Using Optogenetics to Reverse Neuroplasticity and Inhibit Cocaine Seeking in Rats

Summary

The methods described here outline a procedure used to optogenetically reverse cocaine-induced plasticity in a behaviorally-relevant circuit in rats. Sustained low-frequency optical stimulation of thalamo-amygdala synapses induces long-term depression (LTD). In vivo optogenetically-induced LTD in cocaine-experienced rats resulted in the subsequent attenuation of cue-motivated drug seeking.

Abstract

This protocol demonstrates the steps needed to use optogenetic tools to reverse cocaine-induced plasticity at thalamo-amygdala circuits to reduce subsequent cocaine seeking behaviors in the rat. In our research, we had found that when rats self-administer intravenous cocaine paired with an audiovisual cue, synapses formed at inputs from the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (MGN) onto principal neurons of the lateral amygdala (LA) become stronger as the cue-cocaine association is learned. We hypothesized that reversal of the cocaine-induced plasticity at these synapses would reduce cue-motivated cocaine seeking behavior. In order to accomplish this type of neuromodulation in vivo, we wanted to induce synaptic long-term depression (LTD), which decreases the strength of MGN-LA synapses. To this end, we used optogenetics, which allows neuromodulation of brain circuits using light. The excitatory opsin oChiEF was expressed on presynaptic MGN terminals in the LA by infusing an AAV containing oChiEF into the MGN. Optical fibers were then implanted in the LA and 473 nm laser light was pulsed at a frequency of 1 Hz for 15 minutes to induce LTD and reverse cocaine induced plasticity. This manipulation produces a long-lasting reduction in the ability of cues associated with cocaine to induce drug seeking actions.

Introduction

Substance abuse is a very serious public health issue in the U.S. and worldwide. Despite decades of intense research, there are very few effective therapeutic options^1,2. A major setback to treatment is the fact that chronic drug use generates long-term associative memories between environmental cues and the drug itself. Re-exposure to drug-related cues drives physiological and behavioral responses that motivate continued drug use and relapse³. A novel therapeutic strategy is to enact memory-based treatments that aim to manipulate the circuits involved in regulating drug-cue association....

Protocol

The experiments described in this protocol were consistent with the guidelines set forth by the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the University of Pittsburgh's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. All procedures were performed using adult, naïve Sprague-Dawley rats that weighed 275-325 g upon arrival.

