This study was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (GM071440 to C.H. and NS051630/MH076090/MH078972 to PJ).

1. Genomic DNA Fragmentation
Fragment genomic DNA using sonication to a desired size range suited for the genome-wide sequencing platform. (We usually sonicate to ~300 bp.) Verify the size distribution of the fragmented genomic DNA on 1% agarose gel (Figure 1).
2. DNA Preparation
Determine the starting DNA amounts based on the abundance of 5-hmC in genomic DNA. Since 5-hmC levels vary significantly in different tissue types, ...

<ol>
	<li>Jaenisch, R., Bird, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetic+regulation+of+gene+expression:+how+the+genome+integrates+intrinsic+and+environmental+signals.">Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals.</a> Nat. Genet. , 245-254 (2003).</li><li>Ito, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+Tet+proteins+in+5mC+to+5hmC+conversion,+ES-cell+self-renewal+and+inner+cell+mass+specification.">Role of Tet proteins in 5mC to 5hmC conversion, ES-cell self-renewal and inner cell mass specification.</a> Nature. 466, 1129-1133 (2010).</li><li>Tahiliani, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conversion+of+5-methylcytosine+to+5-hydroxymethylcytosine+in+mammalian+DNA+by+MLL+partner+TET1.">Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1.</a> Science. 324, 930-935 (2009).</li><li>Kriaucionis, S., Heintz, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nuclear+DNA+base+5-hydroxymethylcytosine+is+present+in+Purkinje+neurons+and+the+brain.">The nuclear DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is present in Purkinje neurons and the brain.</a> Science. 324, 929-930 (2009).</li><li>Ko, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+hydroxylation+of+5-methylcytosine+in+myeloid+cancers+with+mutant+TET2.">Impaired hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine in myeloid cancers with mutant TET2.</a> Nature. 468, 839-843 (2010).</li><li>Koh, K. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tet1+and+tet2+regulate+5-hydroxymethylcytosine+production+and+cell+lineage+specification+in+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells.">Tet1 and tet2 regulate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine production and cell lineage specification in mouse embryonic stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 8, 200-213 (2011).</li><li>Iqbal, K., Jin, S. G., Pfeifer, G. P., Szabo, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reprogramming+of+the+paternal+genome+upon+fertilization+involves+genome-wide+oxidation+of+5-methylcytosine.">Reprogramming of the paternal genome upon fertilization involves genome-wide oxidation of 5-methylcytosine.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108, 3642-3647 (2011).</li><li>Wossidlo, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=5-Hydroxymethylcytosine+in+the+mammalian+zygote+is+linked+with+epigenetic+reprogramming.">5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in the mammalian zygote is linked with epigenetic reprogramming.</a> Nat. Commun. 2, 241 (2011).</li><li>Gu, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+Tet3+DNA+dioxygenase+in+epigenetic+reprogramming+by+oocytes.">The role of Tet3 DNA dioxygenase in epigenetic reprogramming by oocytes.</a> Nature. 477, 606-610 (2011).</li><li>Dawlaty, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tet1+is+dispensable+for+maintaining+pluripotency+and+its+loss+is+compatible+with+embryonic+and+postnatal+development.">Tet1 is dispensable for maintaining pluripotency and its loss is compatible with embryonic and postnatal development.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 9, 166-175 (2011).</li><li>Huang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+behaviour+of+5-hydroxymethylcytosine+in+bisulfite+sequencing.">The behaviour of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in bisulfite sequencing.</a> PLoS One. 5, e8888 (2010).</li><li>Song, C. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+chemical+labeling+reveals+the+genome-wide+distribution+of+5-hydroxymethylcytosine.">Selective chemical labeling reveals the genome-wide distribution of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 29, 68-72 (2011).</li><li>Pastor, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+mapping+of+5-hydroxymethylcytosine+in+embryonic+stem+cells.">Genome-wide mapping of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in embryonic stem cells.</a> Nature. 473, 394-397 (2011).</li><li>Matarese, F., Pau, C. a. r. r. i. l. l. o. -. d. e. S. a. n. t. a., E, ., Stunnenberg, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=5-Hydroxymethylcytosine:+a+new+kid+on+the+epigenetic+block.">5-Hydroxymethylcytosine: a new kid on the epigenetic block.</a> Mol. Syst. Biol. 7, 562 (2011).</li><li>Szwagierczak, A., Bultmann, S., Schmidt, C. S., Spada, F., Leonhardt, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitive+enzymatic+quantification+of+5-hydroxymethylcytosine+in+genomic+DNA.">Sensitive enzymatic quantification of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in genomic DNA.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 38, 181 (2010).</li><li>Terragni, J., Bitinaite, J., Zheng, Y., Pradhan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+characterization+of+recombinant+&#946;-glucosyltransferase+and+analysis+of+global+5-hydroxymethylcytosine+in+unique+genomes.">Biochemical characterization of recombinant &#946;-glucosyltransferase and analysis of global 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in unique genomes.</a> Biochemistry. , (2012).</li><li>Rusmintratip, V., Sowers, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+unexpectedly+high+excision+capacity+for+mispaired+5-hydroxymethyluracil+in+human+cell+extracts.">An unexpectedly high excision capacity for mispaired 5-hydroxymethyluracil in human cell extracts.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 14183-14187 (2000).</li><li>Globisch, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+distribution+of+5-hydroxymethylcytosine+and+search+for+active+demethylation+intermediates.">Tissue distribution of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and search for active demethylation intermediates.</a> PLoS One. 5, e15367 (2010).</li><li>Yildirim, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mbd3/NURD+Complex+Regulates+Expression+of+5-Hydroxymethylcytosine+Marked+Genes+in+Embryonic+Stem+Cells.">Mbd3/NURD Complex Regulates Expression of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Marked Genes in Embryonic Stem Cells.</a> Cell. 147, 1498-1510 (2011).</li><li>Szulwach, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrating+5-hydroxymethylcytosine+into+the+epigenomic+landscape+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Integrating 5-hydroxymethylcytosine into the epigenomic landscape of human embryonic stem cells.</a> PLoS Genet. 7, e1002154 (2011).</li><li>Szulwach, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=5-hmC-mediated+epigenetic+dynamics+during+postnatal+neurodevelopment+and+aging.">5-hmC-mediated epigenetic dynamics during postnatal neurodevelopment and aging.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 14, 1607-1616 (2011).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) is a recently identified epigenetic modification present in substantial amounts in certain mammalian cell types. The method presented here is for determining the genome-wide distribution of 5-hmC. We use T4 bacteriophage &beta;-glucosyltransferase to transfer an engineered glucose moiety containing an azide group onto the hydroxyl group of 5-hmC. The azide group can be chemically modified with biotin for detection, affinity enrichment, and sequencing of 5-hmC-containing DNA fragments in ma...

