Defining Gene Functions in Tumorigenesis by Ex vivo Ablation of Floxed Alleles in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Cells

Summary

Here, we present a protocol for performing gene knockouts that are embryonic lethal in vivo in genetically engineered mouse model-derived tumors and then assessing the effect that the knockout has on tumor growth, proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, and the transcriptome in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract

The development of new drugs that precisely target key proteins in human cancers is fundamentally altering cancer therapeutics. However, before these drugs can be used, their target proteins must be validated as therapeutic targets in specific cancer types. This validation is often performed by knocking out the gene encoding the candidate therapeutic target in a genetically engineered mouse (GEM) model of cancer and determining what effect this has on tumor growth. Unfortunately, technical issues such as embryonic lethality in conventional knockouts and mosaicism in conditional knockouts often limit this approach. To overcome these limitations, an approach to ablating a floxed embryonic lethal gene of interest in short-term cultures of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) generated in a GEM model was developed.

This paper describes how to establish a mouse model with the appropriate genotype, derive short-term tumor cultures from these animals, and then ablate the floxed embryonic lethal gene using an adenoviral vector that expresses Cre recombinase and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). Purification of cells transduced with adenovirus using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and the quantification of the effects that gene ablation exerts on cellular proliferation, viability, the transcriptome, and orthotopic allograft growth is then detailed. These methodologies provide an effective and generalizable approach to identifying and validating therapeutic targets in vitro and in vivo. These approaches also provide a renewable source of low-passage tumor-derived cells with reduced in vitro growth artifacts. This allows the biological role of the targeted gene to be studied in diverse biologic processes such as migration, invasion, metastasis, and intercellular communication mediated by the secretome.

Introduction

Before the last two decades, the treatment of human cancers relied heavily on radiotherapy and chemotherapeutic agents that broadly targeted rapidly proliferating cellular populations by damaging DNA or inhibiting DNA synthesis. Although these approaches did inhibit cancer cell growth, they also had deleterious side effects on normal rapidly proliferating cell types such as intestinal epithelial cells and hair follicle cells. More recently, cancer therapy has begun to utilize chemotherapeutic agents that precisely target proteins within signaling pathways that are critically important for the growth of an individual patient's neoplasm. This approach, commonly refe....

Protocol

Prior to performing any procedures with mice, all procedures must be reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. The protocol described in this manuscript was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Medical University of South Carolina. This protocol was performed by properly trained personnel following MUSC's institutional animal care guidelines.

1. Generation of mice that develop MPNSTs homozygous for Erbb4 ^flox

Discussion

The detailed methods presented here were developed using a GEM model of MPNSTs. However, if the tumor tissue of interest can be dispersed into individual cells, these methodologies are easily adaptable for various tumor types arising in GEMs. It is important to ensure that the floxed allele does not result in i) decreased survival that can make it difficult to obtain sufficient mice to screen for tumors, or ii) increased tumor latency that can make it difficult to obtain enough tumor-bearing mice. If the floxed allele do.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Ad5CMV-eGFP	Gene Transfer Vector Core, Univ of Iowa	VVC-U of Iowa-4
Ad5CMVCre-eGFP	Gene Transfer Vector Core, Univ of Iowa	VVC-U of Iowa-1174
alexa 568 secondary antibody	Thermo/Fisher	GaR A11036
Bioconductor Open Source Software for Bioninformatics	Bioconductor	http://www.bioconductor.org	alternative statistical analysis tool used for step 4.4
CD31	Abcam	ab28364
Celigo Image Cytometer	Nexcelom Bioscience	N/A
Cell Stripper	Corning	25-056-Cl	mixture of chelators
DAB staining kit	Vector Labs	MP-7800
DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery)	DAVID	https://david.ncifcrf.gov	functional enrichment analysis software used for step 4.5
DMEM	Corning	15-013-Cl
DreamTaq and Buffer (Genotyping PCR)	Thermo/Fisher	EP0701 and K1072
erbB4 antibodies	Santa Cruz	sc-284
erbB4 antibodies	Abcam	ab35374
erbB4 antibodies	Millipore	HFR1: 05-1133
FACS Sorter	BD Biosciences	Aria II
Forskolin	Sigma	F6886
GenomeSpace Tools and Data Sources	GenomeSpace	https://genomespace.org/support/tools/	general resource for several types of open source bioinformatic tools for step 4.5
Glutamine	Corning	25-005-Cl
Gorilla Gene Ontology enRIchment anaLysis and visuaLizAtion tool	Gorilla	N/A, http://cbl-gorilla.cs.technion.ac.il	functional enrichment analysis software used for step 4.5
GSEA Gene Set Enrichment Analysis	Broad Institute	N/A, https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/index.jsp	functional enrichment analysis software used for step 4.5
HSD: Athymic Nude-FOxn1nu mice	Envigo (Previously Harlan Labs)	69
Illumina HiSeq2500 (next generation DNA sequencer)	Illumina	Hi Seq 2500	DNA sequencer used for step 4.2
Lasergene: ArrayStar Gene expression and variant analysis	DNAStar LaserGene software	N/A	software statistical and normalization analysis used for step 4.4
Lasergene: SeqMan NGen sequence alignment assembly	software alignment used for step 4.3	N/A	software alignment used for step 4.3
Matrigel, low growth factor basement membrane matrix	Corning	354230
NRG1-beta	In house	Generated by SLC, also commercially available from R & D Systems(396-HB-050/CF).
Nuclear Stain Hoeschst 33342	Thermo	62249
Panther Gene Ontology Classification System	Panther	http://pantherdb.org	functional enrichment analysis software used for step 4.5
Partek (BWA aligner and analyzer)	Partek, Ver 7	N/A	software alignment and statistical/normalization used for step 4.3
Pen/Strep	Corning	30-002-Cl
Primer 1: 5′-CAAATGCTCTCTCTGTTCTTTGT GTCTG- 3′	Eurofins Genomics	Primer 1 + 2: 250 bp ErbB4 null product and a 350 bp Floxed ErbB4 product;
Primer 2: 5′-TTTTGCCAAGTTCTAATTCCATC AGAAGC-3′	Eurofins Genomics	Primer 1 + 2: 250 bp ErbB4 null product and a 350 bp Floxed ErbB4 product;
Primer 3: 5′-TATTGTGTTCATCTATCATTGCA ACCCAG-3′	Eurofins Genomics	Primer 1 + 3: 350 bp wild-type ErbB4 product.
Propidium Iodine	Fisher	51-351-0
Proteom Profiler Phospho-Kinase Arrays	R&D Systems	ARY003B
Real time glo	Promega	G9712	bioluminescent cell viability assay
ToppGene Suite	ToppGene	https://toppgene.cchmc.org	functional enrichment analysis software used for step 4.5
Trizol (acid-quanidinium-phenol and choloroform based reagent)	Invitrogen	15596026
Tyramide Signal Amplification Kit	Perkin Elmer	NEL721001EA