Yazarlar Dr N. Banik ve bu modelin geliştirilmesinde kendi rehberlik için Dr D. Mitchell minnettarız.

1. Spinal Kord Yaralanması önce hazırlanması Bu prosedür için gerekli cerrahi aletler, diş, hemostat, kendini istinat retraktörleri, ince uçlu rongeurs, iğne sürücü, emilebilir dikişlerle, ve cilt klip uygulayıcılar olan ve olmayan manyetikler neşter vardır. Gerekli diğer cerrahi malzemeleri cerrahi örtüler, cerrahi alan için steril levhalar, gazlı bez sünger, pamuk uçlu aplikatörler ve metalik folyo vardır. Ameliyat öncesi cerrahi aletler ve malzemeleri otoklavlayın. Bir hayvan için araç ve gereçlerin tek tek seti kullanın. Cerrahi alan ve alkol mendil ile cihazı (darbe, ışık kaynağı, stereotaktik çerçeve, cam boncuk sterilizatör ve ısıtma pedleri) temizleyin. Cerrahi örtüler açın ve dikkatle kirlenme kaçınarak cerrahi alan asmak için steril eldiven kullanın. Steril bireysel araçları açın ve dikkatle cerrahi alanında bu yerleştirin. Th kolları ve kolları Kapake cihazı olasılıkla steril metal folyo ile işlem sırasında gerekli. Açma cam boncuk sterilizatör işlem sırasında kullanıma hazır olması. 2. Hayvanların hazırlanması Gerçek işlem öncesi laboratuvar alanı birkaç saat için fareler getirin. Önceden tahmin işlemi (tipik olarak 0.006 mg / ml &#39;deri altı buprinorphine 1.5 mi) arasında, en az bir saat ağrı kesici uygulayın. Preoperatif antibiyotik (genellikle Baytril 4 mg / kg deri altı) yönetmek. 90 mg / Ketamin kg kullanarak sıçan uyutmak ve hiçbir ayak-tutam tepki kadar bekleyin. Torakal en önemli spinöz proses palpe ediniz. Bu seviye genellikle T10 spinöz proses ile gelir. T10 ile ilgili olarak amaçlanan düzeyde yerini işaretleyin. Laboratuarımızda bir T10 yaralanma gerçekleştirin. Aşağıdaki anlatı T10 SCI tekniğini açıklar. Boyuna 3 cm x 6 cm dikdörtgen Tıraş ve T10 düzeyinde merkezli. Cilt üç kez wi temizleyininci Betadine çözüm. Her göze göz yağ uygulayın. Dikkatli bir şekilde kirlenmesini önlemek cerrahi alanına rahat bir konumda sıçan aktarın. Çekirdek sıcaklığını izlemek ve normale yakın (~ 37.5 ° C) mümkün olarak hayvan sıcaklığı tutmak için buna göre ısıtma ayarlamak için bir rektal ısı probu yerleştirin. Cerrahi alan üzerinde bir pencere ile bir cerrahi örtü ile sıçan örtün. 3. Cerrahi Prosedür T10 işareti merkezli bir 10. bıçak kullanarak yaklaşık 4 cm kesi ile başlar. Sabırla uzak T9-T11 spinöz süreçleri ve lamina gelen fasya ve kas tabakaları incelemek geçin. Kemikten kas ve fasya uzak geri çekmek için Retraktörler yerleştirin. T9 spinöz proses stabilize iken keskin ince makas kullanarak T9 ve T10 arasındaki interspinöz bağ bölün. Benzer şekilde T10 spinöz proses