Measurement of Strial Blood Flow in Mouse Cochlea Utilizing an Open Vessel-Window and Intravital Fluorescence Microscopy

Summary

An open vessel-window approach using fluorescent tracers provides sufficient resolution for cochlear blood flow (CoBF) measurement. The method facilitates the study of structural and functional changes in CoBF in mouse under normal and pathological conditions.

Abstract

Transduction of sound is metabolically demanding, and the normal function of the microvasculature in the lateral wall is critical for maintaining endocochlear potential, ion transport, and fluid balance. Different forms of hearing disorders are reported to involve abnormal microcirculation in the cochlea. Investigation of how cochlear blood flow (CoBF) pathology affects hearing function is challenging due to the lack of feasible interrogation methods and the difficulty in accessing the inner ear. An open vessel-window in the lateral cochlear wall, combined with fluorescence intravital microscopy, has been used for studying CoBF changes in vivo, but mostly in guinea pig and only recently in the mouse. This paper and the associated video describe the open vessel-window method for visualizing blood flow in the mouse cochlea. Details include 1) preparation of the fluorescent-labeled blood cell suspension from mice; 2) construction of an open vessel-window for intravital microscopy in an anesthetized mouse, and 3) measurement of blood flow velocity and volume using an offline recording of the imaging. The method is presented in video format to show how to use the open window approach in mouse to investigate structural and functional changes in the cochlear microcirculation under normal and pathological conditions.

Introduction

Normal function of the microcirculation in the lateral cochlear wall (comprising the majority of the capillaries in the spiral ligament and stria vascularis) is critically important for maintaining hearing function¹. Abnormal CoBF is implicated in the pathophysiology of many inner ear disorders including noise-induced hearing loss, ear hydrops, and presbycusis^{2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}. ....

Protocol

NOTE: This is a non-survival surgery. All procedures involving the use of animals were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Oregon Health & Science University (IACUC approval number: TR01_IP00000968).

1. Preparation of the fluorescent-labeled blood cells

1. Anesthetize the donor mice (male C57BL/6J mice aged ~6 weeks) with an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of ketamine/xylazine anesthetic solution (5 mL/kg, see the Table of Materials).
   ​NOTE: This anesthesia protocol is very reliable and maintains systemic blood pressure.
2. Lay the mouse on its back, ....

Results

After surgical exposure of the cochlear capillaries in the lateral wall (Figure 1), intravital high-resolution fluorescence microscopic observation of Dil-labeled blood cells in FITC-dextran-labeled vessels was feasible through an open vessel-window. Figure 2A is a representative image taken under FIVM that shows the capillaries of the mouse cochlear apex-middle turn lateral wall. The lumina of these vessels is made visible by th.......

Discussion

This paper demonstrates how capillaries in the cochlear lateral wall (and in the stria vascularis) of a mouse model can be visualized with fluorophore labeling in an open vessel-window preparation under a FIVM system. Mouse model is widely used and preferred as a mammalian model for investigating  human health and disease. The protocol described here is a feasible approach for imaging and investigating CoBF in the mouse lateral wall (particularly in the stria vascularis) using an open vessel-window under FIVM system.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.9% Sodium Chloride	Hospira	NDC 0409-1966-02	0.6 mL (for 1 mL)
1,1′-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate	Sigma Aldrich	468495	20 µM
3,3′-Dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorateDio (3,3′-Dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate	Sigma Aldrich	D4292	20 µM
CODA Monitor system	Kent scientific		CODA Monitor, for monitoring blood pressure and heartbeat
Coverslip	Fisher Scientific	12-542A
DC Temperature Controller	FHC	40-90-8D
Fiji/ImageJ	NIH		Measurement of vessel diameter
FITC-dextran (2000 kDa)	Sigma Aldrich	FD2000s	40 mg/mL
Heparin Sodium Injection, USP MDV	Mylan	NDC 67457-374-12	5000 USP units/mL
Katathesia (100 mg/mL)	Henry Schein	NDC 11695-0702-1	0.2 mL (for 1 mL)
Microscope Objective	Mitutoyo	378-823-5	Model: M Plan Apo NIR 10x
ORCA-ER Camera	Hamamatsu		Model: C4742-80-12AG
PBS	Gibco	2085387
Xyzaine (100 mg/ml, 5x diluted for use )	Lloyd	LPFL04821	0.2 mL (for 1 mL)
Zoom Stereo Microscope	Olympus		Model: SZ61, fluorescent microscope