A Modified Technique for Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Summary

The present protocol describes a modified and simplified technique with a minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (TAC) procedure using a self-made retractor. This procedure can be conducted without a ventilator or microscope and introduces pressure overload, eventually leading to cardiac hypertrophy or heart failure.

Abstract

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) is a frequently used surgery in research regarding heart failure and cardiac hypertrophy based on the formation of pressure overload in mouse models. The main challenge of this procedure is to clearly visualize the transverse aortic arch and precisely band the target vessel. Classical approaches perform a partial thoracotomy to expose the transverse aortic arch. However, it is an open-chest model that causes a rather large surgical trauma and requires a ventilator during the surgery. To prevent unnecessary trauma and simplify the operating procedure, the aortic arch is approached via the proximal proportion of the sternum, reaching and binding the target vessel using a small self-made retractor that contains a snare. This procedure can be conducted without entering the pleura cavity and does not need a ventilator or microsurgical operation, which leaves the mice with physiological breathing patterns, simplifies the procedure, and significantly reduces operation time. Due to the less invasive approach and less operation time, mice can undergo fewer stress reactions and recover rapidly.

Introduction

Heart failure is a complex clinical symptom that results from impaired structure and function of ventricular filling or ejecting blood¹. The disease stage is mainly defined via the New York Heart Association function classification based on the severity of symptoms and physical activity². For those patients with an ejection fraction of over 50%, structural and/or functional abnormalities raised natriuretic peptides to support the diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)². Ischemic heart disease is a leading cause among multiple etiologies of heart failure. Thus,....

Protocol

The current protocol is approved by the ethics committee of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. This procedure is performed on male adult C57/BL6 mice (>10 weeks of age). All surgical instruments were sterilized by autoclaving before the operation.

1. Preparation of surgical instrument

1. Prepare a 5 mL syringe and pinch off the tip of the needle with a needle holder to blunt it. 
2. Prepare a 27 G needle and blunt it with a needle holder. Cutting the tip of the needle with ophthalmic scissors is an alternative way to blunt the needle....

Results

After successful TAC surgery, pressure overload was detected using an ultrasound imaging system. Four weeks after surgery, mice develop decreased heart function. In the present study, the efficacy of TAC surgery was validated via ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), left ventricular mass (LV mass) and left ventricular internal diameter (LVID) of mice who underwent TAC surgery after 4 weeks. EF was significantly reduced in TAC mice after 4 weeks compared to sham mice (47% ± 10% vs. 78% ± .......

Discussion

The induction of sustained pressure overload can gradually cause cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. This model has been used in numerous laboratories around the world^14,15,16. The protocol provided an improved TAC method that does not need microsurgical skills or mechanical ventilation.

The most important step in this protocol is passing silk suture under the aortic arch. When the snare has hooked.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
4-0 nonabsorbable suture	Jinhuan	HM403	Used for suturing the skin
5 mL syringe	Haifuda Technology Co., Ltd.	BD-309628	Used for making snare containing retractor
7-0 nonabsorbable suture	Jinhuan	HM701	Used for aorta ligation
Animal temperature monitor	Kaerwen	FT3400	Used for monitoring body temperature
Buprenorphine	Sigma	B-044	Used for post-surgical pain treatment
Depilatory cream	Veet	N/A	Used for remove body hair from the surgical area
Heating Pad	Xiaochuangxin	N/A	Used for maintaining body temperature
Ibuprofen	MCE	HY-78131	Used for post-surgical pain treatment
Iron wire (0.5 mm)	Qing Yuan	Iron wire #26	Used for making snare containing retractor
Microscopic tweezers	RWD	F12006-10	Used for penetrating and separating the tissue to open operation space
Needle holder	RWD	F12005-10	Used for pinching off the tip of gauge needle and blunting it
Ophthalmic forceps	RWD	F14012-10	Used for holding skin and other tissues
Ophthalmic scissors	RWD	S11001-08	Used for making sking incision of mouse
Pentobarbital sodium	Sigma	P3761	Used for mouse anesthesia
Sterile operating mat	Hale & hearty	211002	Used for placing animal during surgery
Ultra-sound imaging system	Fujifilm visualsonics	vevo1100	Used for measure the blood flow velocity, left ventricular wall thickness and ejection fraction, https://www.visualsonics.com/product/imaging-systems/vevo-1100