PBMC insan CD40 aktive B hücreleri üretimi için protokol iki bölüme ayrılmıştır: Kısım A plaka bağlı besleyici hücreler olarak kullanılacaktır NIH/3T3 hücreleri, CD40 ligand ifade hazırlanmasında gösteriyor. Bölüm B, gerçek CD40-B kültür açıklar. A. besleyici hücreler Hazırlama (tCD40L NIH/3T3) TCD40L NIH/3T3 tamamen konfluent haline asla yapışkan bir fare fibroblast hücre hattı,. Hücreler bu nedenle haftada iki kez parçalı. Daha fazla 6 hafta içinde Kültürleme tavsiye edilmez. <ol><li> Steril bir pipet ile primer kültür eski orta çıkarın ve 10 ml 1x PBS ile yıkayın hücreleri. PBS ile yıkandıktan sonra aspire. </li><li> 37 °, 5-10 dakika için 75 cm 2 balon 4 ml tripsin / EDTA ° C Hücreleri ayırmak için hafif dokunarak kullanın. </li><li> Vahşi tip orta 10 ml ekleyin ve hafifçe dönebilen. </li><li> Hücre süspansiyonu steril bir pipet yardımıyla 50 ml tüp içine aktarın ve 5 dakika boyunca 225 xg&#39;de hücreleri aşağı döndürün. </li><li> Süpernatantı ve vahşi tip orta 10 ml pelet tekrar süspansiyon haline getirin. Hücre süspansiyonu bir kısım hücre sayısı sayın ve uygun sayıda hücre ile üç 50 ml tüpler hazırlamak: <ol><li> Alt kültüre için 1.5 x 10 6 hücre </li><li> 0.2 x 10 6 hücre / CD40 B hücre kültürü için kullanılan ışınlama </li><li> dondurmak için geri kalan (gerekirse). </li></ol></li><li> 5 dakika boyunca 225 xg&#39;de hücreleri aşağı spin. </li><li> Süpernatantı. <ol><li> Alt kültüre için tekrar süspansiyon 75 cm 2 hücre kültürü şişesi 10 ml vahşi tip orta (hücre yoğunluğu 1.5 x 10 5 hücre / ml) 1.5 x 10 6 hücre, G-418 [0.7 mg / ml] ve hücrelerin inkübe % 5 CO 2 ile 37 ° C. Haftada iki kez hücreleri bölün. </li><li> CD40 B hücre kültürü için bir adet 6-plaka için 1.2 x 10 6 hücre gerekir. 0.1 x 10 6 hücre / mL yoğunluğu vahşi tip orta hücrelerin yeniden süspanse edin ve 78 Gy ışın tedavisi. Yanı sıra, her 37 ° inkübe ° C ile% 5 CO 2 hücre süspansiyonu Plaka 2 mL. TCD40L NIH/3T3 hücreleri yapışık B-hücre uyarılması için hazırlanmış tabak kullanın (en az 4 saat: mikroskop ile bağlılık kontrol edin; B-hücre stimülasyon başlatmak için 24 saat daha beklemek gerekmez). (B. devam) </li></ol></li></ol> B. CD 40-B hücre kültürü CD40 stimülasyon (gün 0) PBMC&#39;ler I. Hazırlık: Lütfen dikkat: besleyici hücreler yapışık olduğu tespit devam etmeden önce. Interlökin-4 ve siklosporin besi kullanımdan hemen önce taze çözümler her zaman ekleyin. <ol><li> , Taze veya uygun bir şekilde çözülmüş ya PBMC&#39;ler alın. Süspanse edin, iki kez yıkayın ve ilk kez 7 dakika ve diğer hücreleri çıkarmak için ikinci kez 7 dakika süreyle 190 xg&#39;de 265 xg&#39;de aşağı spin 50ml 1x PBS PBMC&#39;ler. Süpernatant atın ve 20 ml PBS hücrelerin tekrar süspansiyon. Hücre süspansiyonu bir kısım hücre sayısını belirler. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca 225 xg&#39;de hücrelerin gerekli miktarda aşağı spin. 6 plaka 4 x 10 6 hücre / kuyu, böylece plaka başına 24 x 10 6 hücre ihtiyaç vardır. </li><li> T-hücrelerinin büyüme faktörü ve 0,63 mg / ml siklosporin gibi bir akıbet önlemek için 1 x 10 6 hücre / ml taze interlökin-4 50 U / ml ile desteklenmiş CD40-B kültür ortamı PBMC tekrar süspansiyon süpernatantı (Verilen konsantrasyonları bir ml kültür ortamı bakın!). </li><li> Süpernatantı 6-plaka ön tCD40L NIH/3T3 hücreleri ile inkübe. </li><li> 2 ml PBS başına ilk ve CD40-B yıkama orta 2 mL ikinci bir adımda yapışık tCD40L NIH/3T3 hücreleri yıkayın. </li><li> 6-plaka Her iyi yavaşça PBMC süspansiyon 4 ml (1 x 10 6 hücre / ml) ekleyin. </li><li> 37 hücreleri inkübe ° C ile% 5 CO 2. </li><li> 7 gün, hücreleri (3.2 ile devam edin.) Reculture. </li></ol> II. CD40-B hücreleri (7 gün ve daha sonra her 3-4 gün) Recultivation: <ol><li> 50 ml tüp içine 10 ml pipet ve havuz onları resuspending 6-plaka CD40-B hücreleri Harvest kümeleri. </li><li> 7 dakika boyunca 225 xg&#39;de Spin ve süpernatant tamamen CD40-B yıkama orta yerine. Bir kısım hücre miktarını sayma, 5 dakika boyunca 225 xg&#39;de hücreleri aşağı doğru döndürün. 1 x 10 6 hücre / ml &#39;lik bir konsantrasyon CD40-B kültür ortamında süspanse edin CD40-B hücreleri. </li><li> 50 U / ml konsantrasyonu ve 0.63 mg / ml orta siklosporin A interlökin-4 taze çözümler ekleyin. </li><li> 6 plaka tCD40L NIH/3T3 hücreleri önceden inkübe süpernatantı. </li><li> 2 ml PBS başına ilk ve CD40-B yıkama orta 2 mL ikinci bir adımda yapışık hücrelere yıkayın. </li><li&gt; yavaşça 4 mL, 6-plaka her kuyuya CD40-B süspansiyon (1 x 10 6 hücre / ml) . </li><li> 37 ° plakaları inkübe ° C,% 5 CO 2 . </li><li> Altkültür hücreleri yeniden her 3-4 günde bir toplam 14 gün sonra son derece saf bir insan CD40 aktive B hücreleri ile sonuna kadar. </li></ol> C. Sorun Giderme - CD40-B hücreleri büyümek yoksa? <ol><li> Besleyici hücreler CD40 ligand ifade için kontrol ettiniz? </li><li> Plaka bağlı uyarılması için kullanılan besleyici hücreler 24 saat daha büyük olması gerekmez mi? </li><li> Mycoplasma mümkün olan bir kirlenme mi? </li><li> Interlökin-4 çözüm takviyesi için kullanılan, taze çözülmüş ve uygun biyolojik aktivite vardı? </li><li> Siklosporin A doğru konsantrasyon eklendi? </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1373/1373fig1tmb.jpg" border="0" alt="Şekil 1" /> Şekil 1: Lütfen <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1373/1373fig1.jpg">burada</a> Şekil 1&#39;de bir büyük versiyonu için <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1373/1373fig1.jpg">tıklayın</a> . <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1373/1373fig2tmb.jpg" border="0" alt="Şekil 2" /> Şekil 2 Lütfen <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1373/1373fig2.jpg">buraya tıklayın</a> Şekil 2 daha büyük bir versiyonu için.

