Implantation Surgery for Abdominal Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Recording Studies in Awake Rats

Summary

The present protocol describes the surgical technique for implanting an electrode array onto the abdominal vagus nerve in rats, along with methods for chronic electrophysiology testing and stimulation using the implanted device.

Abstract

Abdominal vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) can be applied to the subdiaphragmatic branch of the vagus nerve of rats. Due to its anatomical location, it does not have any respiratory and cardiac off-target effects commonly associated with cervical VNS. The lack of respiratory and cardiac off-target effects means that the intensity of stimulation does not need to be lowered to reduce side effects commonly experienced during cervical VNS. Few recent studies demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effects of abdominal VNS in rat models of inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and glycemia reduction in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Rat is a great model to explore the potential of this technology because of the well-established anatomy of the vagus nerve, the large size of the nerve that allows easy handling, and the availability of many disease models. Here, we describe the methods for cleaning and sterilizing the abdominal VNS electrode array and surgical protocol in rats. We also describe the technology required for confirmation of suprathreshold stimulation by recording evoked compound action potentials. Abdominal VNS has the potential to offer selective, effective treatment for a variety of conditions, including inflammatory diseases, and the application is expected to expand similarly to cervical VNS.

Introduction

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) delivered at the cervical site in the neck is The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment for refractory epilepsy, refractory depression, and post-ischemic stroke rehabilitation¹, and European Commission-approved for heart failure in Europe². Non-invasive cervical VNS is FDA-approved for migraine and headache¹. Its application is expected to expand, with recent clinical trials showing efficacy of VNS in other indications such as Crohn's disease³, rheumatoid arthritis^4,

Protocol

All procedures involving animals were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of St. Vincent's Hospital (Melbourne) and complied with the Australian Code for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes (National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia) and the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (1986) Act. In total, 24 female Dark Agouti rats (8-9 weeks old) were used for this study. The experimental groups consisted of: a normal cohort (n = 8) that received no collagen injection or VNS implant; an uns.......

Discussion

This method of abdominal VNS implant surgery and chronic stimulation of the vagus nerve and recording of ECAPs have been successfully used and well-tolerated for 5 weeks in rats following implantation^10,15,16. Retraction of the stomach, liver, and gut to gain a good view of the esophagus and the vagus nerve is one of the key steps in the surgery. Once these organs are retracted, the vagus nerve becomes accessible. Retraction of .......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.9% saline	Briemarpak	SC3050
Baytril	Bayer
Betadine	Sanofi-Aventis Healthcare
Buprelieve (Buprenorphine)	Jurox
Data acquisition device	National Instruments	USB-6210
DietGel Boost (dietary gel supplement)	ClearH2O
Dumont tweezer, style 5	ProSciTech	T05-822
Dumont tweezer, style N7, self-closing	ProSciTech	EMS72864-D
Elmasonic P sonicator	Elma
Hartmann's solution	Baxter	AHB2323
Hemostat	ProSciTech	TS1322-140
HPMC/PAA Moisturising Eye Gel	Alcon
Igor Pro-8 software	Wavemetrics, Inc
Isoflo (Isoflurane)	Zoetis
Isolated differential amplifier	World Precision Instruments	ISO-80
Liquid pyroneg	Diversey	HH12291	cleaning solution
Marcaine (Bupivacaine)	Aspen
Plastic drape	Multigate	22-203
Rat vagus nerve implant	Neo-Bionica
Rimadyl (Carprofen)	Zoetis
Silk suture 3-0	Ethicon
Silk suture 7-0	Ethicon
SteriClave autoclave	Cominox	24S
Sterile disposable surgical gown	Zebravet	DSG-S
Suicide Nickel hooks	Jarvis Walker
Ultrapure water	Merck Millipre	Milli-Q Direct
Underpads	Zebravet	UP10SM
Vannas scissors	ProSciTech	EMS72933-01
Vicryl suture 4-0	Ethicon