Dasilva AF CTSA yüksek teknoloji finansman hibe, Michigan Üniversitesi bu incelemeyi tamamlamak için finansman desteği aldı. Volz MS Stiftung Charité bir hibe burs tarafından finanse edilmektedir.

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	<li>Fregni, F., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technology+insight:+noninvasive+brain+stimulation+in+neurology-perspectives+on+the+therapeutic+potential+of+rTMS+and+tDCS.">Technology insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology-perspectives on the therapeutic potential of rTMS and tDCS.</a> Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 3 (7), 383-383 (2007).</li><li>Wagner, T., Valero-Cabre, A., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+human+brain+stimulation.">Noninvasive human brain stimulation.</a> Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 9, 527-527 (2007).</li><li>Fregni, F., Freedman, S., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+the+treatment+of+chronic+pain+with+non-invasive+brain+stimulation+techniques.">Recent advances in the treatment of chronic pain with non-invasive brain stimulation techniques.</a> Lancet Neurol. 6 (2), 188-188 (2007).</li><li>Lefaucheur, J. P., Antal, A., Ahdab, R., Ciampi de Andra, D., Fregni, F., Khedr, E. M., Nitsche, M., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+repetitive+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+(rTMS)+and+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+(tDCS)+to+relieve+pain.">The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to relieve pain.</a> Brain Stimul. 1 (4), 337-337 (2008).</li><li>Antal, A., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+magnetic+and+direct+current+stimulation+in+the+therapy+of+pain.">Transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation in the therapy of pain.</a> Schmerz Apr. 24 (2), 161-161 (2010).</li><li>Nitsche, M. A., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excitability+changes+induced+in+the+human+motor+cortex+by+weak+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation.">Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation.</a> J Physiol. 527 (Pt 3), 633-633 (2000).</li><li>Nitsche, M. A., Cohen, L. G., Wassermann, E. M., Priori, A., Lang, N., Antal, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+direct+current+stimulation:+state+of+the+art.">Transcranial direct current stimulation: state of the art.</a> Brain Stimul. 11, 642-642 (2008).</li><li>Merrill, D. R., Bikson, M., Jefferys, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+stimulation+of+excitable+tissue:+design+of+efficacious+and+safe+protocols.">Electrical stimulation of excitable tissue: design of efficacious and safe protocols.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 141 (2), 171-171 (2005).</li><li>Boggio, P. S., Khoury, L. P., Martins, D. C., Martins, O. E., de Macedo, E. C., Fregni, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+cortex+direct+current+stimulation+enhances+performance+on+a+visual+recognition+memory+task+in+Alzheimer+disease.">Temporal cortex direct current stimulation enhances performance on a visual recognition memory task in Alzheimer disease.</a> J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 80 (4), 444-444 (2009).</li><li>Fregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Nitsche, M., Bermpohl, F., Antal, A., Feredoes, E., Marcolin, M. A., Rigonatti, S. P., Silva, M. T., Paulus, W., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anodal+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+of+prefrontal+cortex+enhances+working+memory.">Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex enhances working memory.</a> Exp Brain Res. 166 (1), 23-23 (2005).</li><li>Dundas, J. E., Thickbroom, G. W., Mastaglia, F. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perception+of+comfort+during+transcranial+DC+stimulation:+effect+of+NaCl+solution+concentration+applied+to+sponge+electrodes.">Perception of comfort during transcranial DC stimulation: effect of NaCl solution concentration applied to sponge electrodes.</a> Clin Neurophysiol. 118 (5), 1166-1166 (2007).</li><li>Minhas, P., Datta, A., Bikson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutaneous+perception+during+tDCS:+Role+of+electrode+shape+and+sponge+salinity.">Cutaneous perception during tDCS: Role of electrode shape and sponge salinity.</a> Clin Neurophysiol. 11, (2010).</li><li>Antal, A., Terney, D., Poreisz, C., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+unravelling+task-related+modulations+of+neuroplastic+changes+induced+in+the+human+motor+cortex.">Towards unravelling task-related modulations of neuroplastic changes induced in the human motor cortex.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 26 (9), 2687-2687 (2007).</li><li>Datta, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gyri-precise+head+model+of+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation:+improved+spatial+focality+using+a+ring+electrode+versus+conventional+rectangular+pad.">Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad.</a> Brain Stimul. 2 (4), 201-201 (2009).</li><li>Minhas, P., Bansal, V., Patel, J., Ho, J. S., Diaz, J., Datta, A., Bikson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrodes+for+high-definition+transcutaneous+DC+stimulation+for+applications+in+drug+delivery+and+electrotherapy,+including+tDCS.">Electrodes for high-definition transcutaneous DC stimulation for applications in drug delivery and electrotherapy, including tDCS.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 190 (2), (2010).</li><li>Brunoni, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Systematic+Review+on+Reporting+and+Assessment+of+Adverse+Effects+associated+with+Transcranial+Direct+Current+Stimulation.">A Systematic Review on Reporting and Assessment of Adverse Effects associated with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation.</a> Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. , (2011).</li><li>Wagner, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+direct+current+stimulation:+a+computer-based+human+model+study.">Transcranial direct current stimulation: a computer-based human model study.</a> Neuroimage. 35 (3), 1113-1113 (2007).</li><li>Nitsche, M. A., Doemkes, S., Karaköse, T., Antal, A., Liebetanz, D., Lang, N., Tergau, F., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shaping+the+effects+of+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+of+the+human+motor+cortex.">Shaping the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex.</a> J Neurophysiol. 97 (4), 3109-3109 (2007).</li><li>Wagner, T., Fregni, F., Fecteau, S., Grodzinsky, A., Zahn, M., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+direct+current+stimulation:+a+computer-based+human+model+study.">Transcranial direct current stimulation: a computer-based human model study.</a> Neuroimage. 35 (3), 1113-1113 (2007).