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog #</td>
 <td>Comment</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Reagents</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>5M Sodium chloride (NaCl)</td>
 <td>Promega</td>
 <td>V4221</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>0.5M pH8.0 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td>
 <td>Promega</td>
 <td>V4231</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1M Trizma base (Tris) pH7.5</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>15567-027)</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>HEPES 1M, pH7.4</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>15630</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) 1M</td>
 <td>Ambion</td>
 <td>AM9530G</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>D8418</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tween 20</td>
 <td>Fisher BioReagents</td>
 <td>BP337-100</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DBCO-S-S-PEG3-Biotin conjugate</td>
 <td>Click Chemistry Tools</td>
 <td>A112P3</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1,4-Dithiothreitol, ultrapure (DTT) Superpure</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>15508-013</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>QIAquick Nucleotide Removal Kit</td>
 <td>Qiagen</td>
 <td>28304</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Micro Bio-Spin 6 Column</td>
 <td>Bio-Rad</td>
 <td>732-6222</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dynabeads MyOne </td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>650-01</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Streptavidin C1</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Qiagen MinElute PCR Purification Kit</td>
 <td>Qiagen</td>
 <td>28004</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>UltraPure Agarose</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>16500500</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>UDP-6-N3-glucose</td>
 <td>Active Motif</td>
 <td>55013</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Enzyme</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>&beta;-glucosyltransferase (&beta;-GT)</td>
 <td>New England Biolab</td>
 <td>M0357</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Equipment</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sonication device</td>
 <td>Covaris</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Desktop centrifuge</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Water bath</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gel running apparatus</td>
 <td>Bio-Rad</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>NanoDrop1000</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Labquake Tube Shaker</td>
 <td>Barnstead</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Labquake Tube Shaker</td>
 <td>Thermolyne</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Magnetic Separation Stand</td>
 <td>Promega</td>
 <td>Z5342</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Reagent setup 
10 X &beta;-GT Reaction Buffer (500 mM HEPES pH 7.9, 250 mM MgCl2) 2 X Binding and washing (B&amp;W) buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 2 M NaCl, 0.02% Tween 20).</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

selective capture of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine from genomic dna