<ol>
	<li>Schultze, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD40-activated+human+B+cells:+an+alternative+source+of+highly+efficient+antigen+presenting+cells+to+generate+autologous+antigen-specific+T+cells+for+adoptive+immunotherapy.">CD40-activated human B cells: an alternative source of highly efficient antigen presenting cells to generate autologous antigen-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy.</a> J Clin Invest. 100, 2757-2765 (1997).</li><li>Schultze, J. L., Grabbe, S., vonBergwelt-Baildon, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DCs+and+CD40-activated+B+cells:+current+and+future+avenues+to+cellular+cancer+immunotherapy.">DCs and CD40-activated B cells: current and future avenues to cellular cancer immunotherapy.</a> Trends Immunol. 25, 659-664 (2004).</li><li>Bergwelt-Baildon, M. v. o. n. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD40-activated+B+cells+express+full+lymph+node+homing+triad+and+induce+T-cell+chemotaxis:+potential+as+cellular+adjuvants.">CD40-activated B cells express full lymph node homing triad and induce T-cell chemotaxis: potential as cellular adjuvants.</a> Blood. 107, 2786-2789 (2006).</li><li>Wiesner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditional+immortalization+of+human+B+cells+by+CD40+ligation.">Conditional immortalization of human B cells by CD40 ligation.</a> PLoS ONE. 3, 1464-14 (2008).</li><li>Urashima, M., Chauhan, D., Uchiyama, H., Freeman, G. J., Anderson, K. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD40+ligand+triggered+interleukin-6+secretion+in+multiple+myeloma.">CD40 ligand triggered interleukin-6 secretion in multiple myeloma.</a> Blood. 85, 1903-1912 (1995).</li><li>Lapointe, R., Bellemare-Pelletier, A., Housseau, F., Thibodeau, J., Hwu, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD40-stimulated+B+lymphocytes+pulsed+with+tumor+antigens+are+effective+antigen-presenting+cells+that+can+generate+specific+T+cells.">CD40-stimulated B lymphocytes pulsed with tumor antigens are effective antigen-presenting cells that can generate specific T cells.</a> Cancer Res. 63, 2836-2843 (2003).</li><li>von Bergwelt-Baildon, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+primary+and+memory+cytotoxic+T+lymphocyte+responses+are+efficiently+induced+by+means+of+CD40-activated+B+cells+as+antigen-presenting+cells:+potential+for+clinical+application.">Human primary and memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses are efficiently induced by means of CD40-activated B cells as antigen-presenting cells: potential for clinical application.</a> Blood. 99, 3319-3325 (2002).</li><li>Kondo, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD40-activated+B+cells+can+be+generated+in+high+number+and+purity+in+cancer+patients:+analysis+of+immunogenicity+and+homing+potential.">CD40-activated B cells can be generated in high number and purity in cancer patients: analysis of immunogenicity and homing potential.</a> Clin Exp Immunol. 155, 249-256 (2009).</li><li>Mason, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA-loaded+CD40-activated+B+cells+stimulate+antigen-specific+T-cell+responses+in+dogs+with+spontaneous+lymphoma.">RNA-loaded CD40-activated B cells stimulate antigen-specific T-cell responses in dogs with spontaneous lymphoma.</a> Gene Ther. 15, 955-965 (2008).</li></ol>