</li><li>Boggio, P. S., Rigonatti, S. P., Ribeiro, R. B., Myczkowski, M. L., Nitsche, M. A., Pascual-Leone, A., Fregni, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+randomized,+double-blind+clinical+trial+on+the+efficacy+of+cortical+direct+current+stimulation+for+the+treatment+of+major+depression.">A randomized, double-blind clinical trial on the efficacy of cortical direct current stimulation for the treatment of major depression.</a> Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 11 (2), 249-249 (2008).</li><li>Williams, J. A., Pascual-Leone, A., Fregni, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interhemispheric+modulation+induced+by+cortical+stimulation+and+motor+training.">Interhemispheric modulation induced by cortical stimulation and motor training.</a> Phys Ther. 90 (3), 398-398 (2010).</li><li>Lang, N., Nitsche, M. A., Rothwel, J. C., Williams, J. A., Lemon, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+over+the+human+motor+cortex+on+corticospinal+and+transcallosal+excitability.">Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation over the human motor cortex on corticospinal and transcallosal excitability.</a> Exp Brain Res. 156 (4), 439-439 (2004).</li><li>Bikson, M., Datta, A., Rahman, A., Scaturro, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrode+montages+for+tDCS+and+weak+transcranial+electrical+stimulation:+role+of+"return"+electrode's+position+and+size.">Electrode montages for tDCS and weak transcranial electrical stimulation: role of "return" electrode's position and size.</a> Clin Neurophysiol. 121 (12), (1976).</li><li>Bikson, M., Fregni, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+in+patients+with+skull+defects+and+skull+plates:+high-resolution+computational+FEM+study+of+factors+altering+cortical+current+flow.">Transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with skull defects and skull plates: high-resolution computational FEM study of factors altering cortical current flow.</a> Neuroimage. 52 (4), 1268-1268 (2010).</li><li>Datta, A., Baker, J. M., Bikson, M., Fridriksson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individualized+model+predicts+brain+current+flow+during+transcranial+direct-current+stimulation+treatment+in+responsive+stroke+patient.">Individualized model predicts brain current flow during transcranial direct-current stimulation treatment in responsive stroke patient.</a> Brain Stimulation. , (2011).</li><li>Palm, U., Keeser, D., Schiller, C., Fintescu, Z., Nitsche, M., Reisinger, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Padberg+Skin+lesions+after+treatment+with+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+(tDCS).">Padberg Skin lesions after treatment with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).</a> Brain Stimul. 1 (4), 386-386 (2008).</li><li>Datta, A., Elwassif, M., Bikson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bio-heat+transfer+model+of+transcranial+DC+stimulation:+comparison+of+conventional+pad+versus+ring+electrode.">Bio-heat transfer model of transcranial DC stimulation: comparison of conventional pad versus ring electrode.</a> Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. , 670-670 (2009).</li><li>Miranda, P. C., Faria, P., Hallett, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+does+the+ratio+of+injected+current+to+electrode+area+tell+us+about+current+density+in+the+brain+during+tDCS?.">What does the ratio of injected current to electrode area tell us about current density in the brain during tDCS?.</a> Clin Neurophysiol. 120 (6), 1183-1183 (2009).</li><li>Gandiga, P. C., Hummel, F. C., Cohen, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+DC+stimulation+(tDCS):+a+tool+for+double-blind+sham-controlled+clinical+studies+in+brain+stimulation.">Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): a tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation.</a> Clin Neurophysiol. 117 (4), 845-845 (2006).</li><li>Antal, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparatively+weak+after-effects+of+transcranial+alternating+current+stimulation+(tACS)+on+cortical+excitability+in+humans.">Comparatively weak after-effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on cortical excitability in humans.</a> Brain Stimul. 1 (2), 97-97 (2008).</li><li>Terney, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increasing+human+brain+excitability+by+transcranial+high-frequency+random+noise+stimulation.">Increasing human brain excitability by transcranial high-frequency random noise stimulation.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 28 (52), 14147-14147 (2008).</li><li>Fregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Mansur, C. G., Wagner, T., Ferreira, M. J., Lima, M. C., Rigonatti, S. P., Marcolin, M. A., Freedman, S. D., Nitsche, M. A., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+of+the+unaffected+hemisphere+in+stroke+patients.">Transcranial direct current stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients.</a> Neuroreport. 16 (14), 1551-1551 (2005).</li><li>Antal, A., Terney, D., K hnl, S., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anodal+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+of+the+motor+cortex+ameliorates+chronic+pain+and+reduces+short+intracortical+inhibition.">Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex ameliorates chronic pain and reduces short intracortical inhibition.</a> J Pain Symptom Manage. 39 (5), (2010).</li><li>Fregni, F., Gimenes, R., Valle, A. C., Ferreira, M. J., Rocha, R. R., Natalle, L., Bravo, R., Rigonatti, S. P., Freedman, S. D., Nitsche, M. A., Pascual-Leone, A., Boggio, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+randomized,+sham-controlled,+proof+of+principle+study+of+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+for+the+treatment+of+pain+in+fibromyalgia.">A randomized, sham-controlled, proof of principle study of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia.</a> Arthritis Rheum. 54 (12), (2006).</li><li>Boggio, P. S., Zaghi, S., Lopes, M., Fregni, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulatory+effects+of+anodal+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+on+perception+and+pain+thresholds+in+healthy+volunteers.">Modulatory effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on perception and pain thresholds in healthy volunteers.</a> Eur J Neurol. 15 (10), 1124-1124 (2008).</li><li>Fregni, F., Liguori, P., Fecteau, S., Nitsche, M. A., Pascual-Leone, A., Boggio, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+stimulation+of+the+prefrontal+cortex+with+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+reduces+cue-provoked+smoking+craving:+a+randomized,+sham-controlled+study.">Cortical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex with transcranial direct current stimulation reduces cue-provoked smoking craving: a randomized, sham-controlled study.</a> J Clin Psychiatry. 69 (1), 32-32 (2006).</li></ol>

