, and stop recording after cycle 150.
      3. To measure the elevation of [Ca²⁺]_i evoked by SOCE, as illustrated in Figure 2D, apply the syringe 4 solution after cycle 10, apply the syringe 5 solution after cycle 70, apply the syringe 4 solution after cycle 120, apply the syringe 1 solution after cycle 150, and stop recording after cycle 220.
   5. After finishing the measurement, convert the results into a ratio table containing the measured intensities for both excitation wavelengths with and without background correction, as well as the ratio values with and without background correction for every ROI and every measurement time point. In the acquisition program, consecutively press the buttons: "start cutter", "mark all", "convert all", "physiology measurements", "Ok, "Ok". Save the files as tables and image stacks for off-line analysis.

3. Beta-hexosaminidase Release Measurement in PMCs

1	PMC (12–15 days old) 1 x 106 cells/mL
2	Anti-DNP-Antibody (IgE) stock solution
3	DNP-HSA stock solution
4	Compound 48/80 stock solution
5	Ionomycin
6	96-Well plate, v-shaped bottom
7	96-Well plates, flat bottom
8	Plastic centrifuge tubes (15 mL)
9	Serological pipettes
10	Cell incubator (37 °C and 5% CO2)
11	Bench Centrifuge
12	Microtiter plate reader for optical density measurements
13	Multichannel pipette (20–200 μL)
14	Hemocytometer

Table 3: Materials for Step 3.

1. Prior to the measurements, prepare the materials listed in Table 3.
   NOTE: β-hexosaminidase released from MCs after their stimulation hydrolyzes p-nitrophenyl-acetyl-D-glucosamine (pNAG) into p-nitrophenol and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The amount of β-hexosaminidase in the sample is proportional to the amount of p-nitrophenol that will be formed. In a high pH environment of "Stop Solution", p-nitrophenol exists as fully deprotonated p-nitrophenolat and can be detected by its light absorbance at 405 nm.
2. Prepare Tyrode's solution containing 130 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.4 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM HEPES, 5.6 mM glucose, and BSA 0.1%. Adjust the pH to 7.4 with 3 M NaOH.
3. Prepare the lysis solution by adding a 1% volume of Triton X-100 to the Tyrode's solution.
4. Prepare the stop solution composed of 200 mM glycine and adjust the pH to 10.7 with NaOH.
5. Prepare the pNAG solution (4-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside) solution by dissolving pNAG in 0.4 M citric acid to a final concentration of 4 mM.
6. Calculate the amount of the cells needed for the assay (perform the assay in duplicate). Use 200,000 PMCs per well. Use 2 wells as negative controls (Tyrode's solution without any secretagogues such as DNP or compound 48/80) and 2 wells as positive controls (Tyrode's solution with 10 µM Ionomycin) for every genotype.
7. Transfer the cells into a 15-mL plastic centrifuge tube, adjust the volume to 15 mL with Tyrode's solution, and centrifuge at 200 x g for 4 min. Remove the supernatant with a Pasteur pipette and resuspend the cells in Tyrode's solution to 2 x 10⁶ cells/mL.
8. Transfer 100 µL of the cell suspension per well to a 96-well V-bottom well plate. Add 25 µL of either stimulation or control solution to each well (according to the pipetting scheme illustrated in Figure 3A). Incubate the cells for 45 min at 37 °C and 5% CO₂.
9. Stop the reaction by placing the 96-well plate on ice for 5 min. Then, centrifuge the plate at 4 °C for 4 min at 120 x g. Transfer 120 µL of the supernatant using a multichannel pipette to a flat-bottom 96-well plate and place it on ice. Carefully avoid touching the cell pellets, but completely aspirate the supernatant.
10. Add 125 µL of lysis buffer to the cell pellets. Incubate the cell pellets for 5 min at room temperature and resuspend them after the incubation by repeated pipetting (approximately 5 times).
11. Pipette 25 µL of the pNAG solution (4 mM) in the required wells of a new flat-bottom 96-well plate. Add 25 µL from each supernatant to the prepared pNAG solution as well as 25 µL of each cell lysate.
12. Incubate the reaction batches for 1 h at 37 °C. After the incubation, pipette 150 µL of stop solution to each well to stop the reaction.
13. Analyze the plate with a microplate reader using a dual-wavelength setting at 405 nm with reference 630 nm for automatic background subtraction. In the acquisition program, tick the box "Reference" and in the "Absorbance" program element menu, select "630 nm" from the drop-down list. If the optical density of the samples is too high, prepare an appropriate dilution of the probe before remeasuring.
14. Calculate the percentage of β-hexosaminidase release according to the following equation:
    
