Dynamic Light Scattering Analysis for the Determination of the Particle Size of Iron-Carbohydrate Complexes

Summary

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) has emerged as a suitable assay for evaluating the particle size and distribution of intravenously administered iron-carbohydrate complexes. However, the protocols lack standardization and need to be modified for each iron-carbohydrate complex analyzed. The present protocol describes the application and special considerations for the analysis of iron sucrose.

Abstract

Intravenously administered iron-carbohydrate nanoparticle complexes are widely used to treat iron deficiency. This class includes several structurally heterogeneous nanoparticle complexes, which exhibit varying sensitivity to the conditions required for the methodologies available to physicochemically characterize these agents. Currently, the critical quality attributes of iron-carbohydrate complexes have not been fully established. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) has emerged as a fundamental method to determine intact particle size and distribution. However, challenges still remain regarding the standardization of methodologies across laboratories, specific modifications required for individual iron-carbohydrate products, and how the size distribution can be best described. Importantly, the diluent and serial dilutions used must be standardized. The wide variance in approaches for sample preparation and data reporting limit the use of DLS for the comparison of iron-carbohydrate agents. Herein, we detail a robust and easily reproducible protocol to measure the size and size distribution of the iron-carbohydrate complex, iron sucrose, using the Z-average and polydispersity index.

Introduction

Iron sucrose (IS) is a colloidal solution comprised of nanoparticles consisting of a complex of a polynuclear iron-oxyhydroxide core and sucrose. IS is widely employed to treat iron deficiency among patients with a wide variety of underlying disease states who do not tolerate oral iron supplementation or for whom oral iron is not effective¹. IS belongs to the drug class of complex drugs as defined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which is a class of drugs with complex chemistry commensurate with biologicals². The regulatory evaluation of complex drug products may require additional orthogonal physicochemical me....

Protocol

1. Operating the machine

1. Starting up the machine and software
   NOTE: Supplemental Figure S1A-D describes the steps for starting up the machine and software.
   1. Switch on the instrument at least 30 min before starting the measurements, and then start the PC.
   2. Double-click on the instrument software icon to start the program.
   3. Enter the username and password in the login window. Ensure that each user has their own account.
   4. Wait for all three black bars at the bottom right corner to light up green, indicating that the unit is ready for operation.
   5. In the....

Results

The method described was validated according to ICH Q2(R1)²⁰, which involved the measurement of test solutions under varying conditions. The precision was only 0.5% RSD for the Z-average size, while a maximum of 3.5% RSD was calculated for the PDI. The mean results from different analysts and days only differed by 0.4% for the Z-average size and 1.5% for the PDI. Statistics were calculated from 12 measurements performed by two analysts on varying days. Neither changes in the test concentration in .......

Discussion

DLS has become a fundamental assay for the determination of the size and size distribution of nanoparticles for applications in drug development and regulatory evaluation. Despite advances in DLS techniques, methodologic challenges still exist regarding the diluent selection and sample preparation, which are especially relevant for iron-carbohydrate complexes in colloidal solutions. Importantly, DLS methods for iron-carbohydrate nanomedicines have not yet been studied extensively in the biological milieu (e.g., the plasm.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Equipment
Zetasizer Nano ZS	Malvern	NA	equipped with Zetasizer software 7.12, Helium Neon laser (633 nm, max. 4 mW) and 173° backscattering geometry
Materials
Disposable plastic cuvettes
LLG-Disposable plastic cells	LLG labware	LLG-Küvetten, Makro, PS; Order number 9.406011
low-particle water			(The use of freshly deionized and filtered (pore size 0.2 μm) water is recommended).
Microlitre pipette
Venofer 100 mg/5 mL	Vifor Pharma
Volumetric flask 25 mL
Nanosphere	Thermo	3020A	Particle Standard
Software
Origin Pro v.8.5	Origin Lab Corporation