5-methylcytosine (5-mC) constitutes ~2-8% of the total cytosines in human genomic DNA and impacts a broad range of biological functions, including gene expression, maintenance of genome integrity, parental imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, regulation of development, aging, and cancer1. Recently, the presence of an oxidized 5-mC, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), was discovered in mammalian cells, in particular in embryonic stem (ES) cells and neuronal cells2-4. 5-hmC is generated by oxidation of 5-mC catalyzed by TET family iron (II)/&alpha;-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases2, 3. 5-hmC is proposed to be involved in the maintenance of embryonic stem (mES) cell, normal hematopoiesis and malignancies, and zygote development2, 5-10. To better understand the function of 5-hmC, a reliable and straightforward sequencing system is essential. Traditional bisulfite sequencing cannot distinguish 5-hmC from 5-mC11. To unravel the biology of 5-hmC, we have developed a highly efficient and selective chemical approach to label and capture 5-hmC, taking advantage of a bacteriophage enzyme that adds a glucose moiety to 5-hmC specifically12.
Here we describe a straightforward two-step procedure for selective chemical labeling of 5-hmC. In the first labeling step, 5-hmC in genomic DNA is labeled with a 6-azide-glucose catalyzed by &beta;-GT, a glucosyltransferase from T4 bacteriophage, in a way that transfers the 6-azide-glucose to 5-hmC from the modified cofactor, UDP-6-N3-Glc (6-N3UDPG). In the second step, biotinylation, a disulfide biotin linker is attached to the azide group by click chemistry. Both steps are highly specific and efficient, leading to complete labeling regardless of the abundance of 5-hmC in genomic regions and giving extremely low background. Following biotinylation of 5-hmC, the 5-hmC-containing DNA fragments are then selectively captured using streptavidin beads in a density-independent manner. The resulting 5-hmC-enriched DNA fragments could be used for downstream analyses, including next-generation sequencing.
Our selective labeling and capture protocol confers high sensitivity, applicable to any source of genomic DNA with variable/diverse 5-hmC abundances. Although the main purpose of this protocol is its downstream application (i.e., next-generation sequencing to map out the 5-hmC distribution in genome), it is compatible with single-molecule, real-time SMRT (DNA) sequencing, which is capable of delivering single-base resolution sequencing of 5-hmC.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Selective Capture of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine from Genomic DNA at JoVE.com

Selective Capture of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine from Genomic DNA

Described is a two-step labeling process using &beta;-glucosyltransferase (&beta;-GT) to transfer an azide-glucose to 5-hmC, followed by click chemistry to transfer a biotin linker for easy and density-independent enrichment. This efficient and specific labeling method enables enrichment of 5-hmC with extremely low background and high-throughput epigenomic mapping via next-generation sequencing.

5-methylcytosine (5-mC) constitutes ~2-8% of the total cytosines in human genomic DNA and impacts a broad range of biological functions, including gene ...

selective-capture-of-5-hydroxymethylcytosine-from-genomic-dna

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.9K Görüntüleme.  Emory University School of Medicine. Açıklanan kolay ve yoğunluk bağımsız zenginleştirme için bir biyotin bağlayıcının aktarmak tıkırtı kimya ve ardından, 5-HMC için bir azit-glikoz aktarmak için β-glukoziltransferaz (β-GT) ile iki aşamalı bir etiketleme bir işlemdir. Bu etkili ve spesifik bir etiketleme yöntemi nesil dizileme ile son derece düşük arka plan ve yüksek verimlilik epigenomic haritalama ile 5-HMC zenginleşmesine olanak sağlar.