stabilize ve T10-T11 arasındaki interspinöz bağ bölün. Tamamlayıcı için döngü büyütme kullanınligamentum flavum (Şekil 1) ile te bağ bölünmesi tüm yol. Ligamentum flavum kesilir sonra dural kese kolayca açıktır. Dikkatli T10 de iki taraflı parça-yemek laminektomi gerçekleştirmek için ince uçlu rongeurs kullanın. Son derece dikkatli rongeur ipuçları dural kese ve yanlışlıkla yaralanma üzerinde aşağı yönlü baskı önlemek için alınır. Lamina ve T10 spinöz proses tamamen kaldırılır. Istikrar platformda yerine hayvan taşımak. T9 vertebra vücudun yan yönlerini takip T11 vertebra vücudun yan yönlerini sıkma tarafından omurga hareketsiz stabilize kelepçeleri kullanın. Bu solunum hareketleri için yer kısıtlamak ve istenmeyen stres hayvan eklersiniz olarak stabilize kelepçeli platform haline sıçan sıkıştırmak için dikkatli olun. Güvence sonra bilgisayar kontrollü darbe üzerindeki omurga ayarları kontrol edilir. Biz genellikle bir sp az 3.0 mm darbe ucu kullanın2 mm&#39;lik bir derinlikte ve 0.3 saniyelik bir kalma süresi ile 4 cm / s JNC. Darbe ucu uzatın ve sadece kablosu yüzey temas edene kadar daha düşük. Ucu geri çekin ve omurilik yüzeyine doğru cihaz 2 mm daha düşük. Şiddetli kontüzyon omurilik yaralanması neden 4 cm / sn piston bırakın. Kablosu üzerine gereksiz baskı oluşturmak için dikkatli olmak, bir yerde pamuk uçlu aplikatör tutmak için yeterli basıncı kullanarak hemostaz ulaşmak. Bir rakam-8 dikiş dikkatli olmak dikiş kas ve fasya katmanları emilebilir dikişlerle kullanarak çok sıkı çekmek için değil. 2 küçük zımba en az ile cilt kapatın, kesi parçaları ilk 2 veya 3 zımba sonra açık kalırsa 4 kadar veya 5 zımba kullanılabilir. 3. Işlem sonrası Bakım 24 saat sonrası ameliyat için yaklaşık 33-35 ° C sıcak bir ortamda fareler. Onlar hareket etmeye başlar sonra bu bir kuluçka (onlar bilinçsiz iken) ve ısıtmalı kafes alanı gerektirir. Bir kez fareler tamamen aw olanAKE, tuzlu su ve her deri altından buprinorphine 1.5 ml (0.006 mg / ml) ve Baytril 0.1 ml 5 ml yönetmek. 7 gün boyunca günde bir kez ilk 24-48 saat ve Baytril için deri altından günde iki kez buprinorphine ile devam edin. Mesane elle mesane fonksiyon dönüş (3 gün boyunca sabah ifade idrar &lt;2 ml) kadar günde üç kez ifade edilmelidir. Hayvanlar da enfeksiyon için bu kez (idrarda kan, beyazımsı renkli, ya da kötü koku) sırasında kontrol edilmelidir, fiziksel aktivite veya yara iyileşmesi ile ilgili sorunlar azalmıştır. Enfeksiyon varlığı yerel veteriner danışarak antibiyotik artan doz (veya yeniden başlatma) ile karşılık olmalıdır. Günlük kendi kurtarma değerlendirmek için ameliyat bir gün sonra başlayan fareler tartılır.