A. Medya Hazırlanışı: <table border="1"cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2"> Besleyici hücre vahşi tip orta </td><td colspan="2"> Besleyici hücre seçimi orta </td></tr><tr><td> Reaktif </td><td> Konsantrasyon </td><td> Reaktif </td><td> Konsantrasyon </td></tr><tr><td> DMEM-Ham / F12 </td><td></td><td> DMEM-Ham / F12 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> L-Glutamine </td><td> 365 mg / ml </td><td> L-Glutamine </td><td> 365 mg / ml </td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> % 10 </td><td> FBS </td><td> % 10 </td></tr><tr><td> Hepes </td><td> 10 mM </td><td> Hepes </td><td> 10 mM </td></tr><tr><td> Gentamisin </td><td> 15 mcg / mL </td><td> Gentamisin </td><td> 15 mcg / mL </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td> G-418 </td><td> 0,7 mg / ml </td></tr></table><table cellspacing="0" border="1"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2"> CD40-B yıkama orta </td><td colspan="2"> CD40-B kültür ortamı </td></tr><tr><td> Reaktif </td><td> Konsantrasyon </td><td> Reaktif </td><td> Konsantrasyon </td></tr><tr></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td> IMDM </td><td> </td><td> IMDM </td><td> </td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td> L-Glutamine </td><td> 584 mg / ml </td><td> L-Glutamine </td><td> 584 mg / ml </td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td> Hepes </td><td> 25 mM </td><td> Hepes </td><td> 25 mM </td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td> Gentamisin </td><td> 15 mcg / mL </td><td> Gentamisin </td><td> 15 mcg / mL </td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> rh Transferrin </td><td> 50 mcg / mL </td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> rh İnsülin </td><td> 5 mg / ml </td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> AB-Humanserum </td><td> % 10 </td></tr></tbody></table> B. Çeşitli Reaktifler: <table cellspacing="0" border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reaktif </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Hiçbir sipariş </td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td> DMEM / Ham Kullanıcı F12 </td><td> PAA </td><td> Cat No: E15-813 </td></tr><tr><td> IMDM </td><td> Invitrogen Gibco ® </td><td> REF 21980-032 </td></tr><tr><td> Dulbecco&#39;nun PBS (10x) </td><td> PAA </td><td> Kedi No H15-011 </td></tr><tr><td> AB-İnsan Serum </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> Kedi yok 34005100 </td></tr><tr><td> Holo-Transferrin insan </td><td> Sigma </td><td> Kedi yok T0665 </td></tr><tr><td> İnsülin insan </td><td> Sigma </td><td> Kedi yok I2643 </td></tr><tr><td> Gencin ® </td><td> Delta seçin </td><td> Art No 7395800 </td></tr><tr><td> Rekombinant İnsan İnterlökin-4 </td><td> Immunotools </td><td> Kedi yok 11130045 </td></tr><tr><td> Bir Siklosporin </td><td> Novartis </td><td> Kedi yok NDC 0078-0109-01 </td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> Lonza </td><td> Kedi yok DE14-802C </td></tr><tr><td> Hepes Tampon </td><td> PAA </td><td> Kedi yok S11-001 </td></tr><tr><td> G-418 Sülfat </td><td> PAA </td><td> Kedi No P02-012 </td></tr><tr><td> Tripsin / EDTA (10x) </td><td> Invitrogen Gibco ® </td><td> REF 15400-054 </td></tr></tbody></table> C. Çeşitli Sarf Malzemeleri: <table cellspacing="0" border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reaktif </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Hiçbir sipariş </td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td> Steril pipet uçları </td><td> Sarstedt </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 6-plaka </td><td> Nunc </td><td> Kedi yok 140.675 </td></tr><tr><td> 50ml konik tüp </td><td> BD Falcon ™ </td><td> Kedi yok 352.070 </td></tr><tr><td> Doku kültürü şişesi </td><td> Sarstedt </td><td> Kedi yok 83.1813.002 </td></tr></tbody></table>