New York Şehir Üniversitesi Marom Bikson bir mucit olan, beyin stimülasyonu patente sahip. Marom Bikson Soterix Medikal A.Ş. &#39;nin kurucularından.

Kritik Adımlar: Başlangıç ​​prosedürü önce kontrol edilmesi Yönleri: <ul><li> Her şeyden önce, hastalar için herhangi bir kontrendikasyonu TEKMER olup olmadığını ekranlı olmalıdır - bu kontrendikasyonları uygulamaya özel olabilir. Bu ağır veya sık sık baş ağrısı, kronik cilt bozukluğu, ya da bir önceki TEKMER tedavi için olumsuz reaksiyonlar varlığı gibi sorular içerir. O kafasında herhangi bir metal ya da ciddi bir beyin hasarı vardı, anatomik değişiklikler 23,24 akım değiştirebilir. Inme, nöbet, gebelik ve tarih Tarihi genellikle sıkı kontrendikasyonlar değildir ve gerçekten de, bazı klinik çalışmalarda dahil edilme kriterleri olabilir. </li><li> Özellikle saç derisi ek konularda herhangi bir lezyonlar olup olmadığını kontrol edin görüşülen ve deri hastalıklarının varlığı için kontrol edilmelidir. Herhangi bir lezyonlar varsa, TEKMER prosedürü kaçınılması veya eğer uygunsa, stimülasyon üzerinde doğrudan veya lezyon çapında yapılan olmayacaktır sağladı olmalıdır. Uyarım farklı bir site olarak kabul edilebilir. Bu tekrarlanan günlük TEKMER, bazı hastalarda 7 elektrotlar altında klinik olarak anlamlı bir cilt tahrişine neden olduğu bildirilmektedir. Cilt bütünlüğünü göre TEKMER indüklenen lezyonlar kanıt yoktur. Örneğin, yaygın kızarıklık ve TDC stimülasyon 2 haftalık bir süre için her hafta 25 de dahil olmak üzere beş seans 2 mA bir yoğunluk nedeniyle düzensiz yuvarlak kahverengi kabuklu intrakutanöz değişiklikleri gösterilmiştir. TEKMER güçlü belirtilen veya yapılacak ise, bu gibi mA 0.5-1.0 gibi düşük bir yoğunlukta uyarmak için dikkate almak mümkündür, ama bu cilt tahrişleri veya lezyonlar önlemek olacağı garanti değildir. Böylece, elektrotlar altında cilt koşulu TEKMER 7&#39;den önce ve sonra kontrol edilmelidir. </li><li> Elektroliz için kabloların konnektörleri kontrol edin. Açıkça başka bir çift kullanın. Bu kullanım yaklaşık iki ay sonra kabloları kontrol etmek için tavsiye edilir. </li></ul> Her zaman her iki aktif veya plasebo-TEKMER sırasında konusu hala rahat hisseder ve prosedüre devam etmek için mümkün olup olmadığını sormak. Olası değişiklikler: <ul><li> Elektrot konumlandırma 7 (Tablo 2) pek çok çeşidi vardır. </li><li> Elektrot boyutları 26 (Şekil 7) pek çok çeşidi vardır. Belirtilen uygulanan akım, elektrot boyutu akım yoğunluğu 18 etkiler ve beyin modülasyonu (Şekil 8) focality etkiler. Klinik çalışmalar, modelleme çalışmaları Ancak beyin modülasyon elektrot boyutu ve alan arasındaki ilişki 27 daha karmaşık olabileceğini göstermektedir elektrot büyük akım yoğunluğu 26 küçük boyutu öneririz . Ayrıca, küçük elektrotları etkileri niteliksel kafa derisi akım, diferansiyel şant ve genel elektrot alan 7 büyük göreli kenar etkisi nedeniyle farklılık gösterebilir . Üstün, daha büyük elektrot düzenleri 19 bildirilen küçük elektrot boyutları için şant seviyeleri önemli ölçüde vardı . </li><li> TEKMER High-Definition (HD-TEKMER), mekansal focality artırır ancak, özel bir donanım ve prosedürel kontroller 15 gerektiren bir teknolojidir. </li><li> Uygulanan akım ile birlikte elektrot montaj (elektrot pozisyonu ve boyutu) da, TEKMER etkinliğini belirler, beyinde üretilen elektrik alan şiddeti belirler. Klinik sonuçlar normalleştirmek için geçerli gücü ve elektrot boyutu arasındaki oran tarafından tanımlanan elektrot akım yoğunluğu, kullanımı önerilmiştir, ama modelleme çalışmaları, bu sadece sınırlı bir aralık içinde geçerli olabilir ve bu genel elektrot montaj tasarım sonucu belirler. Genellikle, güçlü etkileri herhangi bir montaj sonucu artan akım yoğunluğu (veya akım yoğunluğu). Cilt yüzeyindeki akım yoğunluğu 19 beyin (Şekil 9) çok daha