    where Release [%] is the percent of specific beta-hexosaminidase release, A[supernatant] is the background corrected absorption of the supernatant, and A[lysate] is the background corrected absorption of the corresponding cell lysate.

Results

PMCs were isolated from 3 wild type mice (C57BL/6N) by intraperitoneal lavage and further cultured in RPMI medium supplemented with 20% FCS and 1% Pen-Strep in the presence of growth factors (IL-3 at 10 ng/mL and SCF at 30 ng/mL) under sterile humidified conditions at 37 °C and 5% CO₂. The medium was changed on days 2 and 9 after the cell isolation. The cell morphology was analyzed using transmission light DIC imaging (see Figure 1A, B...

Discussion

MC models can be successfully used to study MC degranulation, chemotaxis, adhesion, as well as to elucidate intracellular signaling transduction pathways involved in MC activation. Some researchers use human MCs models, such as immortalized lines (LAD2 and HMC1) or human MCs derived from cord blood progenitor cells (CD133+) and peripheral blood progenitor cells (CD34+). Others prefer rodent MC models, such as immortalized (rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 MC line) or primary cultured (mouse bone-marrow-derived MCs BMMCs, ...

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
RPMI Medium	Thermo Scientific	21875034
DPBS	Sigma-Aldrich	14190144
FCS	Thermo Scientific	R92157
IL-3	R&D Systems	403-ML
SCF	Thermo Scientific	PMC2115
Concanavalin A	Sigma-Aldrich	C2272
Fura-2 AM	Thermo Fischer Scientific	F1221
Pluronic F-127	Sigma-Aldrich	P2443
DNP-HSA	Sigma-Aldrich	A6661
Anti-DNP-Antibody	Sigma-Aldrich	D-8406
Penstrep	Thermo Scientific	15140122
Compound 48/80	Sigma-Aldrich	C2313
4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol	Sigma-Aldrich	X100
4-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside	Sigma-Aldrich	N9376
CoverWell Imaging Chamber	Sigma-Aldrich	GBL635051
96-Well plate, v-shaped bottom	Corning	3896
96-Well plates, flat bottom	Greiner Bio-One	655180
Microtiter plate reader with "i-control" software	Tecan	Nano Quant, infinite M200 Pro
Flat bottom plate	Greiner Bio-One	655180
Ionomycin	Sigma-Aldrich	I9657
50 mL Plastic Centrifuge Tubes	Sarstedt	62.547.254
Culture Flasks (25 cm)	Greiner Bio-One	69160
Cover slips glasses round; ø 25 mm; No. 1	Menzel	CB00250RA1
Hemocytometer	VWR	631-0696
Inverted Microscope	Zeiss	Observer Z1
Objectiv Fluar 40x/1.3 Oil	Zeiss	440260-9900
HC Filter Set Fura 2	AHF	H76-521
CCD Camera	Zeiss	AxioCam MRm
Monochromatic Light Source	Sutter Instruments	Lambda DG-4
Imaging Acquisition Program	Zeiss	AxioVision 4.8.2
Gravity fed solution application system	Custom Made	4-channel
15 mL Plastic Centrifuge Tubes	Sarstedt	62,554,502
Bench Centrifuge	Heraeus	Megafuge 1.0R