generation of human cd40-activated b cells

CD40-aktive B hücreleri (CD40-B hücreleri) immüno-uyarıcı antijen sunan hücreler (APC), kanser immünoterapi için 1-3 alternatif bir kaynak olarak tespit edilmiştir . CD40-B hücreleri birkaç farklı biyolojik ve teknik özellikleri Dendritik hücreler (DH), en iyi karakterize APC ile karşılaştırıldığında. DC&#39;ler benzer şekilde, B hücreleri MHC ve co-uyarıcı moleküller (Fig.1b) artmış ekspresyonu, interlökin-4 ve CD40 ligand (CD40L) ile stimülasyon sonra, güçlü bir göçmen kapasite ve mevcut antijen sunumu T hücrelerinin verimli sergilerler. Ancak, olgunlaşmamış ya da olgun DC&#39;ler aksine, CD40-B hücreleri CD62L, CCR7/CXCR4 oluşan tam bir lenf nodu homing üçlüsü ifade ve ikincil lenfoid organlara homing gerekli lökosit fonksiyon antijen-1 (LFA1, CD11a/CD18) (Fig.1a) 3 CD40-B hücreleri, periferik kanda çok az miktarda daha yüksek saf CD40 B hücreleri sağlıklı donörlerden (&gt; 10 9 hasta başına hücreleri) yanı sıra kanser çok büyük miktarda in vitro açılabilir zorluklar olmadan oluşturulabilir hasta (Fig.1c d) 1,4. Bu protokol, insan hücre tamamen aktif CD40-B hücreleri nasıl elde göstermektedir. Hücre kültürü için anahtar moleküller CD40 ligand, interlökin-4 (IL-4) ve siklosporin A (CsA), 3-4 günde bir kültür döngüsü yenileniyor. Laboratuvar amaçları için CD40 stimülasyon, rekombinant insan CD40 ligand (tCD40L NIH/3T3) 5 ifade NIH/3T3 hücreleri tarafından sağlanmaktadır . -Transfekte olmayan hücreleri ile kirlenmesini önlemek için, transfektanları insan CD40 ligand ekspresyonu (Şekil 2) düzenli olarak kontrol edilmelidir. 14 gün sonra CD40 B hücre kültürleri fazla% 95 saf B hücreleri CD40-B hücreleri ve 65 gün içinde bir genişleme sık fonksiyonu 1, 4 herhangi bir kayıp olmaksızın mümkün oluşur. CD40-B hücreleri verimli, süreç kadar sürebilir ve T hücrelerinin mevcut antijenler 6. Sadece başbakan naϊve değil, aynı zamanda bellek T hücreleri 7,8 genişletmek. CD40 ile aktive olan B hücreleri, B-hücre aktivasyonu, farklılaşma ve fonksiyon çalışma için kullanılabilir. Ayrıca, tümörler 9 karşı tedavi veya önleyici aşı için umut verici bir aracı temsil eder.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Human CD40-activated B cells at JoVE.com