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Finansal açıklama yok Finansman açıklama yok.

Çeşitli yeni tedaviler son SCI araştırma alanında erken söz göstermiştir. Bu tedavilerin 3 dikkatli değerlendirilmesi maksimum öteleme potansiyeli olan stratejileri seçmek için SCI klinik modeli önemlidir. Sınıflandırma bir düzeni son klinik öncesi çalışmalar gücünü değerlendirmek için geliştirilmiştir. 9 Bu düzeni ciddi SCI kontüzyon modeli kullanarak önemini vurguladı. Burada kesisi modelleri andıran tutarlı lezyon hacmi ve fonksiyonel skorları şiddetli SCI bö...

Uygun yaralanması modelinde seçim omurilik yaralanması için yeni tedaviler (SCI) klinik öncesi değerlendirilmesi için çok önemlidir. Hekim ve Nörotravmaya kontüzyon modeli alanında bilim adamlarının yeni bir araştırmada 1,2,13, hemiseksiyona veya tam kesisi modellere karşı , evrensel klinik olarak kabul edilmiştir. 8 Bu görüş insanlarda omurilik yaralanması çoğunluğu doğada contusive gözlemine dayanmaktadır. 10 kontüzyon biyoloji de hemiseksiyona veya kesisi modellerden farklı gibi görünüyor. 11 İSEDA, et al. hemiseksiyona ve kontüzyon modelleri ayrı ayrı Nörorejenerasyon üzerinde intraspinal kondroitinaz ABC enjeksiyon etkisi karşılaştırıldı. 4 aksonal rejenerasyon hemiseksiyona içinde nöronal köprü gözlenen ancak kontüzyon SKY grubu değildi. Hemiseksiyona veya tam kesisi modelleri de cl sadece çok küçük bir alt var olduğu bilinen koşullar oluşturmakinical koşullar. Örneğin, bazı araştırmacılar hemiseksiyona veya yenilenmesini teşvik için tam transeksiyonu sonra lezyon boşluğunda implantasyon için iskele tabanlı müdahaleler istihdam var. 6 yaralı omurilik içinde bir boşluk yaratılması pratik ve belki etik olduğu için bu yaklaşım, klinik alakasız olur. Fonksiyonel iyileşme değişkenlik kontüzyon modelleri için önemli bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. 5,12 Bu değişkenlik omurilik hacmi boyunca tek güç teslimat için etkisi özellikle ön yerleşimli motor yolları önce bilgisayar kontrollü darbe ve omurga stabilizasyon kullanımı ile minimize edilebilir . Bu hayatta aksonlar plastisite ve teminat katkı omurilik yaralanması sonrası iyileşme baskın mekanizma olduğunu belirtmek gerekir. Kontüzyon tekniğinde 1 Bu nedenle bile küçük farklılıklar önemli ölçüde farklı sonuçlar verebilir. Bu amaçla biz geliştirdiktutarlı kontüzyon hacmi ve transection modelleri ile karşılaştırılabilir fonksiyonel iyileşme verir ciddi omurilik yaralanması bir modeli. Bu model tedavi etkinliği için konsept bir kanıtı olarak nöro ve Nörorejenerasyon stratejileri hem araştırmak için kullanılabilir.

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Instrument/Drugs</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Cat #</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Computer controlled impactor</td>
 <td>Leica or the Infinite Horizons (formerly OSU) impactor</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Surgical instruments </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Scissors</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools Inc
 </td>
 <td>14094-11 or 14060-09</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Forceps</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools Inc </td>
 <td>11006-12 and 11027-12 or 			11506-12</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Hemostats</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools Inc </td>
 <td>13009-12</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Retractors</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools Inc </td>
 <td>17011-10</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rongeurs</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools Inc </td>
 <td>16020-14</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Needle driver</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools Inc </td>
 <td>12001-13</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Stereotactic frame</td>
 <td> Leica or RWD Life Science Co. or
 TSE systems</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Buprinorphine</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Baytril</td>
 <td>Bayer</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ketamine</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

a contusion model of severe spinal cord injury in rats

Yeni tedavilerin öteleme potansiyel ciddi spinal kord yaralanması (SKY) kontüzyon modellerinde araştırılmalıdır. Ayrıntılı bir metodoloji şiddetli SCI tutarlı bir modeli elde etmek için açıklanmıştır. Bir stereotaktik çerçeve ve bilgisayar kontrollü darbe kullanımı tekrarlanabilir yaralanma oluşturulmasını sağlar. Hipotermi ve idrar yolu enfeksiyonu ameliyat sonrası dönemde önemli sorunlar oluşturmaktadır. Günlük ağırlık kayıt ve mesane ifade ile hayvanların dikkatle izlenmesi ameliyat sonrası komplikasyonların erken tanısı için izin verir. Bu kontüzyon modelin fonksiyonel sonuçlar transection modelleri eşdeğerdir. Kontüzyon modeli nöroprotektif ve nöro-rejeneratif yaklaşımlar hem de etkinliğini değerlendirmek için kullanılabilir.

Lezyon Ses Bu teknik yukarıda tarif izlenerek ve tutarlı bir lezyon geniş hacimleri elde edilmiştir. 2.04 mm 3 (1,9-2,18% 95 CI) (n = 5 hayvan) elde edildi ve ortalama lezyon hacmi boyama bir Luxol hızlı mavi. Şekil 2 kullanarak lezyon merkez üssü ile Luxol hızlı mavi kullanarak bir temsilci boyama ile lezyon hacmi anlamına gelir. Fonksiyonel Skorlar Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) ​​ölçeği ile...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Contusion Model of Severe Spinal Cord Injury in Rats at JoVE.com

A Contusion Model of Severe Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Ciddi omurilik yaralanması bir kontüzyon modeli açıklanmıştır. Ayrıntılı ameliyat öncesi, ameliyat ve ameliyat sonrası adımları tutarlı bir model elde etmek açıklanmıştır.