yüksek olduğuna dikkat etmek önemlidir. </li><li> &quot;Dönüş&quot; (&quot;referans&quot;) pozisyonu elektrot beyin genel akım paterni etkileyebilir ve böylece aktif elektrotlar 22 bile altında beyin modülasyonu etkisi. Böylece her iki elektrot iksir düşünülmelidir. </li><li> Stimülasyon süresi deneysel yaklaşımın amacı bağlıdır. Stimülasyon süresi bir artış meydana gelmesi ve daha uzun bir süre sonra etkileri 3,4 ile ilişkilidir. Ancak en az bir çalışmada, daha yoğun, daha sağlam bir klinik sonuç tercüme etmediğini öne stimülasyon süresi arttı etkileri yönün tersine bir rapor. TEKMER yayınlanan parametreler içinde güvenli olarak kabul edilir ve (zaman, durati istenmeyen yan etkileri artar, artan yoğunluğu ile tolere potansiyeli olmasına rağmenveya tekrarlama hızı / sayısı). </li><li> Elektrik alan Oryantasyon: elektrotlar pozisyonları ve polarite tarafından tanımlanmış. Anodal stimülasyon genellikle kortikal eksitabilite 2,3 artar iken Cathodal stimülasyon genellikle, kortikal eksitabilite azalır. </li><li> Placebo: sham-TEKMER için yukarıdaki aynı protokol kullanılır. Bununla birlikte, mevcut 30 saniye süreyle geçerli olacaktır. Bu, diğer non-invaziv beyin stimülasyonu yöntemleri karşılaştırıldığında TEKMER avantajlarından biridir. Kaynaklanan duyumlar aktif-TEKMER kaynaklanan bu yana sadece uygulama erken aşamalarında meydana eğilimindedir, bu sahte yöntem, hastanın aktif TEKMER uygulama plasebo ayırt etmek zor hale getirir. Bu ilk ve kısa uyarılması plasebo (28) güvenilir bir yöntem. </li><li> TACS 29 veya Trns 30 gibi diğer transkraniyal elektrik tedaviler kullanarak tekniği de uygulanabilir olduğunu unutmayın. </li></ul> Kronik ağrı TEKMER kullanarak Gerekçe: Birden fazla farmakolojik tedavi modaliteleri Kronik ağrı çeken hastaların sadece mütevazı bir rahatlama sağlamak olduğu gerçeği, bu zayıflatıcı bozukluğu kalıcılığı için neden ağrı ile ilgili sinir ağları, plastik değişiklikler içinde yalan ihtimalini yükseltir. İlginçtir ki, kortikal aktivite modülasyonu, non-invaziv TEKMER tarafından sağlanabilir gibi kortikal plastisite değişiklikler nedeniyle kronik ağrı kalıcı tedavi edici etkileri olduğu bildirilmiştir, daha önce açıklanan. Kronik ağrı TEKMER Klinik etkisi: Bu motor korteks uygulanan TEKMER yerel kortikal eksitabilite (Şekil 6) 6 değişiklikler olduğu gösterilmiştir. Daha doğrusu, cathodal stimülasyonu ise nöronal eksitabilite bir artış anodal stimülasyon sonuç tam tersi sonuçlar 6 vardır. Gerçekten de, M1 üzerinde anodal TEKMER uygulama görsel analog skala (VAS) büyük bir gelişme sahte TEKMER daha ağrı derecelendirme yol açar. M1 stimülasyon ağrı Bu terapötik etkisi, geçici olsa da, trigeminal nevralji, inme sonrası ağrı sendromu 31, ağrı ve 32 fibromiyalji gibi nöropatik ağrı sendromları olan hastalarda çeşitli gruplar kopyalanamaz . İlginçtir ki, nöropatik ağrı, omurilik yaralanması nedeniyle, TEKMER tarafından motor korteks stimülasyonu klinik çalışmalar ağrı iyileşme ve stimülasyon sonra iki hafta süren kümülatif analjezik etki gösterdi. Sahte stimülasyon, ve yanı sıra DLPFC 33 uyarılması ile karşılaştırıldığında M1 anodal TEKMER takip üç hafta sonra hala önemli fibromiyalji hastalarının 33 analjezik etki gösteren deliller de vardır. Ağrı gelişimi için anodal TEKMER DLFPC üzerinde etkileri araştırılmıştır olmasına rağmen, ağrı eşikleri sağlıklı kişilerde 34 modüle etmek için kullanılabilir gösterildi. Bununla birlikte, bu beyin alanı stimülasyonu, Alzheimer hastalığı 9 bellek görevleri artan performansı ve örneğin 35 cue-provoke sigara özlem önemli ölçüde azaltarak, Çalışma belleği 10 artırmak için güvenilir bir tekniktir; bu nedenle bu yararlı bir strateji olabileceği de düşünülebilir Kronik ağrısı olan hastalarda ağrı işleme ile ilgili afektif duygusal bilişsel ağlar modüle.

