A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

Summary

The ankle-subtalar complex joint (ASCJ) is the core of the foot and plays a key role in balance control in daily activities. Sports injuries often lead to instability in this joint. Here, we describe a mouse model of ligament transection-induced instability of the ASCJ.

Abstract

Ankle sprains are perhaps the most common sports injuries in daily life, often resulting in instability of the ankle-subtalar complex joint (ASCJ), and can eventually lead to post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) in the long term. However, due to the complexity of the injury mechanism and the clinical manifestations, such as ecchymosis, hematoma, or tenderness in the lateral foot, there is no clinical consensus on diagnosing and treating ASCJ instability. Since the musculoskeletal structure of the bones and ligaments of the mouse hindfoot is comparable to that of humans, an animal model of ASCJ instability in mice was established by the transection of ligaments around the ASCJ. The model was well-validated through a series of behavioral tests and histological analyses, including a balance beam test, a footprint analysis (an assessment of exercise level and balance ability in mice), a thermal nociception assessment (an assessment of foot sensory function in mice), micro-computed tomography (CT) scanning, and section staining of the articular cartilage (an assessment of articular cartilage damage and degeneration in mice). The successful establishment of a mouse model of ASCJ instability will provide a valuable reference for clinical research on the injury mechanism and result in better treatment options for ankle sprain.

Introduction

Ankle sprains are one of the most common sports injuries worldwide. It is estimated that 10,000 people are injured daily in the United States¹, of which sports-related injuries account for 15%-45%². The medical costs associated with treating ankle sprains in the United States amount to $4.2 billion annually^3,4,5. Chronic foot instability is a common problem following ankle sprains and occurs in approximately 74% of ankle sprains⁶, including ankle or subtalar instability. However, due to the similar clinic....

Protocol

All animal studies were performed in accordance with the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Soochow University.

1. Surgical procedures

1. Divide 21, 6-week-old C57BL/6 male mice into three groups: the transverse cervical ligament and anterior talofibular ligament group, the transverse cervical ligament and deltoid ligament group, and the sham surgery group. Ensure that all the mice were raised in an environment that meets specific pathogen-free (SPF) standards.
2. Acclimatize the mice to the new rearing environment (a ....

Results

The statistical analysis of the correlation data was performed using online statistical analysis tools. The data that met the two tests of normal distribution and homogeneity of variance were used for further statistical analysis by one-way analysis of variance. If the data did not meet the two tests, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for the statistical analysis. The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD), and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Discussion

In this study, two mouse models of ASCJ instability were successfully constructed by transecting CL + ATFL or CL + DL. The time for the mice to pass through the balance beam increased significantly at 8 weeks and 12 weeks after surgery, which is similar to the results obtained by the Hubbard-Turner team by cutting the lateral ligament of the ankle joint^23,24. In the right foot sliding test, we observed that the sliding times of the two groups of mice with severed.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
5-0 Surgical Nylon Suture	Ningbo Medical Needle Co., Ltd.	191104
Acidic ethanol differentiation solution (1%)	Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	R20778
Adhesive slides	Jiangsu Shitai Company
Ammonia solution (1%)	Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	R20788
Anhydrous ethanol	Shanghai Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
Aqueous acetic acid (1%)	Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	R20773
Black cube cassette	Shanghai Yizhe Instrument Co., Ltd.
Centrifuge tube 15ml	Beijing Soleibo Technology Co., Ltd.	YA0476
Centrifuge tube 50ml	Beijing Soleibo Technology Co., Ltd.	YA0472
Cover glass	Jiangsu Shitai Company
CTAn software	Blue scientific		micro-CT analysis software
Dataview software	AEMC instruments		commercial data analysing software
Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA-2Na)	Beijing Soleibo Technology Co., Ltd.	E8490
Electric incubator	Suzhou Huamei Equipment Factory
Embedding paraffin	Leica, Germany	39001006
Eosin staining solution (alcohol soluble, 1%)	Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	R30117
Fast green staining solution	Sigma-Aldrich, USA	F7275
Gait paper	Baoding Huarong Paper Factory
GraphPad Prism 8.0	Graphpad software		online statistical analysis tools
Iodophor cotton balls	Qingdao Hainuo Bioengineering Co., Ltd.
Leica 818 blade	Leica, Germany
Micro-CT	Skyscan, Belgium	SkyScan 1176
Micromanipulation microscope	Suzhou Omet Optoelectronics Co., Ltd.
Mimics software	Materialise		3D medical image processing software
Modified Harris Hematoxylin Stain	Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	R20566
Mouse anti-mouse type II collagen	American Abcam Company
NaOH	Shanghai Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
N-butanol	Shanghai Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
Neutral formalin fixative (10%)	Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
Neutral resin	Sigma-Aldrich, USA
Nrecon reconstrcution software	Micro Photonics Inc.
Oaks hair clipper	Oaks Group Co., Ltd.
Paraffin Embedding Machine	Leica, Germany
PH meter	Shanghai Leitz Company
Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)	American Biosharp
Physiological saline (for mammals, sterile)	Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	R22172
Safranin O-staining solution	Sigma-Aldrich, USA	HT90432
Saline (0.9%)	Shanghai Baxter Medical Drug Co., Ltd.	309107
Shaker	Haimen Qilin Bell Instrument Manufacturing Co., Ltd.	2008779
SPSS 23	IBM		online statistical analysis tools
Tablet machine	Leica, Germany
Tissue slicer	Leica, Germany
Ugo Basile	Ugo Basile Biological Research Company
Upright fluorescence microscope	Zeiss Axiovert, Germany
U-shaped plastic channel	Shanghai Yizhe Instrument Co., Ltd.
Veterinary eye ointment	Pfizer
Xylene	Shanghai Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
YLS-10B Wheel Fatigue Tester	Jinan Yiyan Technology Development Co., Ltd.