Sıçanlarda Şiddetli Spinal Kord Yaralanması bir bere modeli

The translational potential of novel treatments should be investigated in severe spinal cord injury (SCI) contusion models. A detailed methodology is ...

a-contusion-model-of-severe-spinal-cord-injury-in-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

30.2K Görüntüleme.  Medical University of South Carolina. Ciddi omurilik yaralanması bir kontüzyon modeli açıklanmıştır. Ayrıntılı ameliyat öncesi, ameliyat ve ameliyat sonrası adımları tutarlı bir model elde etmek açıklanmıştır.

Video: A Contusion Model of Severe Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory testing in rat SCI models is needed. However, until recently, no single testing approach had been validated for SCI so that standardized methods have not been implemented across labs. Additionally, available testing methods could not be implemented acutely or when severe motor impairments existed, preventing studies of the development of SCI-induced allodynia3. Here we present two validated sensory testing methods using von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments which quantify changes in tactile sensory thresholds after SCI4-5. One test is the well-established Up-Down test which demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity across different SCI severities when tested chronically5. The other test is a newly-developed dorsal VFH test that can be applied acutely after SCI when allodynia develops, prior to motor recovery4-5. Each VFH monofilament applies a calibrated force when touched to the skin of the hind paw until it bends. In the up-down method, alternating VFHs of higher or lower forces are used on the plantar L5 dermatome to delineate flexor withdrawal thresholds. Successively higher forces are applied until withdrawal occurs then lower force VFHs are used until withdrawal ceases. The tactile threshold reflects the force required to elicit withdrawal in 50% of the stimuli. For the new test, each VFH is applied to the dorsal L5 dermatome of the paw while the rat is supported by the examiner. The VFH stimulation occurs in ascending order of force until at least 2 of 3 applications at a given force produces paw withdrawal. Tactile sensory threshold is the lowest force to elicit withdrawal 66% of the time. Acclimation, testing and scoring procedures are described. Aberrant trials that require a retest and typical trials are defined. Animal use was approved by Ohio State University Animal Care and Use Committee.

We describe two tactile sensory testing methods for acute or chronic periods of spinal cord injury in rats. These validated procedures can detect the development and maintenance of allodynia-like sensations.

Sıçanlarda Spinal Kord Yaralanma sonrası Akut ve Kronik Dokunsal Duyu Testi

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory ...

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A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

While the majority of human spinal cord injuries occur in the cervical spinal cord, the vast majority of laboratory research employs animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) in which the thoracic spinal cord is injured. Additionally, because most human cord injuries occur as the result of blunt, non-penetrating trauma (e.g. motor vehicle accident, sporting injury) where the spinal cord is violently struck by displaced bone or soft tissues, the majority of SCI researchers are of the opinion that the most clinically relevant injury models are those in which the spinal cord is rapidly contused.1 Therefore, an important step in the preclinical evaluation of novel treatments on their way to human translation is an assessment of their efficacy in a model of contusion SCI within the cervical spinal cord. Here, we describe the technical aspects and resultant anatomical and behavioral outcomes of an unilateral contusive model of cervical SCI that employs the Infinite Horizon spinal cord injury impactor.
Sprague Dawley rats underwent a left-sided unilateral laminectomy at C5. To optimize the reproducibility of the biomechanical, functional, and histological outcomes of the injury model, we contused the spinal cords using an impact force of 150 kdyn, an impact trajectory of 22.5&deg; (animals rotated at 22.5&deg;), and an impact location off of midline of 1.4 mm. Functional recovery was assessed using the cylinder rearing test, horizontal ladder test, grooming test and modified Montoya's staircase test for up to 6 weeks, after which the spinal cords were evaluated histologically for white and grey matter sparing.
The injury model presented here imparts consistent and reproducible biomechanical forces to the spinal cord, an important feature of any experimental SCI model. This results in discrete histological damage to the lateral half of the spinal cord which is largely contained to the ipsilateral side of injury. The injury is well tolerated by the animals, but does result in functional deficits of the forelimb that are significant and sustained in the weeks following injury. The cervical unilateral injury model presented here may be a resource to researchers who wish to evaluate potentially promising therapies prior to human translation.