electrode positioning and montage in transcranial direct current stimulation

Transkraniyal akım stimülasyonu (TEKMER), bu yöntem kortikal eksitabilite 2 değiştirmek için bir non-invazif ve güvenli bir alternatif sunuyor Geçtiğimiz on yıl içinde yoğun bir şekilde araştırılmıştır bir tekniktir . TEKMER tek oturumda etkileri birkaç dakika sürebilir, ve etkileri stimülasyon polarite bağlıdır, bu cathodal uyarımı gibi kortikal eksitabilite bir azalmaya neden olur ve anodal stimülasyon süresinin ötesine sürebilir kortikal eksitabilite bir artışa neden olur stimülasyon 6. Bu etkiler de klinik nöropsikiyatrik bozukluklar çeşitli bilişsel sinirbilim araştırdı ve olmuştur birkaç ardışık oturumları 4 üzerinde uygulanan, özellikle. Nörobilimadamları ve klinisyenlerin dikkatini çeken olmuştur alanında ağrı ile ilgili sinir ağları 3,5 modülasyonu için TEKMER kullanımı. Modülasyon ağrı araştırma iki ana kortikal alanları araştırdı vardır: primer motor korteksin dorsolateral prefrontal korteks 7. Elektrot montaj kritik rolü nedeniyle, bu makalede, ağrı TEKMER klinik araştırmalar için elektrot yerleşim için farklı alternatifler stimülasyon her yöntemin avantaj ve dezavantajlarını tartışıyor.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation at JoVE.com

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transkraniyal akım stimülasyonu (TEKMER), kortikal eksitabilite modüle etmek için kurulmuş bir tekniktir<sup&gt; 1,2</sup&gt;. Kortikal plastisite, kolay kullanım ve güvenli bir profil üzerindeki etkileri nedeniyle nörobilim bir araştırma aracı olarak kullanılmıştır. TEKMER cesaret verici sonuçlar gösteriyor ki bir alan, ağrının hafifletilmesi<sup&gt; 3-5</sup&gt;.

Transkraniyal Doğru Akım Uyarım Elektrot Konumlandırma ve Montaj

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

electrode-positioning-montage-transcranial-direct-current

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

261.6K Görüntüleme.  University of Michigan. Transkraniyal akım stimülasyonu (TEKMER), kortikal eksitabilite modüle etmek için kurulmuş bir tekniktir 1,2. Kortikal plastisite, kolay kullanım ve güvenli bir profil üzerindeki etkileri nedeniyle nörobilim bir araştırma aracı olarak kullanılmıştır. TEKMER cesaret verici sonuçlar gösteriyor ki bir alan, ağrının hafifletilmesi 3-5.