Generation of Human CD40-activated B cells

Bu video mevcut<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Insan CD40 aktive B hücreleri, CD40 ligand ve interlökin-4 ile stimülasyon periferik kan mononükleer hücreleri (hücre) üretimi ve genişleme (CD40-B).

İnsan CD40 aktive B hücreleri üretilmesi

CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been identified as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cancer ...

generation-of-human-cd40-activated-b-cells

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15.2K Görüntüleme.  University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine. Bu video mevcut Ex vivo Insan CD40 aktive B hücreleri, CD40 ligand ve interlökin-4 ile stimülasyon periferik kan mononükleer hücreleri (hücre) üretimi ve genişleme (CD40-B).

Video: Generation of Human CD40-activated B cells

Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture conditions they become prone to acquire chromosomal anomalies such as addition of whole or parts of chromosomes. Indeed, during long-term culture, karyotypic alterations are observed when enzymatic or chemical dissociation are used 2,3,4, while manual dissection of colonies for passaging retains a stable karyotype 5. Besides, changes in the environment such as the removal of feeder cells also seem to compromise the genetic integrity of hESC 3,6. Once chromosomal alterations could affect cellular physiology, the characterization of the genetic integrity of hESC in vitro is crucial considering hESC as an essential tool in embryogenesis studies and drug testing. Furthermore, for future therapeutic purposes chromosomal changes are a real concern as it is frequently associated to carcinogenesis.
Here we show a simple and useful method to obtain high quality chromosome spreads for subsequent analysis of chromosome set by G-banding, FISH, SKY or CGH techniques 7,8. We recommend checking the chromosomal status routinely with intervals of 5 passages in order to monitor the appearance of translocations and aneuploidies
Priscila Britto and Rafaela Sartore contributed equally to the paper.

Karyotyping is a simple and useful technique widely used for detecting genetic alterations. Here we describe a step by step protocol for chromosome spread preparation of human embryonic stem cells for monitoring the chromosomal status of these cells maintained in culture.

Karyotipik İnsan Embriyonik Kök Hücreleri kromozom Yayılı Hazırlık

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture ...

Biyoloji

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Human Fibroblasts with the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set

In 2006, Yamanaka and colleagues first demonstrated that retrovirus-mediated delivery and expression of Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 is capable of inducing the pluripotent state in mouse fibroblasts.1 The same group also reported the successful reprogramming of human somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using human versions of the same transcription factors delivered by retroviral vectors.2 Additionally, James Thomson et al. reported that the lentivirus-mediated co-expression of another set of factors (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28) was capable of reprogramming human somatic cells into iPS cells.3
iPS cells are similar to ES cells in morphology, proliferation and the ability to differentiate into all tissue types of the body. Human iPS cells have a distinct advantage over ES cells as they exhibit key properties of ES cells without the ethical dilemma of embryo destruction. The generation of patient-specific iPS cells circumvents an important roadblock to personalized regenerative medicine therapies by eliminating the potential for immune rejection of non-autologous transplanted cells.
Here we demonstrate the protocol for reprogramming human fibroblast cells using the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set. We also show that cells reprogrammed with this set begin to show iPS morphology four days post-transduction. Using the Stemolecule Y27632, we selected for iPS cells and observed correct morphology after three sequential rounds of colony picking and passaging. We also demonstrate that after reprogramming cells displayed the pluripotency marker AP, surface markers TRA-1-81, TRA-1-60, SSEA-4, and SSEA-3, and nuclear markers Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog.

