Live-Cell Imaging of Intact Ex Vivo Globes Using a Novel 3D Printed Holder

Summary

The present work describes a novel experimental protocol that utilizes a 3D printed holder to enable high-resolution live cell imaging of enucleated globes. Through this protocol, the cellular calcium signaling activity in wounded corneal epithelium from ex vivo globes can be observed in real time.

Abstract

Corneal epithelial wound healing is a migratory process initiated by the activation of purinergic receptors expressed on epithelial cells. This activation results in calcium mobilization events that propagate from cell to cell, which are essential for initiating cellular motility into the wound bed, promoting efficient wound healing. The Trinkaus-Randall lab has developed a methodology for imaging the corneal wound healing response in ex vivo murine globes in real time. This approach involves enucleating an intact globe from a mouse that has been euthanized per established protocols and immediately incubating the globe with a calcium indicator dye. A counterstain that stains other features of the cell can be applied at this stage to assist with imaging and show cellular landmarks. The protocol worked well with several different live cell dyes used for counterstaining, including SiR actin to stain actin and deep red plasma membrane stain to stain the cell membrane. To examine the response to a wound, the corneal epithelium is injured using a 25 G needle, and the globes are placed in a 3D printed holder. The dimensions of the 3D printed holder are calibrated to ensure immobilization of the globe throughout the duration of the experiment and can be modified to accommodate eyes of different sizes. Live cell imaging of the wound response is performed continuously at various depths throughout the tissue over time using confocal microscopy. This protocol allows us to generate high-resolution, publication-quality images using a 20x air objective on a confocal microscope. Other objectives can also be used for this protocol. It represents a significant improvement in the quality of live cell imaging in ex vivo murine globes and permits the identification of nerves and epithelium.

Introduction

Cornea
The cornea is a clear, avascular structure covering the anterior surface of the eye that refracts light to enable vision and protects the interior of the eye from damage. As the cornea is exposed to the environment, it is susceptible to damage from both mechanical causes (scratching) and from infection. A corneal injury in an otherwise healthy patient typically heals within 1-3 days. However, in patients with underlying conditions including limbal stem cell deficiency and type II diabetes, the corneal wound healing process can be greatly prolonged¹. As the cornea is highly innervated, these non-healing corneal ulce....

Protocol

The procedures involving animal subjects were approved by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic Care and Vision Research and the Boston University IACUC protocol (201800302).

1. Designing the 3D printed holders and cover bar

1. Design the 3D printed holders and cover bar accounting for the average diameter of mouse globes and 3D print the design (Figure 1A, B).
2. Keep the diameter of the inner wall of the holder slightly larger than the average diameter of the globe to account for the different sizes of in....

Results

This protocol has been used to consistently produce publication-quality data and images¹⁰. The images obtained represent a significant improvement when compared to previous approaches (Figure 2). Using the 3D printed holder, images can be captured throughout the layers of the cornea, and calcium mobilization in different z-planes can be observed (Figure 3). This approach has been used to compare cell-cell signaling between apical and basa.......

Discussion

This protocol describes a live cell imaging technique that uses a 3D printed holder to stabilize and immobilize intact animal eyes. It is designed to circumvent several significant disadvantages recognized with previous live cell imaging protocols of ex vivo corneal tissue. This protocol offers many advantages for the live cell imaging of intact globes. It significantly reduces unnecessary tissue damage that could interfere with the wound healing response to experimentally induced scratch wounds. This inclu.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1.75 blue polylactic acid (PLA) plastic	Creality (Shenzen, China)	N/A	Material for holder
35 mm Dish, No. 1.5 Coverslip, 14 mm glass diameter, Poly-D-Lysine Coated	MatTek Corporation (Ashland, MA)	P35GC-1.5-14-C	Well for imaging.
Autodesk Fusion 360 software	Autodesk (San Rafael, CA).	N/A	Software used for printing the holders.
BD 25 G 7/8 sterile needles single use 100 needles/box	Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA)	305124	For experimentally-induced wounds to the globes
CellMask DeepRed	Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA)	C10046	Cell membrane counterstain. Calcium indicator. 1:10,000 concentration with a final concentration of 1%(v/v) DMSO and 0.1% (w/v) pluronic acid
Complete Home Super Glue	Walgreens (Deerfield, IL)	N/A	For attaching the holder to the imaging well
Ender 3 Pro 3D printer	Creality (Shenzen, China)	N/A	For printing the holder
FIJI/ImageJ	ImageJ (Bethesda, MD)	License Number: GPL2	Softwareused for confirming consistency of wound depth and diameter between independent globes using Region of Interest analysis
Fluo-4	Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA)	F14201	Calcium indicator. 1:100 concentration with a final concentration of 1%(v/v) DMSO and 0.1% (w/v) pluronic acid
Keratinocyte Serum-Free Medium	Gibco (Waltham, MA)	17005042	25 mg/mL bovine pituitary extract, 0.02 nM EGF, 0.3 mM CaCl2, and penicillin-streptomycin (100 units/mL, 100 µg/mL, respectively) added to medium
Phophate-Buffered Saline (PBS)	Corning, Medlabtech (Manassas, VA)	21-040-CV	Used to wash excess stain off of corneas before imaging
Zeiss Confocal 880 Microscope with AiryScan	Zeiss (Thornwood, NY)	N/A	20x magnification objective was used