Video: Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

Varsayılan Modu Ağ inceleyin Transkraniyal Manyetik Uyarım ve fMRI birleştiren

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

Nörobilim

Direct-current Stimulation and Multi-electrode Array Recording of Seizure-like Activity in Mice Brain Slice Preparation

Cathodal transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) induces suppressive effects on drug-resistant seizures. To perform effective actions, the stimulation parameters (e.g., orientation, field strength, and stimulation duration) need to be examined in mice brain slice preparations. Testing and arranging the orientation of the electrode relative to the position of the mice brain slice are feasible. The present method preserves the thalamocingulate pathway to evaluate the effect of DCS on anterior cingulate cortex seizure-like activities. The results of the multichannel array recordings indicated that cathodal DCS significantly decreased the amplitude of the stimulation-evoked responses and duration of 4-aminopyridine and bicuculline-induced seizure-like activity. This study also found that cathodal DCS applications at 15 min caused long-term depression in the thalamocingulate pathway. The present study investigates the effects of DCS on thalamocingulate synaptic plasticity and acute seizure-like activities. The current procedure can test the optimal stimulation parameters including orientation, field strength, and stimulation duration in an in vitro mouse model. Also, the method can evaluate the effects of DCS on cortical seizure-like activities at both the cellular and network levels.

Studies have shown that cathodal transcranial direct-current stimulation can produce suppressive effects on drug-resistant seizures. In this study, an in vitro experimental setup was devised in which the direct-current stimulation and multielectrode array recording of seizure-like activity were evaluated in mice brain slice preparation. The direct-current stimulation parameters were evaluated.

Fare Beyin Dilim Hazırlık içinde nöbet benzeri Faaliyet doğrudan akım Stimülasyon ve Multi-elektrot Dizi Kaydı

Cathodal transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) induces suppressive effects on drug-resistant seizures. To perform effective actions, the ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific frequency and in turn modulate ongoing cortical oscillatory activity. This neurotool allows the establishment of a causal link between endogenous oscillatory activity and behavior. Most of the tACS studies have shown online effects of tACS. However, little is known about the underlying action mechanisms of this technique because of the AC-induced artifacts on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Here we show a unique approach to investigate online physiological frequency-specific effects of tACS of the primary motor cortex (M1) by using single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to probe cortical excitability changes. In our setup, the TMS coil is placed over the tACS electrode while Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) are collected to test the effects of the ongoing M1-tACS. So far, this approach has mainly been used to study the visual and motor systems. However, the current tACS-TMS setup can pave the way for future investigations of cognitive functions. Therefore, we provide a step-by-step manual and video guidelines for the procedure.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) allows the modulation of cortical excitability in a frequency-specific fashion. Here we show a unique approach which combines online tACS with single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in order to "probe" cortical excitability by means of Motor Evoked Potentials.

Transkraniyal manyetik stimülasyon ile transkranyal alternatif akım stimülasyon Online kombine yaklaşım tarafından birincil Motor korteks üzerinde etkileri

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Remotely Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: An Update on Safety and Tolerability

The remotely supervised tDCS (RS-tDCS) protocol enables participation from home through guided and monitored self-administration of tDCS treatment while maintaining clinical standards. The current consensus regarding the efficacy of tDCS is that multiple treatment sessions are needed to observe targeted behavioral reductions in symptom burden. However, the requirement for patients to travel to clinic daily for stimulation sessions presents a major obstacle for potential participants, due to work or family obligations or limited ability to travel. This study presents a protocol that directly overcomes these obstacles by eliminating the need to travel to clinic for daily sessions.
This is an updated protocol for remotely supervised self-administration of tDCS for daily treatment sessions paired with a program of computer-based cognitive training for use in clinical trials. Participants only need to attend clinic twice, for a baseline and study-end visit. At baseline, participants are trained and provided with a study stimulation device, and a small laptop computer. Participants then complete the remainder of their stimulation sessions at home while they are monitored via videoconferencing software.
Participants complete computerized cognitive remediation during stimulation sessions, which may serve a therapeutic role or as a &#34;placeholder&#34; for other computer-based activity. Computers are enabled for real-time monitoring and remote control by study staff.
Outcome measures that assess feasibility and tolerance are administered remotely with the aid of visual analogue scales that are presented onscreen. Following completion of all RS-tDCS sessions, participants return to clinic for a study end visit in which all study equipment is returned.
Results support the safety, feasibility, and scalability of the RS-tDCS protocol for use in clinical trials. Across 46 patients, 748 RS-tDCS sessions have been completed. This protocol serves as a model for use in future clinical trials involving tDCS.

This manuscript provides an updated remote supervision protocol that enables participation in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) clinical trials while receiving treatment sessions from home. The protocol has been successfully piloted in both patients with multiple sclerosis and Parkinson&#39;s disease.