We demonstrate the protocol for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human somatic cells using lentivirus-mediated delivery of the human factors Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and Lin28. Pluripotency was confirmed by morphology and the presence of embryonic stem (ES) cell-specific markers.

Stemgent İnsan TF lentivirüs İnsan Fibroblastlar yeniden programlanması Bağlı Pluripotent Kök Hücre Üretimi ayarla

In 2006, Yamanaka and colleagues first demonstrated that retrovirus-mediated delivery and expression of Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 is capable of inducing ...

Robust Generation of Hepatocyte-like Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cell Populations

Despite progress in modelling human drug toxicity, many compounds fail during clinical trials due to unpredicted side effects. The cost of clinical studies are substantial, therefore it is essential that more predictive toxicology screens are developed and deployed early on in drug development (Greenhough et al 2010). Human hepatocytes represent the current gold standard model for evaluating drug toxicity, but are a limited resource that exhibit variable function. Therefore, the use of immortalised cell lines and animal tissue models are routinely employed due to their abundance. While both sources are informative, they are limited by poor function, species variability and/or instability in culture (Dalgetty et al 2009). Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are an attractive alternative source of human hepatocyte like cells (HLCs) (Medine et al 2010). PSCs are capable of self renewal and differentiation to all somatic cell types found in the adult and thereby represent a potentially inexhaustible source of differentiated cells. We have developed a procedure that is simple, highly efficient, amenable to automation and yields functional human HLCs (Hay et al 2008 ; Fletcher et al 2008 ; Hannoun et al 2010 ; Payne et al 2011 and Hay et al 2011). We believe our technology will lead to the scalable production of HLCs for drug discovery, disease modeling, the construction of extra-corporeal devices and possibly cell based transplantation therapies.

This article will focus on the generation of human hepatic endoderm from human embryonic stem cell populations.

İnsan Embriyonik Kök Hücre Popülasyonlar Hepatosit gibi Hücreleri Sağlam Nesil

Despite progress in modelling human drug toxicity, many compounds fail during clinical trials due to unpredicted side effects. The cost of clinical ...

Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Endothelial Colony Forming Cells Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Blood

Longstanding views of new blood vessel formation via angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and arteriogenesis have been recently reviewed1. The presence of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were first identified in adult human peripheral blood by Asahara et al. in 1997 2 bringing an infusion of new hypotheses and strategies for vascular regeneration and repair. EPCs are rare but normal components of circulating blood that home to sites of blood vessel formation or vascular remodeling, and facilitate either postnatal vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, or arteriogenesis largely via paracrine stimulation of existing vessel wall derived cells3. No specific marker to identify an EPC has been identified, and at present the state of the field is to understand that numerous cell types including proangiogenic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, circulating angiogenic cells, Tie2+ monocytes, myeloid progenitor cells, tumor associated macrophages, and M2 activated macrophages participate in stimulating the angiogenic process in a variety of preclinical animal model systems and in human subjects in numerous disease states4, 5. Endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) are rare circulating viable endothelial cells characterized by robust clonal proliferative potential, secondary and tertiary colony forming ability upon replating, and ability to form intrinsic in vivo vessels upon transplantation into immunodeficient mice6-8. While ECFCs have been successfully isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy adult subjects, umbilical cord blood (CB) of healthy newborn infants, and vessel wall of numerous human arterial and venous vessels 6-9, CB possesses the highest frequency of ECFCs7 that display the most robust clonal proliferative potential and form durable and functional blood vessels in vivo8, 10-13. While the derivation of ECFC from adult peripheral blood has been presented14, 15, here we describe the methodologies for the derivation, cloning, expansion, and in vitro as well as in vivo characterization of ECFCs from the human umbilical CB.

Endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) are circulating endothelial cells with robust clonal proliferative potential that display intrinsic in vivo vessel forming ability. Phenotypic and functional characterization of outgrowth endothelial cells derived from CB are important to identify and isolate bona fide ECFCs for potential clinical application in repairing damaged tissues.

Endotel Colony Forming Hücrelerinin Fenotipik ve Fonksiyonel Karakterizasyonu İnsan Göbek Kordonu Kanı türetilen

Longstanding views of new blood vessel formation via angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and arteriogenesis have been recently reviewed1. The presence of ...