1. Construction of Optic Fiber Implants and Patch Cables

1. Prepare optic fi.......

Discussion

As described above, there are several critical steps that are important for achieving the proper experimental results. The protocol will likely only be effective in animals that properly acquire cocaine self-administration, and to date, it has only been tested using the parameters outlined above. It is possible that cocaine dose, schedule of reinforcement, and cue parameters can be modified with likely little effect on behavioral outcomes, with the exception that a second-order schedule of reinforcement may lead to amygd.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.9% Saline	Fisher Scientific	NC0291799
A.M.P.I. Stimulus Isolator	Iso-Flex
AAV5.hSyn.oChIEF.tdTomato	Duke Viral Vector Core (via Roger Tsien)	#268	See Lin et al., 2009; Nabavi et al., 2014
AAV5.hSyn.tdTomato (Control)	Duke Viral Vector Core Control		See Lin et al., 2009; Nabavi et al., 2014
Artificial Tears (Opthalmic Ointment)	Covetrus	70349
ATP Magnesium Salt	Fisher Scientific	A9187
Betadine	Butler Schein	38250
Calcium chloride	Fisher Scientific	C1016
Cesium chloride	Fisher Scientific	289329
Cesium hydroxide	Fisher Scientific	516988
Cesium methanesulfonate	Fisher Scientific	C1426
Cocaine HCl	NIDA Drug Supply Center	9041-001
Cryostat	Leica	CM1950
D-Glucose	Sigma-Aldrich	G8270
DMSO	Fisher Scientific	BP231-1
Dual-Channel Temperature Controller	Warner Instruments	TC-344C
EGTA	Fisher Scientific	E3889
Ethanol	University of Pittsburgh Chemistry Stockroom	200C5000
Ferrule Dust Caps	Thor Labs	CAPL	White plastic dust caps for 1.25 mm Ferrules
Ferrule Mating Sleeves	Doric Lenses	F210-3011	Sleeve_BR_1.25, Bronze, 1.25 mm ID
Ferrules	Precision Fiber Products	MM-FER2007C-2300	Ø1.25 mm Multimode LC/PC Ceramic ferrule, Ø230 μm hole size
Fiber Optic	Thor Labs	FP200URT	200 μm core multimode fiber (0.5 NA)
Fiber Optic Rotary Joint	Prizmatix	(Ordered from Amazon)	18 mm diameter, FC-FC connector for fiber
Fiber Stripping Tool	Thor Labs	T12S21
Fluoroshield with DAPI	Sigma-Aldrich	F6057
Gentamicin	Henry Schein	6913
GTP Sodium Salt	Fisher Scientific	G8877
Hamilton syringe	Hamilton	80085	10 μL volume, 26 gauge, 2 inch, point style 3
Heat Gun	Allied Electronics	972-6966	250 V, 750-800 °F
Heat-Curable Epoxy	Precision Fiber Products	PFP-353ND-8OZ
Heparin	Henry Schein	55737
HEPES	Sigma-Aldrich	H3375
Hydrochloric Acid	Fisher Scientific	219405490
Isoflurane	Henry Schein	29405
Ketamine HCl	Henry Schein	55853	Ketamine is a controlled substance and should be handled according to institutional guidelines
Lactated Ringer’s	Henry Schein	9846
Laser, driver, and laser-to-fiber coupler	OEM Laser Systems	BL-473-00100-CWM-SD-xx-LED-0	100 mW, 473-nm, diode-pumped solid-state laser (One option)
L-glutathione	Fisher Scientific	G4251
Lidocaine	Butler Schein	14583
Light Sensor	Thor Labs	PM100D	Compact energy meter console with digital display
Loctite instant adhesive	Grainger	5E207
Magnesium sulfate	Sigma-Aldrich	203726
Microelectrode Amplifier/Data Acquisition	Molecular Devices	MULTICLAMP700B / Digidata 1440A
Microinjector pump	Harvard Apparatus	70-4501	Dual syringe
Micromanipulator	Sutter Instruments	MPC-200/ROE-200
Microscope	Olympus	BX51WI	Upright microscope for electrophysiology
Microscope	Olympus	BX61VS	Epifluorescent slide-scanning microscope
N-methyl-D-glucamine	Sigma-Aldrich	M2004
Orthojet dental cement, liquid	Lang Dental	1504BLK	black
Orthojet dental cement, powder	Lang Dental	1530BLK	Contemporary powder, black
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma-Aldrich	P6148
Patch Cables	Thor Labs	FP200ERT	Multimode, FT030 Tubing
Picrotoxin	Fisher Scientific	AC131210010
Polishing Disc	Thor Labs	D50FC
Polishing Pad	Thor Labs	NRS913	9" x 13"
Polishing Paper	Thor Labs	LFG5P	5 μm grit
Polishing Paper	Thor Labs	LFG3P	3 μm grit
Polishing Paper	Thor Labs	LFG1P	1 μm grit
Polishing Paper	Thor Labs	LFG03P	0.3 μm grit
Potassium chloride	Sigma-Aldrich	P9333
Potassium hydroxide	Fisher Scientific	P5958
Potassium methanesulfonate	Fisher Scientific	83000
QX-314-Cl	Alomone Labs	Q-150
Rimadyl (Carprofen)	Henry Schein	24751
Self-Administration Chambers/Software	Med Associates	MED-NP5L-D1
Sodium bicarbonate	Sigma-Aldrich	S5761
Sodium chloride	Sigma-Aldrich	S7653
Sodium Hydroxide	Sigma-Aldrich	1064980500
Sodium L-Ascorbate	Sigma-Aldrich	A7631
Sodium Pentobarbital	Henry Schein	24352
Sodium phosphate	Sigma-Aldrich	S9638
Sodium phosphocreatine	Fisher Scientific	P7936
Sodium pyruvate	Sigma-Aldrich	P2256
Stainless steel machine screws	WW Grainger	6GB25	M2-0.40mm Machine Screw, Pan, Phillips, A2 Stainless Steel, Plain, 3 mm Length
Stereotaxic adapter for ferrules	Thor Labs	XCL
Stereotaxic Frame	Stoelting	51603
Sucrose	Sigma-Aldrich	S8501
Suture Thread	Fine Science Tools	18020-50	Silk thread; Size: 5/0, Diameter: 0.12 mm
TEA-Chloride	Fisher Scientific	T2265
Thiourea	Sigma-Aldrich	T8656
Vetbond Tissue Adhesive	Covetrus	001505
Vibratome	Leica	VT1200S
Xylazine	Butler Schein	33198