Uzaktan denetlenen Transkraniyal doğrudan geçerli stimülasyon: Bir güncelleştirme güvenliği ve tolerabilite

The remotely supervised tDCS (RS-tDCS) protocol enables participation from home through guided and monitored self-administration of tDCS treatment while ...

The Combined Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Therapy for the Upper Limb

Neurologic disorders such as stroke and cerebral palsy are leading causes of long-term disability and can lead to severe incapacity and restriction of daily activities due to lower and upper limb impairments. Intensive physical and occupational therapy are still considered main treatments, but new adjunct therapies to standard rehabilitation that may optimize functional outcomes are being studied.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that polarizes underlying brain regions through the application of weak direct currents through electrodes on the scalp, modulating cortical excitability. Increased interest in this technique can be attributed to its low cost, ease of use, and effects on human neural plasticity. Recent research has been performed to determine the clinical potential of tDCS in diverse conditions such as depression, Parkinson&#39;s disease, and motor rehabilitation after stroke. tDCS helps enhance brain plasticity and seems to be a promising technique in rehabilitation programs.
A number of robotic devices have been developed to assist in the rehabilitation of upper limb function after stroke. The rehabilitation of motor deficits is often a long process requiring multidisciplinary approaches for a patient to achieve maximum independence. These devices do not intend to replace manual rehabilitation therapy; instead, they were designed as an additional tool to rehabilitation programs, allowing immediate perception of results and tracking of improvements, thus helping patients to stay motivated.
Both tDSC and robot-assisted therapy are promising add-ons to stroke rehabilitation and target the modulation of brain plasticity, with several reports describing their use to be associated with conventional therapy and the improvement of therapeutic outcomes. However, more recently, some small clinical trials have been developed that describe the associated use of tDCS and robot-assisted therapy in stroke rehabilitation. In this article, we describe the combined methods used in our institute for improving motor performance after stroke.

The combined use of transcranial direct current stimulation and robotic therapy as an add-on for conventional rehabilitation therapy may result in improved therapeutic outcomes due to modulation of brain plasticity. In this article, we describe the combined methods used in our institute for improving motor performance after stroke.

Transkraniyal doğrudan geçerli stimülasyon ve robotik tedavisi kombine kullanımı üst ekstremite için

Neurologic disorders such as stroke and cerebral palsy are leading causes of long-term disability and can lead to severe incapacity and restriction of ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Mice

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique proposed as an alternative or complementary treatment for several neuropsychiatric diseases. The biological effects of tDCS are not fully understood, which is in part explained due to the difficulty in obtaining human brain tissue. This protocol describes a tDCS mouse model that uses a chronically implanted electrode allowing the study of the long-lasting biological effects of tDCS. In this experimental model, tDCS changes the cortical gene expression and offers a prominent contribution to the understanding of the rationale for its therapeutic use.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Mice

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a therapeutic technique proposed to treat psychiatric diseases. An animal model is essential for understanding the specific biological alterations evoked by tDCS. This protocol describes a tDCS mouse model that uses a chronically implanted electrode.

Farelerde Transkraniyal doğru akım stimülasyon (tDCS)

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique proposed as an alternative or complementary treatment for ...

Stimulation Location Determination using a 3D Digitizer with High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

The abundance of neuroimaging data and rapid development of machine learning has made it possible to investigate brain activation patterns. However, causal evidence of brain area activation leading to a behavior is often left missing. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which can temporarily alter brain cortical excitability and activity, is a noninvasive neurophysiological tool used to study causal relationships in the human brain. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique that produces a more focal current compared to conventional tDCS. Traditionally, the stimulation location has been roughly determined through the 10-20 EEG system, because determining precise stimulation points can be difficult. This protocol uses a 3D digitizer with HD-tDCS to increase accuracy in determination of stimulation points. The method is demonstrated using a 3D digitizer for more accurate localization of stimulation points in the right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ).

Presented here is a protocol to achieve higher accuracy in determination of stimulation location combining a 3D digitizer with high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation.

Yüksek Tanımlı Transkraniyal Doğru Akım Stimülasyonu ile 3D Sayısallaştırıcı Kullanılarak Stimülasyon Yeri Tayini

The abundance of neuroimaging data and rapid development of machine learning has made it possible to investigate brain activation patterns. However, ...

