Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

Summary

Here we present a protocol describing viral transduction of discrete brain regions with optogenetic constructs to permit synapse-specific electrophysiological characterization in acute rodent brain slices.

Abstract

Studying the physiological properties of specific synapses in the brain, and how they undergo plastic changes, is a key challenge in modern neuroscience. Traditional in vitro electrophysiological techniques use electrical stimulation to evoke synaptic transmission. A major drawback of this method is its nonspecific nature; all axons in the region of the stimulating electrode will be activated, making it difficult to attribute an effect to a particular afferent connection. This issue can be overcome by replacing electrical stimulation with optogenetic-based stimulation. We describe a method for combining optogenetics with in vitro patch-clamp recordings. This is a powerful tool for the study of both basal synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity of precise anatomically defined synaptic connections and is applicable to almost any pathway in the brain. Here, we describe the preparation and handling of a viral vector encoding channelrhodopsin protein for surgical injection into a pre-synaptic region of interest (medial prefrontal cortex) in the rodent brain and making of acute slices of downstream target regions (lateral entorhinal cortex). A detailed procedure for combining patch-clamp recordings with synaptic activation by light stimulation to study short- and long-term synaptic plasticity is also presented. We discuss examples of experiments that achieve pathway- and cell-specificity by combining optogenetics and Cre-dependent cell labeling. Finally, histological confirmation of the pre-synaptic region of interest is described along with biocytin labeling of the post-synaptic cell, to allow further identification of the precise location and cell type.

Introduction

Understanding the physiology of synapses and how they undergo plastic changes is fundamental for understanding how brain networks function in the healthy brain¹, and how they malfunction in brain disorders. The use of acute ex vivo brain slices allows for the recording of the electrical activity of synapses from single neurons with a high signal-to-noise ratio using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Control of membrane potential and straightforward pharmacological manipulation allows isolation of receptor subtypes. These recordings can be made with exquisite specificity to identify the post-synaptic neuron, including laminar and sub-r....

Protocol

All animal procedures were conducted in accordance with the United Kingdom Animals Scientific Procedures Act (1986) and associated guidelines as well as local institutional guidelines.

1. Stereotaxic viral injection

NOTE: The current protocol requires anatomical, but not post-synaptic cell type, specificity.

1. Choose the appropriate animal. Male wild-type Lister hooded rats were used in this protocol (300-350 g, approximately 3 months old).
2. Choose the appropriate viral construct. There are several factors to consider (see Discussion). The current protocol uses....

Results

In this protocol, we describe how to study long-range synaptic physiology and plasticity using viral delivery of optogenetic constructs. The protocol can be very easily adapted to studying almost any long-range connection in the brain. As an example, we describe the injection of AAVs encoding an opsin into rat mPFC, the preparation of acute slices from LEC, patch-clamp recordings from layer 5 LEC pyramidal neurons, and light-evoked activation of mPFC terminals in LEC (Figure 1).