Generation of Dispersed Presomitic Mesoderm Cell Cultures for Imaging of the Zebrafish Segmentation Clock in Single Cells

Segmentation is a periodic and sequential morphogenetic process in vertebrates. This rhythmic formation of blocks of tissue called somites along the body axis is evidence of a genetic oscillator patterning the developing embryo. In zebrafish, the intracellular clock driving segmentation is comprised of members of the Her/Hes transcription factor family organized into negative feedback loops. We have recently generated transgenic fluorescent reporter lines for the cyclic gene her1 that recapitulate the spatio-temporal pattern of oscillations in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). Using these lines, we developed an in vitro culture system that allows real-time analysis of segmentation clock oscillations within single, isolated PSM cells. By removing PSM tissue from transgenic embryos and then dispersing cells from oscillating regions onto glass-bottom dishes, we generated cultures suitable for time-lapse imaging of fluorescence signal from individual clock cells. This approach provides an experimental and conceptual framework for direct manipulation of the segmentation clock with unprecedented single-cell resolution, allowing its cell-autonomous and tissue-level properties to be distinguished and dissected.

Somitogenesis is a rhythmic developmental process that spatially patterns the body axis of vertebrate embryos. Previously, we developed transgenic zebrafish lines that use fluorescent reporters to observe the cyclic genes that drive this process. Here, we culture dispersed cells from these lines and image their oscillations over time in vitro.

Tek Hücrelerde Zebra balığı Segmentasyon Clock Görüntüleme Dağınık Presomitic Mesoderm Hücre Kültürleri Üretimi

Segmentation is a  periodic and sequential morphogenetic process in vertebrates. This rhythmic  formation of blocks of tissue called somites along the ...

Generation of Human Cardiomyocytes: A Differentiation Protocol from Feeder-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is essential first to generate functional human cardiomyocytes (CMs). The use of these cells in drug discovery and toxicology studies would also be highly beneficial, allowing new pharmacological molecules for the treatment of cardiac disorders to be validated pre-clinically on cells of human origin. Of the possible sources of CMs, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are among the most promising, as they can be derived directly from readily accessible patient tissue and possess an intrinsic capacity to give rise to all cell types of the body 1. Several methods have been proposed for differentiating iPS cells into CMs, ranging from the classical embryoid bodies (EBs) aggregation approach to chemically defined protocols 2,3. In this article we propose an EBs-based protocol and show how this method can be employed to efficiently generate functional CM-like cells from feeder-free iPS cells.

Pluripotent stem cells, either embryonic or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, constitute a valuable source of human differentiated cells, including cardiomyocytes. Here, we will focus on cardiac induction of iPS cells, showing how to use them to obtain functional human cardiomyocytes through an embryoid bodies-based protocol.

İnsan kardiyomiyositleri Üretimi: Besleyici-ücretsiz İnsan Bağlı Pluripotent Kök Hücre A Farklılaşma Protokolü

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is ...

Examination of Drosophila Larval Tracheal Terminal Cells by Light Microscopy

Cell shape is critical for cell function. However, despite the importance of cell morphology, little is known about how individual cells generate specific shapes. Drosophila tracheal terminal cells have become a powerful genetic model to identify and elucidate the roles of genes required for generating cellular morphologies. Terminal cells are a component of a branched tubular network, the tracheal system that functions to supply oxygen to internal tissues. Terminal cells are an excellent model for investigating questions of cell shape as they possess two distinct cellular architectures. First, terminal cells have an elaborate branched morphology, similar to complex neurons; second, terminal cell branches are formed as thin tubes and contain a membrane-bound intracellular lumen. Quantitative analysis of terminal cell branch number, branch organization and individual branch shape, can be used to provide information about the role of specific genetic mechanisms in the making of a branched cell. Analysis of tube formation in these cells can reveal conserved mechanisms of tubulogenesis common to other tubular networks, such as the vertebrate vasculature. Here we describe techniques that can be used to rapidly fix, image, and analyze both branching patterns and tube formation in terminal cells within Drosophila larvae. These techniques can be used to analyze terminal cells in wild-type and mutant animals, or genetic mosaics. Because of the high efficiency of this protocol, it is also well suited for genetic, RNAi-based, or drug screens in the Drosophila tracheal system.

