A Model of Reverse Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Left Heart Disease by Aortic Debanding in Rats

Summary

The present protocol describes a surgical procedure to remove ascending-aortic banding in a rat model of pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease. This technique studies endogenous mechanisms of reverse remodeling in the pulmonary circulation and the right heart, thus informing strategies to reverse pulmonary hypertension and/or right ventricular dysfunction.

Abstract

Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease (PH-LHD) is the most common form of PH, yet its pathophysiology is poorly characterized than pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). As a result, approved therapeutic interventions for the treatment or prevention of PH-LHD are missing. Medications used to treat PH in PAH patients are not recommended for treatment of PH-LHD, as reduced pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and increased pulmonary blood flow in the presence of increased left-sided filling pressures may cause left heart decompensation and pulmonary edema. New strategies need to be developed to reverse PH in LHD patients. In contrast to PAH, PH-LHD develops due to increased mechanical load caused by congestion of blood into the lung circulation during left heart failure. Clinically, mechanical unloading of the left ventricle (LV) by aortic valve replacement in aortic stenosis patients or by implantation of LV assist devices in end-stage heart failure patients normalizes not only pulmonary arterial and right ventricular (RV) pressures but also PVR, thus providing indirect evidence for reverse remodeling in the pulmonary vasculature. Using an established rat model of PH-LHD due to left heart failure triggered by pressure overload with subsequent development of PH, a model is developed to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms of this physiological reverse remodeling process. Specifically, an aortic debanding surgery was performed, which resulted in reverse remodeling of the LV myocardium and its unloading. In parallel, complete normalization of RV systolic pressure and significant but incomplete reversal of RV hypertrophy was detectable. This model may present a valuable tool to study the mechanisms of physiological reverse remodeling in the pulmonary circulation and the RV, aiming to develop therapeutic strategies for treating PH-LHD and other forms of PH.

Introduction

Heart failure is the leading cause of death in developed countries and is expected to increase by 25% over the next decade. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) - a pathological increase of blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation - affects approximately 70% of patients with end-stage heart failure; the World Health Organization classifies PH as pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease (PH-LHD)¹. PH-LHD is initiated by impaired systolic and/or diastolic left ventricular (LV) function that results in elevated filling pressure and passive congestion of blood into the pulmonary circulation². Albeit initially reversible, P....

Protocol

All procedures were performed following the "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" (Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, 8th edition 2011) and approved by the local governmental animal care and use committee of the German State Office for Health and Social Affairs (Landesamt für Gesundheit und Soziales (LaGeSO), Berlin; protocol no. G0030/18). First, congestive heart failure was surgically induced in juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats ~100 g body weight (bw) (see Table of Materials

Discussion

Here, a detailed surgical technique for aortic debanding in a rat AoB model is reported that can be utilized to investigate the reversibility of PH-LHD and the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive reverse remodeling in the pulmonary vasculature and the RV. Three weeks of aortic constriction in juvenile rats results in PH-LHD evident as increased LV pressures, LV hypertrophy, and concomitantly increased RV pressures and RV hypertrophy. Aortic debanding at week 3 post-AoB was able to unload the LV and fully reverse.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Amoxicillin	Ratiopharm	PC: 04150075615985	Antibiotic
Anti-BNP antibody	Abcam	ab239510	Western Blotting
Aquasonic 100 Ultrasound gel	Parker Laboratories	BT-025-0037L	Echocardiography consumables
Bepanthen	Bayer	6029009.00.00	Eye ointment eye ointment
Carprosol (Carprofen)	CP-Pharma	401808.00.00	Analgesic
Clip holder	Weck stainless USA	523140S	Surgical instruments
Fine scissors Tungsten carbide	Fine Science Tools	14568-12	Surgical scissors
Fine scissors Tungsten carbide	Fine Science Tools	14568-09	Surgical scissors
High-resolution imaging system	FUJIFILM VisualSonics, Amsterdam, Netherlands	VeVo 3100	Echocardiography machine. Images were acquired with pulse-wave Doppler mode, M-mode and B-mode
Isoflurane	CP-Pharma	400806.00.00	Anesthetic
Ketamine	CP-Pharma	401650.00.00	Anesthetic
Mathieu needle holder	Fine Science Tools	12010-14	Surgical instruments
Mechanical ventilator (Rodent ventilator)	UGO Basile S.R.L.	7025	Volume controlled respirator
Metal clip	Hemoclip	523735	Surgical consumables
Microscope	Leica	M651	Manual surgical microscope for microsurgical procedures
Millar Mikro-Tip pressure catheters	ADInstruments	SPR-671	Hemodynamics assessment
Moria Iris forceps	Fine Science Tools	11373-12	Surgical forceps
Noyes spring scissors	Fine Science Tools	15013-12	Surgical scissors
Povidone iodine/iodophor solution	B/Braun	16332M01	Disinfection
PowerLab	ADInstruments	4_35	Hemodynamics assessment
Prolene Suture, 4-0	Ethicon	EH7830	Surgical consumables
Rib spreader (Alm selfretaining retractor blunt, 70 mm, 2 3/4″)	Austos	AE-BV010R	Surgical instruments
Serrated Graefe forceps	Fine Science Tools	11052-10	Surgical forceps
Silk Suture, 4-0	Ethicon	K871	Surgical consumables
Skin disinfiction solution (colored)	B/Braun	19412M07	Disinfection
Spectra 360 Elektrode gel	Parker Laboratories	TB-250-0241H	Echocardiography consumables
Sponge points tissue	Sugi	REF 30601	Surgical consumables
Sprague-Dawley rat	Janvier Labs, Le Genest-Saint-Isle, France		Study animals
Tracheal cannula			Outer diameter 2 mm
Xylazin	CP-Pharma	401510.00.00	Anesthetic