Discussion

The protocol presented here describes a method to explore highly specific long-range synaptic projections using a combination of stereotaxic surgery to deliver AAVs encoding optogenetic constructs, and electrophysiology in acute brain slices (Figure 1). Together these techniques offer tools to characterize the physiology and plasticity of brain circuitry with high precision in long-range and anatomically diffuse pathways that were previously inaccessible using traditional, non-specific, elec.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.2 mL tube	Fisher Scientific Ltd	12134102
10 µL pipette	Gilson	FD10001
24 well plate	SARSTEDT	83.3922
3 way luer valve	Cole-Parmer	WZ-30600-02
3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) substrate	Vector Laboratories	SK-4105
40x objective	Olympus	LUMPLFLN40XW
4-aminopyridine	Hello Bio	HB1073
4x objective	Olympus	PLN4X/0.1
AAV9-CaMKiia-hChR2(E123T/T159C)-mCherry	Addgene	35512	Viral titre: 3.3x1013 GC/ml
Achromatic lens	Edmund Optics	49363	Focusses visual spectrum and near-IR
Benchtop microcentrifuge	Benchmark Scientific	C1005*
Biocytin	Sigma-Aldrich	B4261
Borosillicate glass capillary	Warner Instruments	G150F-6
Burr	Fine science tools	19008-07
CaCl2	Sigma-Aldrich	C5670
Camera - Qimaging Retiga Electro	Photometrics	01-ELECTRO-M-14-C
Carbachol	Tocris	2810
Chlorhexidine surgical scrub	Vetasept	XHG008
Clippers	Andis	22445	AGC Super 2-Speed Detachable Blade Clipper
Collimation condenser lens	ThorLabs	ACL2520-A
Coverslips	Fisher Scientific Ltd	10011913
Cryostat	Leica	CM3050 S
CsMeSO4	Sigma-Aldrich	C1426
Cyanoacrylate glue	Rapid Electronics Ltd	84-4557
Data acquisition device	National Instruments	USB-6341 BNC
D-glucose	Sigma-Aldrich	G8270
Dichroic mirror 500 nm long-pass	Edmund Optics	69899
Dichroic mirror 600 nm long-pass	Edmund Optics	69901
Dichroic mirror cube	ThorLabs	CM1-DCH/M
EGTA	Millpore	324626
Electrode holder with side port	HEKA	895150
Emission filter	Chroma	59022m
Excitation filter	Chroma	ET570/20x
Eye gel	Dechra	Lubrithal
Fine paint brush	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	BRU2052
Guillotine	World Precision Instruments	DCAP
HEPES	Sigma-Aldrich	H3375
Hydrogen peroxide solution	Sigma-Aldrich	H1009	30% (w/w)
Isoflurane	Henry Schein	988-3245
Isopentane	Sigma-Aldrich	M32631
KCl	Sigma-Aldrich	P3911
k-gluconate	Sigma-Aldrich	G4500
Kinematic fluorescence filter cube	ThorLabs	DFM1T1
LED driver	ThorLabs	LEDD1B
Lidocaine ointment	Teva	80007150
MgATP	Sigma-Aldrich	A9187
MgCl	Sigma-Aldrich	M2670
MgSO4	Sigma-Aldrich	M7506
Micro drill	Harvard Apparatus	75-1887
Microelectrode puller	Sutter instruments	P-87
Microinjection syringe	Hamilton	7634-01/00
Microinjection syringe needle	Hamilton	7803-05	Custom specification: gauge 33, length 15mm, point style 4 - 12°
Microinjection syringe pump	World Precision Instruments	UMP3T-1
Mounted blue LED	ThorLabs	M470L5
Mounted green LED	ThorLabs	M565L3
Na2HPO4.7H2O	Sigma-Aldrich	S9390
NaCl	Sigma-Aldrich	S9888
NaGTP	Sigma-Aldrich	G8877
NaH2PO4	Sigma-Aldrich	S0751
NaH2PO4.H2O	Sigma-Aldrich	S9638
NaHCO3	Sigma-Aldrich	S5761
NIR LED	OSRAM	SFH4550	Used for refracted IR imaging of slice, differential interference contrast (DIC) optics is another commonly used method
OCT medium	VWR International	RAYLLAMB/OCT	Optimal cutting temperature medium
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma-Aldrich	158127
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma-Aldrich	P6148
Patch clamp amplifier	Molecular Devices	700A
Peristaltic pump	World Precision Instruments	Ministar
Poly-L-lysine coated microscope slides	Fisher Scientific Ltd	23-769-310
Recording chamber	Warner Instruments	RC-26G
Scalpel blade	Swann Morton	#24
Slice anchor	Warner Instruments	SHD-26-GH/15
Stereotaxic frame	Kopf	Model 902
Stereotaxic holder for micro drill	Harvard Apparatus	75-1874
Sucrose	Sigma-Aldrich	S0389
Surgical Microscope	Carl Zeiss	OPMI 1 FR pro
Suture	Ethicon	W577H
Syringe filter for intracellular recording solution	Thermo Scientific Nalgene	171-0020
Tetrodotoxin citrate	Hello Bio	HB1035
Transfer pipettes	Fisher Scientific Ltd	10458842
Triton X-100	Sigma-Aldrich	X100
Upright fluorescence microscope	Leica	DM6 B
VECTASHIELD Antifade Mounting Medium with DAPI	Vector Laboratories	H-1200-10
VECTASTAIN ABC-HRP kit	Vector Laboratories	PK-4000
Vibratome	Campden Instruments	7000smz-2
WinLTP	https://www.winltp.com/	Version 2.32	Data acquisition software
Solution
aCSF
sucrose cutting solution
PFA
Intracellular?