A reliable and repeatable way to produce a cervical unilateral spinal cord injury using the Infinite Horizon impactor is described. The method takes advantage of a custom designed frame and clamp to stabilize the spine. The standardized procedure and biomechanical injury parameters result in sufficient and sustained injuries.

Sonsuz Horizon Darbeli kullanarak tek taraflı Servikal Spinal Kord Yaralanması bir Contusive Modeli

While the majority of human spinal cord injuries occur in the cervical spinal cord, the vast majority of laboratory research employs animal models of ...

A Murine Model of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury to Study Post-lesional Respiratory Neuroplasticity

A cervical spinal cord injury induces permanent paralysis, and often leads to respiratory distress. To date, no efficient therapeutics have been developed to improve/ameliorate the respiratory failure following high cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we propose a murine pre-clinical model of high SCI at the cervical 2 (C2) metameric level to study diverse post-lesional respiratory neuroplasticity. The technique consists of a surgical partial injury at the C2 level, which will induce a hemiparalysis of the diaphragm due to a deafferentation of the phrenic motoneurons from the respiratory centers located in the brainstem. The contralateral side of the injury remains intact and allows the animal recovery. Unlike other SCIs which affect the locomotor function (at the thoracic and lumbar level), the respiratory function does not require animal motivation and the quantification of the deficit/recovery can be easily performed (diaphragm and phrenic nerve recordings, whole body ventilation). This pre-clinical C2 SCI model is a powerful, useful, and reliable pre-clinical model to study various respiratory and non-respiratory neuroplasticity events at different levels (molecular to physiology) and to test diverse putative therapeutic strategies which might improve the respiration in SCI patients.

Respiratory failure is the leading cause of death following a cervical spinal cord injury. Having a reproducible, quantifiable, and reliable pre-clinical animal model of respiratory failure induced by a partial cervical injury will help to understand the subsequent respiratory and non-respiratory neuroplasticity and allow testing putative repair strategies.

Post-lezyonlu Solunum nöroplastisite Eğitim için Servikal Spinal Kord Yaralanması bir fare modeli

A cervical spinal cord injury induces permanent paralysis, and often leads to respiratory distress. To date, no efficient therapeutics have been developed ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

Travmatik Beyin Hasarı için Kontrollü Kortikal Etki Modeli

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

A Radio-telemetric System to Monitor Cardiovascular Function in Rats with Spinal Cord Transection and Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Grafts

High thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. To monitor cardiovascular parameters, we implanted a catheter connected to a radio transmitter into the femoral artery of rats that underwent a T4 spinal cord transection with or without grafting of embryonic brainstem-derived neural stem cells expressing green fluorescent protein. Compared to other methods such as cannula insertion or tail-cuff, telemetry is advantageous to continuously monitor blood pressure and heart rate in freely moving animals. It is also capable of long term multiple data acquisitions. In spinal cord injured rats, basal cardiovascular data under unrestrained condition and autonomic dysreflexia in response to colorectal distension were successfully recorded. In addition, cardiovascular parameters before and after SCI can be compared in the same rat if a transmitter is implanted before a spinal cord transection. One limitation of the described telemetry procedure is that implantation in the femoral artery may influence the blood supply to the ipsilateral hindlimb.

We present a protocol for using a radio-telemetric system to record cardiovascular parameters in T4 spinal cord transected rats eight weeks after embryonic brainstem neural stem cell grafting into the lesion site. Telemetry is an advanced technique to accurately evaluate cardiovascular function in conscious freely moving spinal cord injured rats.

A Radyo-telemetrik Sistemi Omurilik transeksiyonu ve Embriyonik Nöral Hücre Greftler Kök Sıçanlarda Kardiyovasküler Fonksiyonu Monitör

High thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. To monitor cardiovascular parameters, we implanted a catheter ...

