Exercise Test for Evaluation of the Functional Efficacy of the Pig Cardiovascular System

Summary

The present protocol describes a large animal exercise test model to assess the functional capacity of the cardiovascular system for evaluating the efficiency of new therapies in the preclinical setting. It is comparable to a clinical exercise test.

Abstract

Despite the progress in treatments, cardiovascular diseases are still one of the biggest causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Gene therapy-based therapeutic angiogenesis is a promising approach for treating patients with significant symptoms, despite optimal pharmacological therapy and invasive procedures. However, many promising cardiovascular gene therapy techniques have failed to accomplish expectations in clinical trials. One explanation is a mismatch between preclinical and clinical endpoints used to measure efficacy. In animal models, the emphasis has usually been on easily quantifiable endpoints, such as the number and area of the capillary vessels calculated from histological sections. Apart from mortality and morbidity, endpoints in clinical trials are subjective, such as exercise tolerance and quality of life. However, the preclinical and clinical endpoints likely measure different aspects of the applied therapy. Nevertheless, both types of endpoints are required to develop successful therapeutic approaches. In clinics, the main goal is always to alleviate patients' symptoms and improve their prognosis and quality of life. To achieve better predictive data from preclinical studies, endpoint measurements must be better matched to those in clinical studies. Here, we introduce a protocol for a clinically relevant treadmill exercise test in pigs. This study aims to: (1) provide a reliable exercise test in pigs that can be used to evaluate the safety and functional efficacy of gene therapy and other novel therapies, and (2) better match the endpoints between preclinical and clinical studies.

Introduction

Chronic cardiovascular diseases are significant causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide^1,2. Although current treatments are effective for the majority of patients, many still cannot benefit from the current therapies due to, for example, diffuse chronic disease or comorbidities. In addition, in some patients, cardiac symptoms are not relieved by the available treatments, and their cardiovascular disease progresses despite optimal medical therapy³. Thus, there is a clear need to develop novel treatment options for severe cardiovascular diseases.

During the....

Protocol

All experiments are approved by the Animal Experiment Board of the University of Eastern Finland. This protocol describes a clinically relevant treadmill exercise test for pigs to evaluate the safety and efficacy of novel therapies for heart diseases. Female domestic pigs weighing 25-80 kg were used for the present study. The animals were obtained from a commercial source (see Table of Materials).

1. Setting up the running track

1. Set up the running .......

Discussion

This large animal exercise test mimics the test used in clinics, reducing the gap in endpoints between the preclinical studies and clinical trials. It can be applied to evaluate the efficacy of new treatments for severe cardiovascular diseases, such as arteriosclerosis obliterans, heart failure, and ischemic heart diseases. The time points applied in this protocol may vary depending on the tested treatment. This protocol has been standardized based on a long experience of working with large animals and can be used to eva.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Defibrillator	Zoll M series	TO9K116790	All portable defribrillators will work
Defibrillator pads	Philips	M3713A	All pads work, as long as the pads are compatible with the defibrillator
ECG electrodes	Several providers		Prefer ECG electrodes designed for exercise tests
Loop recorder	Abbott Oy	DM3500	Optional for rhythm monitoring
Patient monitor	Schiller Argus LCM Plus	7,80,05,935	All portable ecg monitors will work
Pigs	Emolandia Oy
Treadmill	NordicTrack		All treadmills with adjustable incline and speed are suitable for the exercise test.  The treadmill should be as long and wide as possible.
Ultrasound system	Philips EPIQ 7 ultrasound
Various building materials	Several providers		For building fences, ramps and gates according to the Figure 1 and Figure 2
Various treats for the animals