Examining the Effect of Pesticides on Caenorhabditis elegans Neurons

Summary

Young adult Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes are exposed to different concentrations of commercial pesticides or other toxicants for 2-24 h. Then, different neurons can be visualized using fluorescent-expressing strains. This paper demonstrates how to expose nematodes to pesticides and assess neuron damage.

Abstract

Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful model organism used in many research laboratories to understand the consequences of exposure to chemical pollutants, pesticides, and a wide variety of toxic substances. These nematodes are easy to work with and can be used to generate novel research findings, even in the undergraduate biology laboratory. A multi-week laboratory series of authentic, student-driven research projects trains students in a toolkit of techniques and approaches in behavioral measurements, cell biology, and microscopy that they then apply to their projects. One technique in that toolkit is quantifying the percentage of neurons exhibiting neurodegenerative damage following exposure to a chemical toxicant like a pesticide. Young adult C. elegans nematodes can be exposed to different concentrations of commercially available pesticides or other types of toxicants for 2-24 h. Then, undergraduate students can visualize different neuron subtypes using fluorescent-expressing strains of C. elegans. These techniques do not require sophisticated image processing software and are effective at even low magnifications, making the need for expensive confocal microscopy unnecessary. This paper demonstrates how to treat the nematodes with pesticides and how to image and score the neurons. It also provides a straightforward protocol for the microscopy and analysis of neuron morphology. The materials used for this technique are inexpensive and readily available in most undergraduate biology departments. This technique can be combined with behavioral measures like locomotion, basal slowing, or egg-laying to conduct a potentially publishable series of experiments and give undergraduate students an authentic research experience at a very low cost.

Introduction

Caenorhabditis elegans is an excellent model organism for laboratory course training in biological science courses for introductory- and intermediate-level students. This laboratory procedure can be used as part of a multi-week module that explores various effects of commonly used pesticides on C. elegans behavior and cell biology. Students can learn how to design and carry out independent projects that teach them data analysis and presentation skills. This paper focuses on the protocols for exposing C. elegans to pesticide mixtures and then observing and analyzing the effects on neuron morphology.

Lawn chemical p....

Protocol

All use of invertebrate animals was in compliance with the animal care and use guidelines of the institution.

1. Preparation of pesticide-coated Petri plates

1. Prepare agar Petri dishes (6 cm diameter work best) using standard procedures⁶.
   NOTE: These can be made months in advance and stored in the refrigerator until use. Bring plates to room temperature (RT) on the benchtop. In most cases, the student groups should be provided with a p.......

Discussion

The protocols described in this manuscript work successfully alone or as part of a multi-week independent student group project. The protocols are also amenable to stand-alone, one-week exploratory experiences. The nematode strains are cheap and easy to maintain in the research laboratory. Students can readily learn how to pick worms with a worm pick or how to move them by flushing plates with water and allowing them to settle by gravity. The experiments can be performed over the course of a single lab period or over mul.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Agar	Fisher Scientific	BP97445
Agarose	Fisher Scientific	MP1AGAH0250
Alcohol lamp	Fisher Scientific	17012826
Bunsen burner	Fisher Scientific	17-012-820
C. elegans strains	C. elegans Genetics Center
CaCl	Fisher Scientific	10035-04-8
Cholesterol	Fisher Scientific	AAA1147030
Coverslips	Fisher Scientific	12-545-AP
Digital camera	Nikon		These can vary depending on the requirement
Dissecting scope	Nikon	SMZ745
E. coli strain (OP50)	C. elegans Genetics Center
Ethanol	Fisher Scientific	BP2818100
Fluorescent scope	Nikon		These can vary depending on the requirement
Imaging software	Nikon		These can vary depending on the requirement
Inoculation loop	Fisher Scientific	131045
LB Broth Base	Fisher Scientific	BP9723-500
MgSO4	Fisher Scientific	10034-99-8
Microfuge tubes	Fisher Scientific	05408129
Microscope slides	Fisher Scientific	22-265446
Pasteur pipets	Fisher Scientific	13-678-20A
Petri dishes	Fisher Scientific	AS4050
Pipette tips	Fisher Scientific	94060316
Pipetters	Fisher Scientific	14-386-319
Platinum wire	Genesee Scientific	59-1M30P
Potassium Phosphate buffer	Fisher Scientific	AAJ61413AP
Sodium azide	Fisher Scientific	AC447810250