Examination of Drosophila Larval Tracheal Terminal Cells by Light Microscopy

Here, we present a method for light microscopy analysis of tracheal terminal cells in Drosophila larvae. This method allows for quick examination of branch and lumen morphology in whole animals and would be useful for analysis of individual mutants or screens for mutations affecting terminal cell development.

İncelenmesi<em&gt; Drosophila</emIşık Mikroskopi tarafından&gt; Larva Trakeal Terminal Hücreleri

Cell shape is critical for cell function. However, despite the importance of cell morphology, little is known about how individual cells generate specific ...

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs include modeling pathogenesis of human genetic diseases, autologous cell therapy after gene correction, and personalized drug screening by providing a source of patient-specific and symptom relevant cells. However, there are several hurdles to overcome, such as eliminating the remaining reprogramming factor transgene expression after human iPSCs production. More importantly, residual transgene expression in undifferentiated human iPSCs could hamper proper differentiations and misguide the interpretation of disease-relevant in vitro phenotypes. With this reason, integration-free and/or transgene-free human iPSCs have been developed using several methods, such as adenovirus, the piggyBac system, minicircle vector, episomal vectors, direct protein delivery and synthesized mRNA. However, efficiency of reprogramming using integration-free methods is quite low in most cases.
Here, we present a method to isolate human iPSCs by using Sendai-virus (RNA virus) based reprogramming system. This reprogramming method shows consistent results and high efficiency in cost-effective manner.

Here, we present our established method to reprogram human somatic cells into transgene-free human iPSCs with Sendai virus, which shows consistent outcome and enhanced efficiency.

Sendai-virüs ile İnsan Somatik Verimli Üretimi İnsan uyarılmış pluripotent kök hücrelerin

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs ...

Generation and Culture of Blood Outgrowth Endothelial Cells from Human Peripheral Blood

Historically, the limited availability of primary endothelial cells from patients with vascular disorders has hindered the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in these individuals. However, the recent identification of blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs), generated from circulating endothelial progenitors in adult peripheral blood, may circumvent this limitation by offering an endothelial-like, primary cell surrogate for patient-derived endothelial cells. Beyond their value to understanding endothelial biology and disease modeling, BOECs have potential uses in endothelial cell transplantation therapies. They are also a suitable cellular substrate for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via nuclear reprogramming, offering a number of advantages over other cell types. We describe a method for the reliable generation, culture and characterization of BOECs from adult peripheral blood for use in these and other applications. This approach (i) allows for the generation of patient-specific endothelial cells from a relatively small volume of adult peripheral blood and (ii) produces cells that are highly similar to primary endothelial cells in morphology, cell signaling and gene expression.

This protocol allows for the reliable generation and characterization of blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) from a small volume of adult peripheral blood. BOECs can be used as a surrogate for endothelial cells from patients with vascular disorders and as a substrate for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells.

İnsan çevresel kanından üretilmesi ve kültür Blood üremesi Endotel Hücreleri

Historically, the limited availability of primary endothelial cells from patients with vascular disorders has hindered the study of the molecular ...

High-throughput CRISPR Vector Construction and Characterization of DNA Modifications by Generation of Tomato Hairy Roots

Targeted DNA mutations generated by vectors with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology have proven useful for functional genomics studies. While most cloning strategies are simple to perform, they generally use multiple steps and can require several days to generate the ultimate constructs. The method presented here is based on DNA assembly and can produce fully functional CRISPR vectors in a single cloning reaction. Vector construction can also be pooled, further increasing the efficiency and utility of the process. A modification of the method is used to create CRISPR vectors with multiple gene targets. CRISPR vectors are then transformed into tomato hairy roots to generate transgenic materials with targeted DNA modifications. Hairy roots are a useful system for testing vector functionality as they are technically simple to generate and amenable to large-scale production. The methods presented here will have wide application as they can be used to generate a variety of CRISPR vectors and be used in a wide range of plant species.

Using DNA assembly, multiple CRISPR vectors can be constructed in parallel in a single cloning reaction, making the construction of large numbers of CRISPR vectors a simple task. Tomato hairy roots are an excellent model system to validate CRISPR vectors and generate mutant materials.

Domates Tüylü Roots Üretimi ile yüksek verim CRISPR Vektör İnşaat ve DNA Değişiklikler Karakterizasyonu

Targeted DNA mutations generated by vectors with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology have proven useful for ...