Neural Stem Cell Transplantation in Experimental Contusive Model of Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury is a devastating clinical condition, characterized by a complex of neurological dysfunctions. Animal models of spinal cord injury can be used both to investigate the biological responses to injury and to test potential therapies. Contusion or compression injury delivered to the surgically exposed spinal cord are the most widely used models of the pathology. In this report the experimental contusion is performed by using the Infinite Horizon (IH) Impactor device, which allows the creation of a reproducible injury animal model through definition of specific injury parameters. Stem cell transplantation is commonly considered a potentially useful strategy for curing this debilitating condition. Numerous studies have evaluated the effects of transplanting a variety of stem cells. Here we demonstrate an adapted method for spinal cord injury followed by tail vein injection of cells in CD1 mice. In short, we provide procedures for: i) cell labeling with a vital tracer, ii) pre-operative care of mice, iii) execution of a contusive spinal cord injury, and iv) intravenous administration of post mortem neural precursors. This contusion model can be utilized to evaluate the efficacy and safety of stem cell transplantation in a regenerative medicine approach.

Spinal cord injury is a traumatic condition that causes severe morbidity and high mortality. In this work we describe in detail a contusion model of spinal cord injury in mice followed by a transplantation of neural stem cells.

Omurilik Yaralanması Deneysel Kontuzif Modelinde Sinir Kök Hücre Nakli

Spinal cord injury is a devastating clinical condition, characterized by a complex of neurological dysfunctions. Animal models of spinal cord injury can ...

Calibrated Forceps Model of Spinal Cord Compression Injury

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The calibrated forceps model of compression injury is a convenient, low cost, and very reproducible animal model for SCI. We used a pair of modified forceps in accordance with the method published by Plemel et al. (2008) to laterally compress the spinal cord to a distance of 0.35 mm. In this video, we will demonstrate a dorsal laminectomy to expose the spinal cord, followed by compression of the spinal cord with the modified forceps. In the video, we will also address issues related to the care of paraplegic laboratory animals. This injury model produces mice that exhibit impairment in sensation, as well as impaired hindlimb locomotor function. Furthermore, this method of injury produces consistent aberrations in the pathology of the SCI, as determined by immunohistochemical methods. After watching this video, viewers should be able to determine the necessary supplies and methods for producing SCI of various severities in the mouse for studies on SCI and/or treatments designed to mitigate impairment after injury.

Spinal cord injury models should be highly reproducible. We demonstrate that the calibrated forceps compression model of spinal cord injury is an easy to use surgical method for generating reproducible injuries to the murine spinal cord.

Omurilik Sıkıştırma Yaralanma Kalibre Forseps Modeli

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The ...

Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging for Assessment of Spinal Cord Blood Flow in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury

Reduced spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) (i.e., ischemia) plays a key role in traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) pathophysiology and is accordingly an important target for neuroprotective therapies. Although several techniques have been described to assess SCBF, they all have significant limitations. To overcome the latter, we propose the use of real-time contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging (CEU). Here we describe the application of this technique in a rat contusion model of SCI. A jugular catheter is first implanted for the repeated injection of contrast agent, a sodium chloride solution of sulphur hexafluoride encapsulated microbubbles. The spine is then stabilized with a custom-made 3D-frame and the spinal cord dura mater is exposed by a laminectomy at ThIX-ThXII. The ultrasound probe is then positioned at the posterior aspect of the dura mater (coated with ultrasound gel). To assess baseline SCBF, a single intravenous injection (400 &#181;l) of contrast agent is applied to record its passage through the intact spinal cord microvasculature. A weight-drop device is subsequently used to generate a reproducible experimental contusion model of SCI. Contrast agent is re-injected 15 min following the injury to assess post-SCI SCBF changes. CEU allows for real time and in-vivo assessment of SCBF changes following SCI. In the uninjured animal, ultrasound imaging showed uneven blood flow along the intact spinal cord. Furthermore, 15 min post-SCI, there was critical ischemia at the level of the epicenter while SCBF remained preserved in the more remote intact areas. In the regions adjacent to the epicenter (both rostral and caudal), SCBF was significantly reduced. This corresponds to the previously described &#8220;ischemic penumbra zone&#8221;. This tool is of major interest for assessing the effects of therapies aimed at limiting ischemia and the resulting tissue necrosis subsequent to SCI.

Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound imaging is a reliable in-vivo tool for quantifying spinal cord blood flow in an experimental rat spinal cord injury model. This paper contains a comprehensive protocol for application of this technique in association with a contusion model of thoracic spinal cord injury.

Deneysel Spinal Kord Yaralanmalarında Omurilik Kan Akımının Değerlendirilmesi için geliştirilmiş Ultrason Görüntüleme Kontrast

Reduced spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) (i.e., ischemia) plays a key role in traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) pathophysiology and is accordingly an ...

Photothrombosis-induced Focal Ischemia as a Model of Spinal Cord Injury in Mice

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating clinical condition causing permanent changes in sensorimotor and autonomic functions of the spinal cord (SC) below the site of injury. The secondary ischemia that develops following the initial mechanical insult is a serious complication of the SCI and severely impairs the function and viability of surviving neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the SC. In addition, ischemia is also responsible for the growth of lesion during chronic phase of injury and interferes with the cellular repair and healing processes. Thus there is a need to develop a spinal cord ischemia model for studying the mechanisms of ischemia-induced pathology. Focal ischemia induced by photothrombosis (PT) is a minimally invasive and very well established procedure used to investigate the pathology of ischemia-induced cell death in the brain. Here, we describe the use of PT to induce an ischemic lesion in the spinal cord of mice. Following retro-orbital sinus injection of Rose Bengal, the posterior spinal vein and other capillaries on the dorsal surface of SC were irradiated with a green light resulting in the formation of a thrombus and thus ischemia in the affected region. Results from histology and immunochemistry studies show that PT-induced ischemia caused spinal cord infarction, loss of neurons and reactive gliosis. Using this technique a highly reproducible and relatively easy model of SCI in mice can be achieved that would serve the purpose of scientific investigations into the mechanisms of ischemia induced cell death as well as the efficacy of neuroprotective drugs. This model will also allow exploration of the pathological changes that occur following SCI in live mice like axonal degeneration and regeneration, neuronal and astrocytic Ca2+ signaling using two-photon microscopy.

Photothrombosis is a minimally invasive and highly reproducible procedure to induce focal ischemia in the spinal cord and serves as a model of spinal cord injury in mice.

Farelerde Omurilik Yaralanma Modeli Olarak Odak iskemisi Fototromboz kaynaklı

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating clinical condition causing permanent changes in sensorimotor and autonomic functions of the spinal cord (SC) ...

A Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord Compression Injury Model

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal cord. A major current area of research is focused on the mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous or induced functional recovery following SCI. Spontaneous functional recovery is reported to be greater early in life, raising interesting questions about how adaptive plasticity changes as the spinal cord develops. To facilitate investigation of this dynamic, we have developed a SCI model in the neonatal mouse. The model has relevance for pediatric SCI, which is too little studied. Because neural plasticity in the adult involves some of the same mechanisms as neural plasticity in early life1, this model may potentially have some relevance also for adult SCI. Here we describe the entire procedure for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression (SCC) injury in the neonatal mouse as early as postnatal (P) day 1. SCC is achieved by performing a laminectomy at a given spinal level (here described at thoracic levels 9-11) and then using a modified Yasargil aneurysm mini-clip to rapidly compress and decompress the spinal cord. As previously described, the injured neonatal mice can be tested for behavioral deficits or sacrificed for ex vivo physiological analysis of synaptic connectivity using electrophysiological and high-throughput optical recording techniques1. Earlier and ongoing studies using behavioral and physiological assessment have demonstrated a dramatic, acute impairment of hindlimb motility followed by a complete functional recovery within 2 weeks, and the first evidence of changes in functional circuitry at the level of identified descending synaptic connections1.

This article describes a method for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression injury (SCI) in the neonatal mouse. The model provides an advantageous platform for studying mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous functional recovery.

Bir Yenidoğan Fare Omurilik Sıkıştırma Yaralanması Modeli

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal ...

Methods Article

Sıçanlarda Şiddetli Spinal Kord Yaralanması bir bere modeli