In Vivo Intracellular Recording of Type-Identified Rat Spinal Motoneurons During Trans-Spinal Direct Current Stimulation

Intracellular recording of spinal motoneurons in vivo provides a &#8220;gold standard&#8221; for determining the cells&#8217; electrophysiological characteristics in the intact spinal network and holds significant advantages relative to classical in vitro or extracellular recording techniques. An advantage of in vivo intracellular recordings is that this method can be performed on adult animals with a fully mature nervous system, and therefore many observed physiological mechanisms can be translated to practical applications. In this methodological paper, we describe this procedure combined with externally applied constant current stimulation, which mimics polarization processes occurring within spinal neuronal networks. Trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) is an innovative method increasingly used as a neuromodulatory intervention in rehabilitation after various neurological injuries as well as in sports. The influence of tsDCS on the nervous system remains poorly understood and the physiological mechanisms behind its actions are largely unknown. The application of the tsDCS simultaneously with intracellular recordings enables us to directly observe changes of motoneuron membrane properties and characteristics of rhythmic firing in response to the polarization of the spinal neuronal network, which is crucial for the understanding of tsDCS actions. Moreover, when the presented protocol includes the identification of the motoneuron with respect to an innervated muscle and its function (flexor versus extensor) as well as the physiological type (fast versus slow) it provides an opportunity to selectively investigate the influence of tsDCS on identified components of spinal circuitry, which seem to be differently affected by polarization. The presented procedure focuses on surgical preparation for intracellular recordings and stimulation with an emphasis on the steps which are necessary to achieve preparation stability and reproducibility of results. The details of the methodology of the anodal or cathodal tsDCS application are discussed while paying attention to practical and safety issues.

This protocol describes in vivo intracellular recording of rat lumbar motoneurons with simultaneous trans-spinal direct current stimulation. The method enables us to measure membrane properties and to record rhythmic firing of motoneurons before, during and after anodal or cathodal polarization of the spinal cord.

Trans-Spinal Doğrudan Akım Stimülasyonu Sırasında Tip-Tanımlanmış Sıçan Spinal Motoneurons In Vivo Hücre İçi Kayıt

Intracellular recording of spinal motoneurons in vivo provides a &#8220;gold standard&#8221; for determining the cells&#8217; electrophysiological ...

Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation that changes the likelihood of neuronal firing through modulation of neural resting membranes. Compared to other techniques, tDCS is relatively safe, cost-effective, and can be administered while individuals are engaged in controlled, specific cognitive processes. This latter point is important as tDCS may predominantly affect intrinsically active neural regions. In an effort to test tDCS as a potential treatment for psychiatric illness, the protocol described here outlines a novel procedure that allows the simultaneous application of tDCS during exposure to trauma-related cues using virtual reality (tDCS+VR) for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (NCT03372460). In this double-blind protocol, participants are assigned to either receive 2 mA tDCS, or sham stimulation, for 25 minutes while passively watching three 8-minute standardized virtual reality drives through Iraq or Afghanistan, with virtual reality events increasing in intensity during each drive. Participants undergo six sessions of tDCS+VR over the course of 2-3 weeks, and psychophysiology (skin conductance reactivity) is measured throughout each session. This allows testing for within and between session changes in hyperarousal to virtual reality events and adjunctive effects of tDCS. Stimulation is delivered through a built-in rechargeable battery-driven tDCS device using a 1 (anode) x 1 (cathode) unilateral electrode set-up. Each electrode is placed in a 3 x 3 cm (current density 2.22 A/m2) reusable sponge pocket saturated with 0.9% normal saline. Sponges with electrodes are attached to the participant&#8217;s skull using a rubber headband with the electrodes placed such that they target regions within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The virtual reality headset is placed over the tDCS montage in such a way as to avoid electrode interference.

This manuscript outlines a novel protocol to allow the simultaneous application of transcranial direct current stimulation during exposure to warzone trauma-related cues using virtual reality for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Sanal Gerçekliğe Maruz Kalma Sırasında Transkraniyal Doğru Akım Stimülasyonunun Eşzamanlı Uygulaması

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation that changes the likelihood of neuronal firing through ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Memory Enhancement

Memory enhancement is one of the great challenges in cognitive neuroscience and neurorehabilitation. Among various techniques used for memory enhancement, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is emerging as an especially promising tool for improvement of memory functions in a non-invasive manner. Here, we present a tDCS protocol that can be applied for memory enhancement in healthy-participant studies as well as in aging and dementia research. The protocol uses weak constant anodal current to stimulate cortical targets within cortico-hippocampal functional network engaged in memory processes. The target electrode is placed either on the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) or the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), while the return electrode is placed extracranially (i.e., on the contralateral cheek). In addition, we outline a more advanced method of oscillatory tDCS, mimicking a natural brain rhythm to promote hippocampus-dependent memory functions, which can be applied in a personalized and non-personalized manner. We present illustrative results of associative and working memory improvement following single tDCS sessions (20 minutes) in which the described electrode montages were used with current intensities between 1.5 mA and 1.8 mA. Finally, we discuss crucial steps in the protocol and methodological decisions that must be made when designing a tDCS study on memory.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS for Memory Enhancement

A protocol for memory enhancement by using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices, as core cortical nodes within hippocampo-cortical network, is presented. The protocol has been well evaluated in healthy-participant studies and is applicable to aging and dementia research as well.

Bellek Geliştirme için Transkraniyal Doğru Akım Stimülasyonu (tDCS)

Memory enhancement is one of the great challenges in cognitive neuroscience and neurorehabilitation. Among various techniques used for memory enhancement, ...