Endothelial Cell Transcytosis Assay as an In Vitro Model to Evaluate Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier Permeability

Summary

This protocol illustrates an in vitro endothelial cell transcytosis assay as a model to evaluate inner blood-retinal barrier permeability by measuring the ability of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells to transport horseradish peroxidase across cells in caveolae-mediated transcellular transport processes.

Abstract

Dysfunction of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) contributes to the pathophysiology of several vascular eye diseases, often resulting in retinal edema and subsequent vision loss. The inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB) is mainly composed of retinal vascular endothelium with low permeability under physiological conditions. This feature of low permeability is tightly regulated and maintained by low rates of paracellular transport between adjacent retinal microvascular endothelial cells, as well as transcellular transport (transcytosis) through them. The assessment of retinal transcellular barrier permeability may provide fundamental insights into iBRB integrity in health and disease. In this study, we describe an endothelial cell (EC) transcytosis assay, as an in vitro model for evaluating iBRB permeability, using human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs). This assay assesses the ability of HRMECs to transport transferrin and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in receptor- and caveolae-mediated transcellular transport processes, respectively. Fully confluent HRMECs cultured on porous membrane were incubated with fluorescent-tagged transferrin (clathrin-dependent transcytosis) or HRP (caveolae-mediated transcytosis) to measure the levels of transferrin or HRP transferred to the bottom chamber, indicative of transcytosis levels across the EC monolayer. Wnt signaling, a known pathway regulating iBRB, was modulated to demonstrate the caveolae-mediated HRP-based transcytosis assay method. The EC transcytosis assay described here may provide a useful tool for investigating the molecular regulators of EC permeability and iBRB integrity in vascular pathologies and for screening drug delivery systems.

Introduction

The human retina is one of the highest energy-demanding tissues in the body. Proper functioning of the neural retina requires an efficient supply of oxygen and nutrients along with a restricted flux of other potentially harmful molecules to protect the retinal environment, which is mediated via the blood-retinal barrier (BRB)¹. Similar to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the central nervous system, the BRB acts as a selective barrier in the eye, regulating the movement of ions, water, amino acids, and sugar in and out of the retina. BRB also maintains retinal homeostasis and its immune privilege by preventing exposure to circulatory factors suc....

Protocol

All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at Boston Children's Hospital for the generation of light microscopy and EM images (Figure 3). Protocols for the in vivo studies can be obtained from Wang et al.²⁴. All experiments involving human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) were approved by the Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) at Boston Children's Hospital.

Discussion

BRB plays an essential role in retinal health and disease. In vitro techniques assessing vascular permeability have proven to be crucial tools in studies concerning barrier (BRB/BBB) development and function. The procedure described here could be utilized to study the molecular mechanisms underlying EC transcytosis or evaluate related molecular modulators affecting BRB permeability. In vitro EC transcytosis assays have multiple advantages over in vivo assays or techniques used for evaluating va.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Biological Safety Cabinet	Thermo Electron Corporation, Thermo Fisher Scientific	1286
Cell culture petridish	Nest Biotechnology	704001
Centrifuge	Eppendorf	5702
Centrifuge tubes (15 mL)	Corning Inc.	352097
Centrifuge tubes (50 mL)	Denville Scientific Inc.	C1062-P
Cyanine 3-human Transferrin	Jackson ImmunoResearch	AB_2337082
Endothelial Cell Basal Medium-2 (EBM-2)	Lonza Bioscience	CC-3156
Endothelial Cell Growth Medium-2 (EGM-2) SingleQuots supplements	Lonza Bioscience	CC-4176
EVOM Millicell Electrical Resistance System-2 (ERS-2)	Millipore	MERS00002
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)	Lonza Bioscience	CC-4102B
Gelatin	Sigma-Aldrich	G7765
Hemocytometer (2-chip)	Bulldog Bio	DHC-N002
Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP)	Sigma-Aldrich	P8250
Human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMEC)	Cell Systems	ACBRI 181
Incubator	Thermo Electron Corporation, Thermo Fisher Scientific	3110
L cells (for Control-conditioned medium)	ATCC	CRL-2648
L Wnt-3A cells (for Wnt3A-conditioned medium)	ATCC	CRL-2647
Light microscope	Leica	DMi1
Multimode Plate Reader	EnSight, PerkinElmer
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer (1x)	GIBCO	10010-023
QuantaBlu Fluorogenic Peroxidase Substrate kit	Thermo Fisher Scientific	15169
Recombinant human Norrin (rhNorrin)	R&D Systems	3014-NR
Recombinant human Vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF)	R&D Systems	293-VE
Syringe filter (0.22 µm)	Millipore	SLGP033RS
Transwell inserts (6.5 mm transwell, 0.4 µm pore polyester membrane insert)	Corning Inc.	CLS3470-48EA
Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%) (1x)	GIBCO	25-200-072
Water bath	Precision, Thermo Fisher Scientific	51221060
XAV939 (Wnt/β-catenin Inhibitor)	Selleckchem	S1180